Medical Assisting: Chapter 24 - The Skeletal System

24 CHAPTER The Skeletal System © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or...

24 CHAPTER The Skeletal System © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 24-2 Learning Outcomes (cont.) 24.1 Describe the structure of bone tissue. 24.2 Explain the functions of bones. 24.3 Compare intramembranous and endochondral ossification. 24.4 Describe the skeletal structures and one location of each structure. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 24-3 Learning Outcomes (cont.) 24.5 Locate the bones of the skull. 24.6 Locate the bones of the spinal column. 24.7 Locate the bones of the rib cage. 24.8 Locate the bones of the shoulders, arms, and hands. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 24-4 Learning Outcomes (cont.) 24.9 Locate the bones of the hips, legs, and feet. 24.10 Describe the three major types of joints and give examples of each. 24.11 Describe the common diseases and disorders of the skeletal system. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 24-5 Introduction Bones provide structure and support 206 bones plus joints and connective tissue Divisions – Axial ~ 80 bones Skull Vertebral column Rib cage – Appendicular ~ 126 bones Arms and legs Pectoral girdle Pelvic girdle © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 24-6 Bone Structure Bones contain various kinds of tissues – – – Osseous tissue Blood vessels Nerves Spongy (Cancellous) Bone Compact Bone Osseous tissue can appear compact or spongy © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 24-7 Bone Structure (cont.) Structures within compact bone – – – – – Osteons Bone matrix Lamella Lacunae Canaliculi All bones are made up of both compact and spongy bone © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 24-8 Bone Structure (cont.) Long bones – Femur and humerus – Parts Diaphysis Epiphysis Articular cartilage Medullary cavity Periosteum Endosteum © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 24-9 Bone Structure (cont.) Short bones Flat bones Irregular bones Sesamoid bones © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 24-10 Gender Differences in Skeletal Structure Male Skull – Larger and heavier – Forehead shorter – Face less round Male pelvis – Bones are heavier and thicker – Cavity is narrower – Jaw larger © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 24-11 Apply Your Knowledge Matching: ANSWER: C Holes in the matrix that contain osteocytes B Made of inorganic salts, collagen fibers, and proteins; between osteocytes D Layers of bone surrounding the canals of the osteons A Elongated cylinders that run the length of the bone E Canals that connect lacunae to each other A. Osteons B. Bone matrix C. Lamella D. Lacunae E. Caniculi Very Good! © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 24-12 Functions of Bones Give shape to body parts Support and protect soft structures Function in body movement Red bone marrow – hematopoiesis Store calcium © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 24-13 Apply Your Knowledge Why is it important for the bones to store calcium? ANSWER: Every cell in the body needs calcium, so the body must have a large supply readily available. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 24-14 Bone Growth Ossification Intramembranous ossification – Bones begin as tough, fibrous membrane – Osteoblasts turn the membrane to bone © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 24-15 Bone Growth (cont.) Endochondral ossification – Bones begin as cartilage models – Diaphysis ~ primary ossification center Diaphysis © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 24-16 Bone Growth (cont.) Endochondral ossification – Epiphysis ~ secondary ossification center – Epiphyseal disc ~ cartilage between epiphysis and diaphysis Diaphysis © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 24-17 Building Better Bones Bone – healthy diet – Vitamin D – Calcium Bone-healthy exercises – Weight-bearing – Strength-training © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 24-18 Building Better Bones (cont.) Bone-healthy lifestyle – avoid smoking and alcohol Bone tests – Bone density tests – Bone scan © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 24-19 Apply Your Knowledge What are the two types of bone growth? ANSWER: Intramembranous ossification, in which bones begin as tough membrane and are turned to bone by osteoblasts, and endochondral ossification, in which primary ossification occurs in the diaphysis of the bone and secondary ossification occurs in the epiphysis. Good Job! © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 24-20 Bony Structures Bones are designed with – Projections and processes – Depressions and hollows at articulations – Openings for blood vessels and nerves © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 24-21 Bony Structures (cont.) Term Definition Condyle Crest A rounded process that usually articulates with another bone A narrow, ridge-like projection Epicondyle A projection situated above a condyle Foramen An opening through a bone that is usually a passageway for blood vessels, nerves, or ligaments A relatively deep pit or depression Fossa © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 24-22 Bony Structures (cont.) Term Definition Head An enlargement on the end of a bone Process A prominent projection on a bone Suture Trochanter An interlocking line of union between bones A relatively large process Tubercle A small, knoblike process Tuberosity A knoblike process, usually larger than a tubercle © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 24-23 Apply Your Knowledge Match the following: ANSWER: E Epicondyle A. A relatively deep pit or depression ___ C Fontanels B. An interlocking line of union between bones ___ A Fossa ___ C. “Soft spots” felt on an infant’s skull F Process ___ D. A knoblike process, usually larger than a tubercle B Suture ___ E. A projection situated above a condyle ___ D Tuberosity F. A prominent projection on a bone © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 24-24 The Skull Two bone types – cranial and facial Infant skulls – Bones not completely formed – Fontanels – tough membranes – Sutures © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 24-25 The Skull (cont.) Cranial bones – Frontal – Parietal – Occipital – Sphenoid and ethmoid bones – Temporal – Ear ossicles Click to see Skull – External auditory meatus Malleus Incus Stapes © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 24-26 The Skull (cont.) Facial bones – Mandible ~ lower jaw – Maxillae ~ upper jaw – Zygomatic Cheekbones Fused nasal bones form bridge of nose – Palatine ~ hard palate – Vomer ~ divides nasal cavity Click to see Skull © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 24-28 Apply Your Knowledge Match the bones of the skull: ANSWER: E Occipital ___ A. Form the upper jawbone C Sphenoid ___ B. A thin bone that divides the nasal cavity ___ F Mandible C. Part of the floor of the skull A Maxillae ___ D. Form the prominence of the cheeks D Zygomatic ___ E. Back of skull B Vomer ___ F. Lower jawbone Very Good! © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 24-29 The Spinal Column 7 cervical vertebrae 12 thoracic vertebrae 5 lumbar vertebrae Sacrum Coccyx © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 24-30 The Spinal Column (cont.) Cervical vertebrae – – – – Smallest and lightest Located in the neck Atlas Axis Thoracic vertebrae – Posterior attachment for ribs Lumbar vertebrae – Small of the back – Bear most weight © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 24-31 The Spinal Column (cont.) Sacrum – A triangular-shaped bone – Five fused vertebrae Coccyx – A small, triangular-shaped bone – 3 to 5 fused vertebrae © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 24-32 Apply Your Knowledge ANSWER: Cervical – 7 Identify the sections of the spinal column and give the number of vertebrae for each. Right! Thoracic – 12 Lumbar – 5 Sacrum – 5 fused Coccyx – 3 to 5 fused © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 24-33 The Rib Cage Sternum – Breastplate – Joins with the clavicles and most ribs – Xiphoid process To ribcage © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 24-34 The Rib Cage (cont.) Ribs – All are attached posteriorly to thoracic vertebrae – True – 1st 7 pairs – False – pairs 8, 9, and 10 – Floating – pairs To ribcage © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 24-35 The Rib Cage (cont.) Back © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 24-36 Apply Your Knowledge True or False: ANSWER: T The sternum forms the front middle portion of the rib cage. ___ ___ F The xiphoid process is a boney tip of the sternum. cartilaginous ___ F The true ribs are the first five pairs of ribs. seven T False ribs attach to the costal cartilage of rib pair seven. ___ F Floating ribs attach to the xiphoid process. ___ do not attach anteriorly to any structure. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 24-37 Bones of the Shoulders, Arms, and Hands Shoulders – Clavicles ~ collar bones – Scapulae ~ shoulder blade Arm bones – Humerus – Radius – Ulna © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 24-38 Bones of the Shoulders, Arms, and Hands (cont.) Hand – Carpals ~ 8 – Metacarpals ~ 5 – Phalanges ~ 14 3 per finger 2 per thumb © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 24-39 Apply Your Knowledge Match the following: ANSWER: A Clavicle ___ A. Pectoral girdle B Radius ___ B. Arm bones B Humerus ___ C. Hands ___ C Carpals A Scapula ___ B Ulna ___ ___ C Phalanges C Metacarpals ___ © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 24-40 Bones of the Hips, Legs, and Feet Hip bones – Coxal bones Ilium Ischium Pubis © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 24-41 Bones of the Hips, Legs, and Feet (cont.) Bones of leg – Femur – Patella – Tibia – Fibula © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 24-42 Bones of the Hips, Legs, and Feet (cont.) Bones of the foot – Tarsals ~ 7 – Metatarsals ~ 5 – Phalanges ~ 14 3 per toe 2 per each big toe © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 24-43 Apply Your Knowledge Match the following: A. Coxal bones ANSWERS: B. Leg bones C. Foot bones B Tibia ___ B Patella ___ A Ilium ___ A Ischium ___ B Femur ___ A Pubis ___ ___ C Metatarsals B Fibula ___ C Calcaneus ___ C Tarsals ___ Super! © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 24-44 Joints Junctions between bones Fibrous joints – Connected together with short fibers – Between cranial bones and facial bones – Sutures © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 24-45 Joints (cont.) Cartilaginous joints – Disc of cartilage – Slightly moveable – Between vertebrae © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 24-46 Joints (cont.) Synovial joints – Covered with hyaline cartilage – Fibrous joint capsule – Freely movable – Ligaments hold bones together © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 24-47 Apply Your Knowledge Match the following: ANSWER: A. Fibrous joints B. Cartilaginous joints C. Synovial joints ____ A Between cranial bones and facial bones ____ C Covered with hyaline cartilage ____ B Between vertebrae C Freely movable ____ A Sutures in the skull ____ © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. Common Diseases and Disorders of the Skeletal System 24-48 Arthritis – Osteoarthritis Degenerative joint disease (DJD) Weight-bearing joints – Rheumatoid arthritis Chronic systemic inflammatory disease Smaller joints and surrounding tissues © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. Common Diseases and Disorders of the Skeletal System (cont.) 24-49 Bursitis – inflammation of the bursa Ewing sarcoma family of tumors (ESFT) – Primarily affect bone – Usually lower extremities Gout – deposits of uric acid crystals in joints © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. Common Diseases and Disorders of the Skeletal System (cont.) 24-50 Kyphosis – humpback Lordosis –swayback Osteogenesis imperfecta – brittle-bone disease Osteoporosis – thin, porous bones © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. Common Diseases and Disorders of the Skeletal System (cont.) 24-51 Osteosarcoma – bone cancer from osteoblasts Paget’s disease – bones enlarge, become deformed, and weak Scoliosis – an abnormal S-shaped curvature of the spine © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 24-52 Apply Your Knowledge What is the difference between osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis? Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease that primarily affects weight-bearing joints. Rheumatoid arthritis chronic systemic inflammatory disease of smaller joints and surrounding tissues; it is thought to be an autoimmune disease. Nice Work! © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 24-53 In Summary 24.1 Bones consist of the following substances: osteons or Haversian systems; bone matrix between osteocytes (bone cells); collagen fibers and proteins; the lamella; and canaliculi. The skeleton consists of long bone, short bones, flat bones and irregular bones The diaphysis is the shaft of the long bone. The epiphysis is an end of a long bone. Articular cartilage covers the end of the long bones. The endosteum lines the medullary cavity. The periosteum is the membrane surrounding the diaphysis. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 24-54 In Summary 24.2 Bone functions include giving shape to body parts, protecting soft structures of the body, and assisting in movement. The red bone marrow is responsible for hematopoiesis. Bones also store calcium. 24.3 Bones grow through the two types of ossification: intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification. The cartilage plate between the diaphysis and the epiphysis allows for growth of the long bone. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 24-55 In Summary (cont.) 24.4 Skeletal structures include the following: condyles, crests, epicondyles, foramina, fossae, heads, processes, sutures, trochanters, tubercles, and tuberosities. 24.5 The major bones of the skull are the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital bones. The skull also contains the fontanels, the mastoid processes, sphenoid,ethmoid, and ear ossicles. The facial bones include the mandible, maxillae, zygomatics, nasal and palatine bones, and the vomer. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 24-56 In Summary (cont.) 24.6 The spinal column includes cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae; the sacrum; and the coccyx. 24.7 There are 12 pairs of ribs, a sternum, and the xiphoid process. 24.8 Each upper extremity includes the clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges.. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 24-57 In Summary (cont.) 24.9 The bones of the hip, leg, and foot include the coxal bones, the femur, patella, tibia, fibula, metatarsals, tarsals, and phalanges. 24.10 The three joint types are fibrous joints, cartilaginous joints, and synovial joints. A synovial joint consists of hyaline-covered bones held together by a fibrous joint capsule, which is lined by a synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid. Ligaments hold the bones of these joints together. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 24-58 In Summary (cont.) 24.11 There are many common diseases and disorders of the bones and the skeletal system with varied signs, symptoms, and treatments. Examples include arthritis, bursitis, EFT, gout, kyphosis, lordosis, and scoliosis, as well as osteoporosis and osteosarcoma.. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 24-59 End of Chapter 24 Rigid, the skeleton of habit alone upholds the human frame. ~ Virginia Woolf © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.