Anatomy Test 2 Outline Question Set 1 PDF

**Digestive System Anatomy & Functions** 1. **Which of the following is an accessory organ of the digestive system?** - A. Stomach - B. Small intestine - C. Liver - D. Large intestine - E. Pharynx\ *(Correct answer: C)* 2. **The primary digestive or...

**Digestive System Anatomy & Functions** 1. **Which of the following is an accessory organ of the digestive system?** - A. Stomach - B. Small intestine - C. Liver - D. Large intestine - E. Pharynx\ *(Correct answer: C)* 2. **The primary digestive organs include all of the following EXCEPT:** - A. Esophagus - B. Gallbladder - C. Stomach - D. Small intestine - E. Anus\ *(Correct answer: B)* 3. **Which part of the enteric nervous system detects mechanical changes, like stretching?** - A. Myenteric plexus - B. Enteric sensory neurons - C. Submucosal plexus - D. Enteric interneurons - E. Enteric motor neurons\ *(Correct answer: B)* 4. **The role of norepinephrine in the digestive system is to:** - A. Stimulate motility - B. Inhibit motility and secretions - C. Increase secretion of digestive enzymes - D. Activate pepsinogen - E. Stimulate the release of bile\ *(Correct answer: B)* 5. **Which layer of the digestive tract consists of simple columnar epithelium and loose connective tissue?** - A. Mucosa - B. Submucosa - C. Muscularis - D. Serosa - E. Lamina propria\ *(Correct answer: A)* **Mouth and Oral Cavity** 6. **The muscular structure that forms the lateral walls of the oral cavity is called the:** - A. Palate - B. Labia - C. Buccinator - D. Pharynx - E. Lingual frenulum\ *(Correct answer: C)* 7. **Which salivary gland produces mainly watery saliva and is located near the ear?** - A. Parotid gland - B. Sublingual gland - C. Submandibular gland - D. Lingual gland - E. Buccal gland\ *(Correct answer: A)* 8. **The enzyme in saliva that begins the breakdown of starch is:** - A. Pepsin - B. Lingual lipase - C. Amylase - D. Maltase - E. Sucrase\ *(Correct answer: C)* 9. **The part of a tooth that anchors it into the alveolar process of the jaw is the:** - A. Crown - B. Root - C. Pulp cavity - D. Enamel - E. Dentin\ *(Correct answer: B)* 10. **Mucus in saliva is essential for:** - A. Breaking down proteins - B. Providing lubrication - C. Neutralizing stomach acid - D. Producing digestive enzymes - E. Stimulating gastric juices\ *(Correct answer: B)* **Pharynx and Esophagus** 11. **The pharynx is divided into all of the following sections EXCEPT:** - A. Nasopharynx - B. Oropharynx - C. Laryngopharynx - D. Hypopharynx - E. None of the above\ *(Correct answer: D)* 12. **Which structure prevents food from entering the larynx?** - A. Epiglottis - B. Uvula - C. Soft palate - D. Tongue - E. Tonsils\ *(Correct answer: A)* 13. **Peristalsis in the esophagus involves:** - A. Sequential contractions of the circular muscles - B. Relaxation of the upper sphincter - C. Only skeletal muscle contraction - D. Reverse contraction waves - E. Static movement of bolus\ *(Correct answer: A)* **Stomach Functions and Processes** 14. **Which part of the stomach is located nearest to the esophagus?** - A. Fundus - B. Cardia - C. Body - D. Pylorus - E. Antrum\ *(Correct answer: B)* 15. **The primary function of pepsin in the stomach is to:** - A. Break down fats - B. Neutralize stomach acids - C. Begin protein digestion - D. Convert carbohydrates into glucose - E. Stimulate gastric glands\ *(Correct answer: C)* 16. **The gastric phase of stomach secretion is primarily controlled by:** - A. Medulla oblongata - B. Hormones from the pancreas - C. Acid levels in the stomach - D. Nervous signals from the intestine - E. Enteric sensory neurons\ *(Correct answer: A)* **Accessory Organs and Secretions** 17. **Which hormone stimulates the gallbladder to release bile?** - A. Insulin - B. Secretin - C. Cholecystokinin - D. Gastrin - E. Somatostatin\ *(Correct answer: C)* 18. **The main function of the liver includes all EXCEPT:** - A. Producing bile - B. Storing vitamins - C. Filtering blood toxins - D. Producing digestive enzymes - E. Storing glycogen\ *(Correct answer: D)* 19. **The pancreas contributes to digestion through the release of:** - A. Lipase and amylase - B. Insulin and glucagon - C. Bicarbonate and digestive enzymes - D. Secretin and cholecystokinin - E. Bile salts\ *(Correct answer: C)* **Small Intestine Anatomy and Functions** 20. **Which section of the small intestine is closest to the stomach?** - A. Ileum - B. Cecum - C. Jejunum - D. Duodenum - E. Antrum\ *(Correct answer: D)* 21. **The primary purpose of villi in the small intestine is to:** - A. Move chyme forward - B. Increase surface area for absorption - C. Secrete digestive enzymes - D. Store vitamins and minerals - E. Protect against bacteria\ *(Correct answer: B)* 22. **Bicarbonate ions in the small intestine help to:** - A. Maintain acidic pH - B. Neutralize stomach acid - C. Emulsify fats - D. Absorb vitamins - E. Produce bile\ *(Correct answer: B)* 23. **The brush border enzyme that breaks down lactose into glucose and galactose is:** - A. Sucrase - B. Maltase - C. Lactase - D. Amylase - E. Lipase\ *(Correct answer: C)* **Large Intestine and Defecation** 24. **The primary function of the large intestine is to:** - A. Absorb carbohydrates - B. Secrete enzymes - C. Absorb water and electrolytes - D. Produce bile - E. Neutralize chyme\ *(Correct answer: C)* 25. **Which reflex is stimulated by the presence of food in the stomach, causing mass movements in the colon?** - A. Gastroileal reflex - B. Enterogastric reflex - C. Defecation reflex - D. Gastrocolic reflex - E. Segmentation\ *(Correct answer: D)* 26. **Which bacterial-produced vitamin is absorbed in the large intestine?** - A. Vitamin A - B. Vitamin B12 - C. Vitamin D - D. Vitamin K - E. Vitamin C\ *(Correct answer: D)* 27. **The urge to defecate results when:** - A. Chyme enters the duodenum - B. The stomach secretes hydrochloric acid - C. Food passes through the ileocecal valve - D. Feces enter the rectum, stretching it - E. The internal anal sphincter contracts\ *(Correct answer: D)* **Metabolism and Energy** 28. **Which process involves breaking down glycogen into glucose?** - A. Glycogenesis - B. Gluconeogenesis - C. Glycogenolysis - D. Lipogenesis - E. Beta-oxidation\ *(Correct answer: C)* 29. **The anaerobic breakdown of glucose in the absence of oxygen is called:** - A. Aerobic respiration - B. Lipolysis - C. Fermentation - D. Oxidative phosphorylation - E. Deamination\ *(Correct answer: C)* **Stomach Functions and Processes (Continued)** 30. **Which cell in the stomach secretes hydrochloric acid?** - A. Chief cell - B. Parietal cell - C. Mucous neck cell - D. Enteroendocrine cell - E. Goblet cell\ *(Correct answer: B)* 31. **Gastrin is a hormone that primarily:** - A. Reduces stomach acid - B. Stimulates gastric secretions - C. Inhibits stomach motility - D. Controls bile production - E. Initiates peristalsis in the esophagus\ *(Correct answer: B)* 32. **The region of the stomach that opens into the small intestine is the:** - A. Fundus - B. Body - C. Antrum - D. Pylorus - E. Cardia\ *(Correct answer: D)* 33. **Pepsinogen is converted to pepsin in the presence of:** - A. Sodium bicarbonate - B. Hydrochloric acid - C. Salivary amylase - D. Pancreatic lipase - E. Gastrin\ *(Correct answer: B)* 34. **What happens to the rugae in the stomach as it fills?** - A. They disappear - B. They increase in number - C. They secrete more acid - D. They contract - E. They move chyme forward\ *(Correct answer: A)* **Accessory Organs that Secrete into the Small Intestines (Continued)** 35. **What is the main role of bile salts in digestion?** - A. Neutralize stomach acid - B. Emulsify lipids - C. Absorb proteins - D. Break down carbohydrates - E. Convert glycogen to glucose\ *(Correct answer: B)* 36. **Which blood vessel delivers nutrient-rich blood from the intestines to the liver?** - A. Hepatic artery - B. Hepatic portal vein - C. Inferior vena cava - D. Superior mesenteric artery - E. Splenic vein\ *(Correct answer: B)* 37. **The pancreatic duct joins the common bile duct to form the:** - A. Cystic duct - B. Portal vein - C. Hepatopancreatic ampulla - D. Gallbladder - E. Splenic vein\ *(Correct answer: C)* 38. **The liver's function in the interconversion of nutrients includes converting amino acids into:** - A. Bile - B. Vitamins - C. Glucose - D. Fatty acids - E. Urea\ *(Correct answer: C)* 39. **Gallstones are most often made of:** - A. Cholesterol - B. Calcium - C. Proteins - D. Iron - E. Carbohydrates\ *(Correct answer: A)* **Small Intestine Digestion and Absorption (Continued)** 40. **Which structure in the small intestine contains lymphatic capillaries that absorb fats?** - A. Microvilli - B. Peyer's patches - C. Villi - D. Lacteals - E. Goblet cells\ *(Correct answer: D)* 41. **Brush border enzymes like sucrase, lactase, and maltase break down:** - A. Proteins - B. Lipids - C. Carbohydrates - D. Nucleic acids - E. Minerals\ *(Correct answer: C)* 42. **The ileocecal valve separates which two parts of the digestive tract?** - A. Ileum and jejunum - B. Stomach and duodenum - C. Duodenum and jejunum - D. Ileum and cecum - E. Colon and rectum\ *(Correct answer: D)* 43. **Alkaline secretions in the small intestine are essential for:** - A. Enhancing gastric acid - B. Activating pancreatic lipase - C. Emulsifying fats - D. Neutralizing acidic chyme - E. Increasing peristalsis\ *(Correct answer: D)* 44. **Goblet cells in the small intestine primarily function to:** - A. Secrete digestive enzymes - B. Absorb nutrients - C. Produce mucus for protection - D. Neutralize acids - E. Absorb fats\ *(Correct answer: C)* **Large Intestine and Defecation (Continued)** 45. **Which section of the large intestine is directly connected to the small intestine?** - A. Colon - B. Cecum - C. Rectum - D. Anus - E. Appendix\ *(Correct answer: B)* 46. **The defecation reflex is stimulated by:** - A. The presence of chyme in the duodenum - B. Mass movement in the colon - C. Stretching of the rectum - D. Contraction of the ileum - E. Pressure in the stomach\ *(Correct answer: C)* 47. **Which reflex is responsible for initiating mass movements in the large intestine following a meal?** - A. Enterogastric reflex - B. Defecation reflex - C. Gastrocolic reflex - D. Rectocolic reflex - E. Peristaltic reflex\ *(Correct answer: C)* **Nutrition and Metabolism** 48. **Which of the following nutrients is the primary source of energy for the body?** - A. Proteins - B. Vitamins - C. Lipids - D. Carbohydrates - E. Minerals\ *(Correct answer: D)* 49. **An essential nutrient is one that:** - A. Can be synthesized by the body - B. Must be obtained from food - C. Is always stored as fat - D. Is only needed in small amounts - E. Provides energy only when carbs are depleted\ *(Correct answer: B)* 50. **The storage form of glucose in the body is:** - A. Triglycerides - B. Fatty acids - C. Amino acids - D. Glycogen - E. ATP\ *(Correct answer: D)* 51. **Which type of fat contains only single bonds between carbon atoms?** - A. Unsaturated fat - B. Trans fat - C. Saturated fat - D. Monounsaturated fat - E. Polyunsaturated fat\ *(Correct answer: C)* 52. **Which water-soluble vitamin can cause stomach inflammation and diarrhea in excess?** - A. Vitamin B6 - B. Vitamin D - C. Vitamin K - D. Vitamin C - E. Vitamin E\ *(Correct answer: D)* **Metabolism Processes (Continued)** 53. **The process of synthesizing glucose from non-carbohydrate sources is called:** - A. Glycolysis - B. Glycogenesis - C. Gluconeogenesis - D. Glycogenolysis - E. Lipogenesis\ *(Correct answer: C)* 54. **What is the net ATP yield per glucose molecule during glycolysis?** - A. 1 ATP - B. 2 ATP - C. 4 ATP - D. 8 ATP - E. 10 ATP\ *(Correct answer: B)* 55. **Which metabolic state involves the absorption of nutrients immediately after eating?** - A. Postabsorptive state - B. Starvation state - C. Absorptive state - D. Basal state - E. Ketogenic state\ *(Correct answer: C)* **Temperature Regulation** 56. **Heat is primarily lost from the body through all EXCEPT:** - A. Radiation - B. Convection - C. Conduction - D. Metabolism - E. Evaporation\ *(Correct answer: D)* 57. **The hypothalamus helps regulate body temperature through a mechanism called:** - A. Homeostasis - B. Negative feedback - C. Peristalsis - D. Defecation reflex - E. Thermogenesis\ *(Correct answer: B)* 58. **Which process produces body heat as a by-product of chemical reactions?** - A. Evaporation - B. Metabolism - C. Conduction - D. Radiation - E. Convection\ *(Correct answer: B)* 59. **During a fever, the body's set point in the hypothalamus is temporarily:** - A. Decreased - B. Increased - C. Unchanged - D. Lowered by shivering - E. Adjusted through the medulla oblongata\ *(Correct answer: B)* 60. **A balance between heat production and heat loss is necessary to maintain:** - A. Cellular respiration - B. Metabolic rate - C. Body temperature - D. Homeostatic imbalance - E. Blood glucose\ *(Correct answer: C)* **Small Intestine Absorption (Continued)** 61. **Which component of the small intestine increases nutrient absorption by 600 times?** - A. Circular folds - B. Villi - C. Microvilli - D. All of the above - E. None of the above\ *(Correct answer: D)* 62. **The primary function of lacteals in the small intestine is to absorb:** - A. Amino acids - B. Monosaccharides - C. Lipids - D. Nucleic acids - E. Vitamins\ *(Correct answer: C)* 63. **The majority of water absorption in the digestive tract occurs in the:** - A. Stomach - B. Small intestine - C. Large intestine - D. Duodenum - E. Colon\ *(Correct answer: B)* 64. **In the small intestine, Peyer's patches are clusters of:** - A. Lymphatic tissue - B. Digestive enzymes - C. Fat droplets - D. Blood vessels - E. Endocrine cells\ *(Correct answer: A)* 65. **The ileum meets the large intestine at the:** - A. Cecum - B. Sigmoid colon - C. Ascending colon - D. Transverse colon - E. Jejunum\ *(Correct answer: A)* **Large Intestine and Defecation (Continued)** 66. **The main purpose of mucus in the large intestine is to:** - A. Absorb water - B. Facilitate movement of feces - C. Produce vitamin K - D. Stimulate muscle contractions - E. Emulsify fats\ *(Correct answer: B)* 67. **The final section of the large intestine is called the:** - A. Cecum - B. Colon - C. Sigmoid colon - D. Rectum - E. Anal canal\ *(Correct answer: E)* 68. **The conversion of chyme to feces in the large intestine typically takes:** - A. 1--2 hours - B. 3--4 hours - C. 6--8 hours - D. 12--18 hours - E. 18--24 hours\ *(Correct answer: E)* 69. **A Valsalva maneuver is performed to:** - A. Inhibit stomach motility - B. Increase peristalsis - C. Initiate the defecation reflex - D. Decrease heart rate - E. Stimulate bile secretion\ *(Correct answer: C)* 70. **Bacteria in the large intestine help produce which vitamin?** - A. Vitamin C - B. Vitamin D - C. Vitamin K - D. Vitamin E - E. Vitamin B12\ *(Correct answer: C)* **Nutrition and Energy Sources (Continued)** 71. **Carbohydrates are primarily stored in the body as:** - A. Fat - B. Glycogen - C. Glucose - D. Amino acids - E. Lipids\ *(Correct answer: B)* 72. **Which dietary component is essential for building and repairing tissues?** - A. Carbohydrates - B. Lipids - C. Proteins - D. Vitamins - E. Water\ *(Correct answer: C)* 73. **Dietary fiber is composed of:** - A. Simple sugars - B. Saturated fats - C. Proteins - D. Complex carbohydrates - E. Minerals\ *(Correct answer: D)* 74. **The main function of minerals in the body is to:** - A. Provide energy - B. Act as enzymes - C. Support metabolic processes and build structures - D. Store carbohydrates - E. Produce ATP\ *(Correct answer: C)* 75. **Which of the following vitamins is classified as water-soluble?** - A. Vitamin A - B. Vitamin D - C. Vitamin C - D. Vitamin E - E. Vitamin K\ *(Correct answer: C)* **Metabolism and Biochemical Pathways (Continued)** 76. **The breakdown of triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol is called:** - A. Lipogenesis - B. Glycogenesis - C. Lipolysis - D. Beta-oxidation - E. Ketogenesis\ *(Correct answer: C)* 77. **Which process directly produces acetyl-CoA for entry into the citric acid cycle?** - A. Glycolysis - B. Beta-oxidation - C. Glycogenolysis - D. Lipogenesis - E. Fermentation\ *(Correct answer: B)* 78. **Which cycle produces the majority of CO2 in aerobic respiration?** - A. Glycolysis - B. Beta-oxidation - C. Citric acid cycle - D. Electron transport chain - E. Anaerobic glycolysis\ *(Correct answer: C)* 79. **The electron transport chain is located in the:** - A. Cytoplasm - B. Mitochondrial membrane - C. Golgi apparatus - D. Ribosomes - E. Lysosome\ *(Correct answer: B)* 80. **During fasting, the process that converts non-carbohydrates to glucose is:** - A. Glycogenolysis - B. Lipolysis - C. Gluconeogenesis - D. Beta-oxidation - E. Fermentation\ *(Correct answer: C)* **Temperature Regulation and Thermoregulation** 81. **What part of the brain regulates body temperature?** - A. Medulla oblongata - B. Thalamus - C. Hypothalamus - D. Hippocampus - E. Pituitary gland\ *(Correct answer: C)* 82. **Shivering is a mechanism used by the body to:** - A. Increase heat loss - B. Conserve energy - C. Generate heat - D. Lower body temperature - E. Initiate sweating\ *(Correct answer: C)* 83. **The process of sweating helps to cool the body through:** - A. Radiation - B. Conduction - C. Convection - D. Evaporation - E. Metabolism\ *(Correct answer: D)* 84. **The release of acetylcholine by the vagus nerve can:** - A. Increase heart rate - B. Cause vasoconstriction - C. Decrease body temperature - D. Cause vasodilation - E. Increase body temperature\ *(Correct answer: D)* 85. **Which of the following mechanisms prevents overheating of the body?** - A. Shivering - B. Vasodilation - C. Glycogenesis - D. Protein synthesis - E. Lipolysis\ *(Correct answer: B)* **Absorptive and Postabsorptive States** 86. **The absorptive state primarily occurs:** - A. During fasting - B. Right after a meal - C. During exercise - D. During sleep - E. After digestion is complete\ *(Correct answer: B)* 87. **During the postabsorptive state, the body primarily relies on:** - A. Glucose from digestion - B. Fat stores - C. Dietary protein - D. Vitamins and minerals - E. Glycolysis\ *(Correct answer: B)* 88. **Glycogenolysis is a process that:** - A. Creates glycogen - B. Breaks down glucose - C. Breaks down glycogen to glucose - D. Synthesizes lipids - E. Converts protein to glucose\ *(Correct answer: C)* 89. **Which metabolic activity is stimulated by insulin?** - A. Glycogenolysis - B. Lipolysis - C. Gluconeogenesis - D. Glycogenesis - E. Ketogenesis\ *(Correct answer: D)* 90. **In the postabsorptive state, the liver supports blood glucose levels by:** - A. Storing glucose - B. Producing fatty acids - C. Synthesizing amino acids - D. Releasing glucose - E. Converting glucose to glycogen\ *(Correct answer: D)* **Metabolic Rate and Energy Use** 91. **Basal metabolic rate refers to:** - A. Energy used for digestion - B. Energy used during exercise - C. Energy required at rest - D. Total energy expenditure - E. Energy stored as fat\ *(Correct answer: C)* 92. **The thermic effect of food represents approximately what percentage of energy expenditure?** - A. 5% - B. 10% - C. 15% - D. 20% - E. 25%\ *(Correct answer: B)* 93. **Which factor increases metabolic rate the most?** - A. Sleeping - B. Sitting quietly - C. Digesting food - D. Muscle activity - E. Watching TV\ *(Correct answer: D)* 94. **Muscle contraction and exercise increase energy expenditure due to:** - A. Glycolysis - B. ATP production - C. Mitochondrial activation - D. Metabolic rate increase - E. Hormonal changes\ *(Correct answer: D)* 95. **One of the effects of a high basal metabolic rate is:** - A. Increased fat storage - B. Decreased energy expenditure - C. Enhanced digestion - D. Faster calorie burning - E. Reduced heat production\ *(Correct answer: D)* **Vitamin and Mineral Metabolism** 96. **Which mineral is primarily involved in muscle contraction and nerve function?** - A. Potassium - B. Iron - C. Calcium - D. Sodium - E. Magnesium\ *(Correct answer: C)* 97. **Vitamin B12 is necessary for:** - A. Vision - B. Blood clotting - C. DNA synthesis - D. Bone health - E. Fat storage\ *(Correct answer: C)* 98. **Which fat-soluble vitamin is known to help with blood clotting?** - A. Vitamin A - B. Vitamin D - C. Vitamin E - D. Vitamin K - E. Vitamin C\ *(Correct answer: D)* 99. **Excess vitamin C is generally:** - A. Stored in the liver - B. Excreted in urine - C. Converted to fat - D. Stored in adipose tissue - E. Stored in bones\ *(Correct answer: B)* 100. **Iron is a key component of which protein that transports oxygen?** - A. Myoglobin - B. Actin - C. Collagen - D. Hemoglobin - E. Keratin\ *(Correct answer: D)* **Vitamins and Minerals (Continued)** 101. **A deficiency in vitamin D can lead to:** - A. Scurvy - B. Rickets - C. Anemia - D. Night blindness - E. Hypercalcemia\ *(Correct answer: B)* 102. **Which of the following minerals is essential for thyroid hormone production?** - A. Iodine - B. Calcium - C. Iron - D. Potassium - E. Magnesium\ *(Correct answer: A)* 103. **Vitamin A is important for:** - A. Muscle contraction - B. Bone formation - C. Vision and immune function - D. Oxygen transport - E. Metabolic rate\ *(Correct answer: C)* 104. **Vitamin K deficiency can result in:** - A. Anemia - B. Excessive bleeding - C. Bone softening - D. Weak immune response - E. Muscle cramps\ *(Correct answer: B)* 105. **The role of vitamin E in the body includes:** - A. Bone development - B. Antioxidant protection - C. Blood clotting - D. Protein synthesis - E. Glycogen formation\ *(Correct answer: B)* **Body Fluid and Electrolyte Balance** 106. **Which electrolyte is most critical for maintaining cell membrane potential?** - A. Sodium - B. Calcium - C. Iron - D. Magnesium - E. Iodine\ *(Correct answer: A)* 107. **A major function of potassium in the body is to:** - A. Promote bone health - B. Aid in blood clotting - C. Regulate heartbeat and muscle function - D. Enhance vision - E. Increase energy storage\ *(Correct answer: C)* 108. **An excess of calcium in the blood may cause:** - A. Muscle cramps - B. Bone weakening - C. High blood pressure - D. Kidney stones - E. Edema\ *(Correct answer: D)* 109. **Water balance in the body is primarily controlled by:** - A. Electrolyte intake - B. Vitamin D - C. Osmosis and kidney function - D. Protein synthesis - E. Fat metabolism\ *(Correct answer: C)* 110. **Sodium is mainly reabsorbed in the kidneys to regulate:** - A. Blood sugar - B. pH levels - C. Blood pressure and fluid balance - D. Muscle tone - E. Digestion\ *(Correct answer: C)* **Oxidation and Reduction in Metabolism** 111. **A molecule is considered reduced when it:** - A. Gains oxygen - B. Loses electrons - C. Gains electrons - D. Loses hydrogen - E. Loses energy\ *(Correct answer: C)* 112. **Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the:** - A. Cytoplasm - B. Nucleus - C. Mitochondria - D. Endoplasmic reticulum - E. Golgi apparatus\ *(Correct answer: C)* 113. **The final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is:** - A. Carbon dioxide - B. Water - C. ATP - D. Oxygen - E. Glucose\ *(Correct answer: D)* 114. **In an oxidation-reduction reaction, the molecule that gains an electron is:** - A. Oxidized - B. Decomposed - C. Hydrolyzed - D. Reduced - E. Synthesized\ *(Correct answer: D)* 115. **The energy from high-energy electrons in the electron transport chain is used to:** - A. Break down proteins - B. Pump protons to generate a gradient - C. Form glucose - D. Produce NADH - E. Activate enzymes\ *(Correct answer: B)* **Energy Storage and Release** 116. **Which of the following processes releases glucose from stored glycogen?** - A. Glycogenesis - B. Glycogenolysis - C. Lipogenesis - D. Gluconeogenesis - E. Ketogenesis\ *(Correct answer: B)* 117. **The primary site of triglyceride storage in the body is:** - A. Liver - B. Muscle tissue - C. Adipose tissue - D. Bone marrow - E. Spleen\ *(Correct answer: C)* 118. **When glucose is converted to pyruvate in the cytoplasm, it produces:** - A. 36 ATP - B. 32 ATP - C. 4 ATP - D. 2 ATP (net) - E. 12 ATP\ *(Correct answer: D)* 119. **Ketone bodies are produced in response to:** - A. High glucose intake - B. Excess oxygen - C. Fatty acid breakdown - D. High protein diets - E. Increased glycolysis\ *(Correct answer: C)* 120. **Which process describes the conversion of amino acids to glucose in the liver?** - A. Glycogenolysis - B. Lipogenesis - C. Gluconeogenesis - D. Transamination - E. Beta-oxidation\ *(Correct answer: C)*