Anatomy Of Cardiovascular System PDF

Anatomy Of Cardiovascular System Dr.Sayed Jahin Lecturer of anatomy and embryology  Introduction The cardiovascular system is transport system of body The system supplies nutrients to and remove waste products from various tissue of body. Components Of Cardio...

Anatomy Of Cardiovascular System Dr.Sayed Jahin Lecturer of anatomy and embryology  Introduction The cardiovascular system is transport system of body The system supplies nutrients to and remove waste products from various tissue of body. Components Of Cardiovascular System Blood Heart Blood vessels  1-Anatomy of Heart 1-Description: The heart is a hollow muscular organ Pyramidal in shaped with its base above & its base downward 2- Position: it lies in the middle of chest cavity, between the 2 lungs and its apex pointing to the left. 3-Relations: Anterior: sternum & ribs Posterior: esophagus, aorta &vertebral column. Inferior: diaphragm On each side: the lungs It is covered by a membrane named as Pericardium 3  Pericardium Pericardium: is a double serous membrane that surrounds & protect the heart. It is formed of 3 parts:- 1- Visceral pericardium: Next to heart 2- Parietal pericardium: Outside layer 3- layers Pericardial cavity between that contains thewhich serous fluid twofacilitate the heart movement.  Structures of the heart Heart has four chambers, 2 atria and 2 ventricles Right and left atria: are separated by interatrial septum and named as receiving chambers to blood. Right and left ventricles: are separated by interventricular septum and named as pumping chambers to blood. The left atrium opens into the left ventricle and the right atrium opens into the right ventricle. Interventricular septum Each of the openings is guarded by a valve to allow blood flow from atria to ventricle only and not reverse. Deoxygenated bloodfrom Vena cava (superior, inferior vena cavae & coronary sinus) → Right atrium → tricuspid valve → right ventricle → pulmonary valve → pulmonary arteries → lungs → Oxygenated blood → pulmonary veins → left atrium → bicuspid valve → left ventricle → aortic valve → aorta → all parts of the body  External features of the heart The heart has an apex, base and 2 ;- surfaces as follows The apex of the heart Is formed by the left ventricle. It lies at left 5th intercostal space → (site of Apex palpation). The base of the heart: Formed mainly by the left Base atrium & small part of right atrium  Surfaces of the heart 1-The sternocostal surface (anterior): Is formed mainly by the right atrium, the right ventricle and small part of left ventricle. Left atrium 2-The diaphragmatic surface (inferior surface): that lies on the diaphragm formed mainly by the left ventricle and small part of right ventricle.  Internal structure of the heart 1-Right Atrium Consists of a main cavity and auricle. The auricle is rough as it contains pectinate muscles The cavity contains the followings openings:- 1-The superior vena cava: brings the blood from upper ½ of the body and opens into the upper part 2-The inferior vena cava: brings the blood from lower ½ of the body and opens into the lower part of the right atrium 3-The coronary sinus: which drains the blood from the heart wall itself. 4-The right atrioventricular orifice: that opens into Rt ventricle and is guarded by the tricuspid valve.  2-Left Atrium Similar to the right atrium, it consists of a main cavity and a left auricle. It is situated behind the right atrium. It receive blood from the lungs It has the followings openings:- The four pulmonary veins, two from each lung. The left atrioventricular orifice which opens into the left ventricle and guarded by the mitral valve  Right Ventricle The deoxygenated blood from the right atrium through the atrioventricular orifice which guarded by tricuspid valve It pump the blood to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The wall of the right ventricle is formed of muscle named as papillary muscles There are 3 papillary muscles which send threads named chordae tendineae that connect to the cusps of the tricuspid valve.  Left Ventricle The left ventricle receive the oxygenated blood from the left atrium through the atrioventricular orifice which guarded by the mitral valve. It pump the blood to aorta. The walls of the left ventricle are three times thicker than those of the right ventricle (as the blood pressure in aorta is six times higher than that inside the pulmonary trunk) There are 2 papillary muscles in it.  The Heart Valves Allow blood to flow in only one direction There are 4 valves in the heart:- 1-Atrioventricular valves: between atria and ventricles ▪▪ In the left: Bicuspid valve (mitral) In the right: Tricuspid valve 2-Semilunar valves between ventricles and arteries - Pulmonary semilunar valve - Aortic semilunar valve  Arterial Supply to the Heart The right coronary artery Supplies most of the right side of the heart. The left coronary artery Supplies the left side of the heart, a small area from the right side. The Heart Great Vessels o Aorta: arise from the left ventricle oPulmonary artery: arise from right ventricle o Vena cava: superior & inferior enter the right atrium o Pulmonary veins (four) 2 for each lung: Enter the left atrium  Blood vessels Arteries : carry the oxygenated blood away from the heart to all parts of the body, thicker and stronger than veins and has no valves. Arterioles: smaller branches from arteries Capillaries: connect the arterioles to the venules and allow passage of oxygen and nutrients from the blood to tissues. Venules: it begins from the capillaries containing the waste products from tissues into blood. Veins: carry the deoxygenated blood to the heart, thinner wall and contain valves that prevent the reflux of blood to the body. The outer serous layer that surrounds the heart from outside is? Which structure does belong to the right atrium? A. Visceral pericardium A. Orifice of the coronary sinus B. Parietal pleura B. Tendinous cords C. Parietal pericardium C. Trabeculae carinae D. Parietal peritoneum D. Orifices of the pulmonary veins The base of the heart is formed mainly by which structure? Which type of blood vessels carry the blood away from the heart? A. The left atrium A. Veins B. The right ventricle B. Capillaries C. Both ventricle C. Arteries D. The right atrium D. Sinusoids Which structure does belong to the left ventricle? The left atrium is separated from left ventricle by: A. Orifice of the superior vena cava A. Aortic valve B. Orifice of the inferior vena cava B. Atrial valve C. Orifice of the coronary sinus C. Mitral valve D. Aortic orifice D. Pulmonary valve The apex of the heart is formed by: The name of the muscles is found in the two ventricles are: A. Right atrium A. Bipennate B. Right ventricle B. muscles C. Left ventricle C. Pectinate D. Left atrium D. muscles Papillary muscles Solitary The walls of the heart are of greatest thickness in: muscles The right atrium receives the deoxygenated blood from upper ½ of the body through: A. Both atria A. Superior & inferior venae cavae B. The left atria B. Superior venae cavae C. The left ventricle C. Inferior venae cavae and coronary sinuses D. The right atria D. Superior, inferior venae cavae and coronary sinuses