Anatomy Midterm PDF

anatomy midterm Define homeostasis – the process by which living organisms maintain a stable internal environment. It's the optimal condition for an organism to function. Positive feedback loops –amplify a change, driving a process to completion Negative feedback loops – counterac...

anatomy midterm Define homeostasis – the process by which living organisms maintain a stable internal environment. It's the optimal condition for an organism to function. Positive feedback loops –amplify a change, driving a process to completion Negative feedback loops – counteract a change, maintaining homeostasis Terms Superior - Above Inferior - Below Anterior - front of the body Posterior- back of the body Proximal - closer to the point of attachment Distal - Further from the point of attachment Axial Skeleton- Skull, Vertebrae, Ribs, Sternum Appendicular skeleton- Arms, Legs, Hips Planes Edit with Median the Docs - Runs downapp the middle of the body Make tweaks, leave comments, and share with others to edit at the same time. :  to edit at the same time. Sagittal - Sepereates the body into left and right sides NO THANKS GET THE APP Frontal- Separates the body into front and back Transverse planes - Split the body into upper & lower halves Function of ribosomes - a micro-machine for making proteins Tissue Characteristics Skeletal - Found in the skeleton, striated, voluntary, multi-nuclei Smooth - Found in walls of hollow organs, not striated, involuntary, one nuclei Cardiac - Found in the heart, branched, involuntary, one nuclei Types of Connective Tissues - Blood, Cartilage, Connective Tissue Proper, Bone Burns 1st-degree burn – affects only the epidermis 2nd-degree burn– affects epidermis and dermis layers of skin 3rd-degree burn- affects all layers of skin, including fat and muscle Characteristics of Skin Layers The epidermis is the only layer directly exposed to the environment. :  The dermis is the skin's thickest layer and provides structural support. The hypodermis, also called the subcutaneous layer, is primarily responsible for fat storage and insulation. Characteristics of: Red Bone Marrow - Appears red due to its rich blood supply Yellow Bone Marrow- Appears yellow due to its high fat concentration Location for hematopoiesis – In red bone marrow, aka blood cell production Functions of Osteoblasts – form new bone and heal existing bone Osteocytes– Maintain bone structure by regulating mineral concentration Osteoclasts – Resorb or break down bone to increase calcium levels Classification of bones by shapes Long – Long, thin, and cylindrical Flat – Flattened and broad, but often curved Short – Squat, cubed, and roughly equal in length, width, and thickness Irregular - Have a complex shape that doesn't fit into the other three categories Function of hyoid bone – an attachment structure for the tongue and muscles :  Which ion enters a cell during depolarization - Sodium Repolarization - The closing of sodium ion channels and the opening of potassium ion channels cause potassium ions to flow out of the cell Depolarization - The opening of sodium ion channels causes a rapid rise in membrane potential Hyperpolarization - The membrane potential dips below the resting voltage Primary role of Acetylcholine in muscle contraction and where it’s released from – the axon terminal of a motor neuron at the neuromuscular junction Function of sarcoplasmic reticulum - Stores and releases calcium ions When calcium is released - the muscle contracts or relaxes Characteristics and functions of: Sarcomere - The primary site of muscle contraction where the sliding filament mechanism occurs. Myofibril - A long, cylindrical organelle within a muscle fiber, whose function is to generate force. Myofilaments - The protein filaments within a sarcomere, Interact with each other through cross-bridges to produce muscle contraction. :  Muscle fiber - A single muscle cell containing multiple myofibrils, surrounded by a sarcolemma (cell membrane). Characteristics of Nucleus - a membrane-bound organelle that houses the cell's DNA, acting as the control center for cellular activities smooth ER - a network of interconnected membrane tubules lacking ribosomes mitochondria - the "powerhouse" of the cell, responsible for generating energy in the form of ATP through cellular respiration 12 levels of organization Atom: The basic building block of matter. Molecule: A group of atoms bonded together. Organelle: A specialized structure within a cell with a specific function. Cell: The basic unit of life, made up of organelles. Tissue: A group of similar cells working together to perform a specific function. Organ: A structure composed of multiple tissues working together to perform a specific function. Organ System: A group of organs working together to perform a broader function in the body. Organism: A single living individual. Population: A group of individuals of the same species living in a particular area. Community: A collection of different populations interacting in a given area. :  Ecosystem: A community of living organisms interacting with their physical environment. Biosphere: The entire part of the Earth that supports life, including all ecosystems The function of skin cells Melanocytes- produce melanin (the pigment responsible for skin color) to protect against UV radiation Keratinocytes- produce keratin (a protein that forms the majority of the skin's structure) Epithelial - are a broad category of cells that line the outer surfaces of the body, including the skin, and serve as a barrier protecting the underlying tissues. Define osmosis and know its relationship with solutes –the movement of a solvent and its aim to equalize the solute concentrations on both sides of the membrane. Characteristics of: epithelial tissue- Functions include protection, secretion, and absorption, and is typically found lining body cavities and covering external surfaces nervous tissue -Transmits electrical impulses and coordinating bodily functions muscle tissue –Cells specialized for contraction, allowing movement connective tissue - Providing support and binding other tissues together Bones :  Cranium -frontal bone, occipital bone, parietal bones, sphenoid bone, ethmoid bone, Temporal Bones, Facial -mandible, maxilla, vomer, zygomaic, Lacrimal, Nasal, Palatine, inferior nasal concha The layer of skin is primarily responsible for producing new skin cells – stratum basale (also called the basal layer) Connective Tissues epimysium is the "whole muscle" covering perimysium is the "bundle" covering endomysium is the "fiber" covering :