A&P2-Unit 1-Urinary System PPT PDF

The Urinary System Unit 1 1. Discuss word parts relating to the urinary system.  Dia- = complete, through  -cele = hernia  Cyst/o = bladder  -ectasis = stretching, dilation, enlargement 1. Discuss word parts relating to the urinary system.  Glomerul/o = glomerulus...

The Urinary System Unit 1 1. Discuss word parts relating to the urinary system.  Dia- = complete, through  -cele = hernia  Cyst/o = bladder  -ectasis = stretching, dilation, enlargement 1. Discuss word parts relating to the urinary system.  Glomerul/o = glomerulus  lith-/o = stone  -lysis = setting free  Nephr/o = kidney 1. Discuss word parts relating to the urinary system.  -pexy – surgical fixation  Pyel/o = renal pelvis  -tripsy = to crush  Ur/o = urine 1. Discuss word parts relating to the urinary system.  Ureter/o = ureter  Urethr/o = urethra  -uria = urination  IVP tomography 2. Name the medical terms related to the urinary system.  Anuria – the absence of urine formation by the kidneys  Cystocele – a hernia of the bladder through the vaginal wall  Cystoscopy – the visual examination of the urinary bladder using a cystoscope 2. Name the medical terms related to the urinary system.  Dialysis – a procedure to remove waste products from the blood of patients whose kidneys no longer function  Dysuria – difficult or painful urination  Ectopic kidney – kidney does not rise to normal location during fetal development 2. Name the medical terms related to the urinary system.  Enuresis – the involuntary discharge of urine  Hydronephrosis – the dilation of one or both kidneys that is the result of an obstruction of the flow of urine  Hydroureter – the distention of the ureter with urine that cannot flow because the ureter is blocked 2. Name the medical terms related to the urinary system.  Incontinence – the inability to control excretory functions  Interstitial cystitis – a chronic inflammation within the wall of the bladder 2. Name the medical terms related to the urinary system.  Lithotripsy – the destruction of a kidney, urinary or bladder stone with the use of high- energy ultrasonic waves traveling through water or gel  Micturition – another name for urination 2. Name the medical terms related to the urinary system.  Nephritis – inflammation of the kidney  Nephrolith – a stone located in the kidney  Nocturia – excessive urination during the night  Oliguria – scanty urination 2. Name the medical terms related to the urinary system.  Polycystic kidney disease – an inherited kidney disorder in which the kidneys become enlarged because of multiple cysts  Pyeloplasty – the surgical repair of the renal pelvis  Renal failure – inability of the kidneys to form urine 2. Name the medical terms related to the urinary system.  Uremia – a toxic condition caused by excessive amounts of urea and other waste products in the blood stream  Ureterostenosis – narrowing of a ureter due to a stricture caused by scar tissue  Urethropexy – surgical fixation of the urethra usually for the correction of urinary stress incontinence 2. Name the medical terms related to the urinary system.  Urethrostenosis – abnormal narrowing of the urethra  Voiding cystourethrography – a diagnostic procedure in which a fluoroscope is used to examine the flow of urine from the bladder and through the urethra 3. Write the functions of the urinary system.  Form and eliminate urine. Urine Formation - YouTube 4. Describe the location of the kidneys.  Retroperitoneal Space – level of T12-L3  Upper abdominal cavity, on either side of vertebral column.  Partially protected by ribs. Location of Kidneys 5. Discuss the structure and function of the parts of the urinary system.  Kidney (2)  Structure –  bean shaped, covered by renal fascia;  hilum on medial side.  Function –  form urine to excrete wastes;  regulates volume, electrolytes, & pH of blood and tissue fluid Kidney Ureters 5. Discuss the structure and function of the parts of the urinary system.  Ureters (2)  Structure –  tubes 10-12” in length;  extend from hilum to lower post. side of bladder;  smooth muscle in walls for peristalsis  Function –  carry urine from kidneys to bladder by peristalsis and gravity 5. Discuss the structure and function of the parts of the urinary system.  Urinary Bladder  Structure –  muscular sac, mucosa on internal surface,  detrussor muscle, rugae, trigone  internal sphincter (involuntary)  Function –  reservoir for urine Urinary Bladder Urethra 5. Discuss the structure and function of the parts of the urinary system.  Urethra  Structure –  female 1 – 1 ½ “  male 7 – 8 “  external urethral sphincter (voluntary)  Function –  transports urine from bladder to outside of body 5. Discuss the structure and function of the parts of the urinary system.  Nephron (1 million/kidney)  Structure –  renal corpuscle and renal tubule,  functional unit of kidney  Function –  produces urine by filtration, reabsorption, and secretion Nephron 6A. Describe the various parts of the urinary system.  Kidney – secretes 1-2 liters of fluid/day  Renal capsule – outer covering of kidney  Renal fascia – connective tissue that anchors kidneys 6A. Describe the various parts of the urinary system.  Hilum – an indention on the medial side of the kidney for renal artery & vein, ureter, & nerves.  Renal cortex – outermost area of kidney, consists of renal corpuscles & convoluted tubules  Renal medulla – middle area of kidney, consists of loops of Henle and collecting tubules 6A. Describe the various parts of the urinary system.  Renal sinus – central cavity of kidneys, fat-filled space surrounding the renal pelvis and vessels  Renal pyramids – triangular segments of medulla, empty urine into the calyces of the renal pelvis 6A. Describe the various parts of the urinary system.  Renal pelvis – formed by joining of major calyces, lies within the hilum, becomes the upper end of the ureter  Major calyces – 2-3 short tubes, funnel-shaped extensions of renal pelvis  Minor calyces – smaller division of major calyces 6B. Describe the various parts of the urinary system.  Nephron – functional unit of the kidney  Renal corpuscle – glomerulus enclosed by a Bowman’s capsule (site of glomerular filtration)  Glomerulus –a network of capillaries that begins the filtering process of blood plasma in the nephron  Bowman’s capsule – expanded end of renal tubule, encloses the glomerulus 6B. Describe the various parts of the urinary system.  Afferent arteriole – takes blood into the glomerulus  Efferent arteriole – takes blood from the glomerulus to the peritubular capillaries  Renal tubule – continuation of Bowman’s capsule; where secretion and reabsorption take place 6B. Describe the various parts of the urinary system.  Proximal convoluted tubule – tubule closest to Bowman’s capsule (renal cortex)  Loop of Henle – U-shaped loop connecting the proximal and distal convoluted tubules (renal medulla)  Distal convoluted tubule – distal end of the tubule after the loop of Henle (renal cortex) 6B. Describe the various parts of the urinary system.  Collecting tubule – convergence of several distal tubules, empties into calyces  Peritubular capillaries – surround the renal tubule, receive useful materials reabsorbed from renal filtrate, carry blood from efferent arteriole to the renal vein 6C. Describe the various parts of the urinary system.  Ureters – tubes that carry urine from the renal pelvis (kidney) to the urinary bladder 6D. Describe the various parts of the urinary system.  Urinary bladder – a sac-like structure that serves as a holding place for urine  Rugae – folds of the mucosa that permit expansion  Trigone – triangular area on the floor, marking the openings of the two ureters and the urethra 6D. Describe the various parts of the urinary system.  Detrusor muscle – the smooth muscle layer of the wall of the urinary bladder, contracts to expel urine  Internal urethral sphincter – an involuntary muscle formed by detrusor muscle fibers around the opening of the urethra 6E. Describe the various parts of the urinary system.  Urethra – the tubular organ that carries urine from the urinary bladder to the exterior of the body  External urethral sphincter – skeletal muscle in the walls of the urethra, provides voluntary control of urination  Prostate in location to male urethra – surrounds the first inch of the male urethra 7. Discuss the blood supply to the kidneys and the nephron. 7a. Write out the path of blood flow to and from the kidneys and nephrons. Abdominal Aorta Inferior Vena Cava ⇓ ⇑ Renal Artery Renal Vein ⇓ ⇑ Small arteries in kidney Small veins in kidney ⇓ ⇑ Afferent arterioles Peritubular capillaries ⇓ ⇑ Glomeruli (capillaries) ⇒Efferent arterioles 7b. How does IV contrast get to the kidneys?  IV injection goes into a vein,  which carries the dye to the heart,  and back to the kidneys via the abdominal aorta. 8a. Discuss the formation of urine by the nephron.  Glomerular Filtration – blood pressure forces plasma out of the glomerulus and into Bowman’s capsule, forming renal filtrate.  Glomerular filtration rate – amount of renal filtrate formed in 1 minute, average 100-125 ml/minute 8b. Discuss the formation of urine by the nephron.  Tubular Reabsorption – useful substances (sugar, sodium, vitamins, nutrients, water) in renal filtrate are returned to the blood in the peritubular capillaries.  Apx. 99% of filtrate is reabsorbed back into blood. 8c. Discuss the formation of urine by the nephron.  Tubular Secretion – Waste products (ammonia, creatinine, and medications) are secreted from the blood in the peritubular capillaries into filtrate in renal tubules. 9. Write out the pathway of renal filtrate / urine. Bowman’s capsule Urethra ⇓ ⇑ Proximal convoluted tubule Urinary Bladder ⇓ ⇑ Loop of Henle Ureter ⇓ ⇑ Distal convoluted tubule Renal pelvis ⇓ ⇑ Collecting ducts Major calyx ⇓ ⇑ Renal papillae ⇒ Minor calyx Renal papillae 10. Name and state the functions of hormones that affect the kidneys.  Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) – maintains water balance  Parathyroid hormone (PTH) – causes kidneys to conserve blood calcium  Aldosterone – regulates sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion 11. Discuss the importance of the prostate gland to the urinary system.  The prostate surrounds the male urethra. If the prostate swells, it constricts the flow of urine.  Prostatic hypertrophy – enlargement of prostate, can cause narrowing of urethra, can be benign or malignant. 12. Describe the characteristics of normal urine.  Amount – 1-2 liters/day (24 hours)  Color – “amber” or “straw” is typical  pH – range from 4.6 (acidic) – 8.0 (alkaline) Average is 6.0 – influenced greatly by diet  Composition – 95% water, 5% salts, wastes  Wastes – urea, creatinine, uric acid