Anatomy Notes 1_7 PDF

Chapters 8 & 9 Principles of tissue ​ Epithelial tissue ​ Muscle tissue ​ Nervous tissue ​ Connective tissue Embryonic development of tissue (Primary germ layers) ​ Endoderm ​ Mesoderm ​ Ectoderm Histogenesis: the process of the primary germ layers differentiating...

Chapters 8 & 9 Principles of tissue ​ Epithelial tissue ​ Muscle tissue ​ Nervous tissue ​ Connective tissue Embryonic development of tissue (Primary germ layers) ​ Endoderm ​ Mesoderm ​ Ectoderm Histogenesis: the process of the primary germ layers differentiating(grouping together) into different kinds of tissue Extracellular matrix is the complex nonliving material between cells in a tissue Components ​ Water ​ Proteins ​ Glycoproteins ​ Proteoglycans ​ Polysaccharides Functions ​ It helps bind tissues together structurally ​ Allows local communication among ECM and various cells through connection with integrins and plasma membrane Epithelial Tissue Types of locations ​ Epithelium is divided into two types ○​ membranous (coving or lining) epithelium ○​ Glandular epithelium ​ Location ○​ Membranous epithelium: covers the body and some of its parts and lines the serous cavities(blood and lymphatic vessels) and (respiratory, digestive, and genitourinary tracts) ○​ Glandular epithelium: secretory units of endocrine and exocrine glands (produce materials) Functions ​ Protection ​ Sensory function ​ Secretion ​ Absorption ​ excretion Generalization about epithelial tissue ​ Limited amount of matrix material ​ Membranous types attached to t\a basement membrane ​ Avascular (Bleeding) ​ Cells are in close proximity, with many desmosomes and tight junctions ​ Capable of reproduction Epithelial Tissue: membranous Classification of epithelial tissue ​ Squamous-flat ​ Cuboidal-Cube ​ Columnar-Long ​ Pseudostratified columnar Simple squamous epithelium ​ One cell layer of flat cells Simple cuboidal epithelium ​ One cell layer of cuboidal cells Simple columnar epithelium ​ A single layer of tall, column-shaped cells Pseudostratified columnar epithelium ​ Columnar cells of differing heights Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium ​ Multiple layers of flat, squamous cells ​ Cells filled with keratin(tough,fibrous,protein substances) Stratified cuboidal epithelium ​ Two or more rows of cells are typical Stratified columnar epithelium ​ Multiple layers of columnar cells Transitional epithelium ​ Located in the lining of hollow viscera subjected to stress Epithelial Tissue: Glandular Epithelium Glandular epithelium ​ Specialized in secretory activity ​ Exocrine glands: discharge secretions into ducts ​ Endocrine glands: “Ductless” glands: discharge secretions directly into blood or interstitial fluid Functional classification of exocrine glands ​ Apocrine glands ○​ Secretory products collect near apex of cell and are secreted by pinching off the distended end ○​ Mammary glands are good examples ​ Holocrine glands (cells need to break to complete function) ○​ Secretion production, when released, csuass rupture and dreath if the cells ○​ Sebaceous glands are holocrine ​ Merocrine glands (Presence of ducts) ○​ Most numerous gland type Connective Tissue Functions characteristics and types ​ General function: concerts, supports, transports, and protects ​ General characteristics ○​ ECM predominates in most connective tissues and determine the physical characteristics 4 Main Types ​ Fibrous ○​ loose(areolar) ○​ Adipose ○​ Reticular ○​ Dense ​ Irregular ​ regular(collagenous and elastic) ​ Bones ○​ Compact bone ○​ Cancellous bone ​ Cartilage ○​ Hyaline ○​ Fibrocartilage ○​ elastic ​ Blood Connective tissue: fibrous connective tissue Fibrous connective tissue ​ Loose (areolar) connective tissue ○​ One of the widely distributed of all tissues ○​ Function: stretchy, flexible connection Adipose tissue ​ Similar to loose connective tissue but contains mainly fat cells ​ Functions: protection, insulation, support, and food reserve Reticular tissue ​ Forms framework of spleen. Lymph nodes, and bone marrow  ​ Functions: defense against microorganisms and other injurious substances; reticular meshwork filtered out injurious particles and reticular cells phagocytose them Dense fibrous tissues (hair-like structure that helps strength) ​ Metrix consists mainly of densely packed fibers and relatively few fibroblast cells ○​ Irregular: fibers intertwine irregularly to form a thick matt ○​ Regular: bundles of fibers are arranged in regular parallel rows ​ Collagenous: mostly collagenous fibers in ECM ​ Elastic: mostly elastic fibers in ECM Connective tissue: bone tissue Bone tissue ​ Uniquely hard and strong connective tissue type ​ Functions ○​ Support ○​ Protection ○​ Point of attachment for muscles ○​ Reservoir for minerals ○​ Supports blood-forming tissue Formation(ossification) Connective tissue: Cartilage Cartilage ​ Chondrocyte is the only cell type present ​ Avascular: The nutrition of cells depends on the diffusion of nutrients through the matrix (no blood vessels) Types ​ Hyaline ○​ Appearance is shiny and translucent ○​ The most prevalent type of cartilage ​ Fibrocartilage ○​ Strongest and most durable type of cartilage ○​ Serves as chock-absorbing material between bones at the knee ​ Elastic ○​ Provides strength and flexibility Blood ​ A liquid tissue ​ Contains neither ground substance nor fibers Functions ​ Transportation ​ Regulate body temperature ​ Regulation of body ph ​ White blood cells destroy bacteria Circulating blood tissue is formed in the red bone marrow by a process called Hematopoiesis; the blood-forming tissue is sometimes called hematopoietic tissue Muscle tissue Types ​ Skeletal, strained voluntary ​ Smooth, also known as nonstriated involuntary or visceral ​ Cardiac, or striated involuntary Nervous tissue Functions ​ Rapid regulation and integration of body activities Special Characteristics ​ Excitability ​ Conductivity Organs ​ Brain ​ spinal cord ​ Nerves Cell types ​ Neuron: conducting unit of system Tissue repair Tissues have a varying capacity to repair themselves; damaged tissue regenerates or is replaced by scar tissue Regeneration: growth of new tissue Scar: dense, fibrous mass; usually thick scar is a keloid Epithelial and connective tissue has the greatest ability to regenerate (skin cut) Muscle and nervous tissue have limited capacity to regenerate (deeper cut) Body membranes Thin tissue layers that covers surfaces, lines cavities, and divide spaces or organs Epithelial membranes are the most common type ​ Cutaneous membrane (skin) ○​ The primary organ of the integumentary system Serous membrane ​ Parietal membranes: line closed body cavities ​ Visceral membranes: cover visceral organs ​ Pleura: surrounds a lung and lines the thoracic cavity ​ Peritoneum: covers the abdominal viscera and lines the abdominal cavity Mucous membrane (mucose) ​ Lines and protects organs that open outside the body ​ Found lining ducts and passageways of the respiratory, digestive, and other tracts ​ Mucus is made of mostly water and mucins Connective tissue ​ Do not contain epithelial components ​ Synovial membranes line the spaces between bone in joints ​ Have smooth and slick membranes that secrete synovial fluid ​ Help reduce friction between opposing surfaces in moveable joint