A First Look at Anatomy PDF

A First Look at Anatomy.Anatomy is the study of structure ▪ The word anatomy is derived from Greek and ▪ ”.means “to cut up” or “to cut open Anatomists examine the relationships among parts ✓ of the body along with the structure of individual.organs ٥ Gross anatom...

A First Look at Anatomy.Anatomy is the study of structure ▪ The word anatomy is derived from Greek and ▪ ”.means “to cut up” or “to cut open Anatomists examine the relationships among parts ✓ of the body along with the structure of individual.organs ٥ Gross anatomy.1 Microscopic anatomy.2 Developmental anatomy.3 Comparative anatomy.4 Applied or Clinical Anatomy.5 Surface Anatomy.6 Regional anatomy.7 ٦ Gross anatomy That which can be seen ❖.with the naked eye ٧ Microscopic anatomy That which can be seen ❖.with the assisted eye ٨ Systemic anatomy the study of the body's ❖ organ systems that work together ٩ Applied or Clinical ❖ Developmental ❖ Anatomy anatomy The study of body The study of anatomical structures to determine.changes in a life cycle how they influence the body's performance and its susceptibility to.disease ١٠ Regional anatomy ❖ Surface Anatomy ❖ (human body as major parts visualization of structures or segments) that lie beneath the.skin by which clinicians use ✓ anatomical knowledge in.treating patients ١١ Comparative Anatomy ❖ Radiological Anatomy ❖ Human structures compared Study of Internal structure with to structures of other animals the help of Radiograph like X- rays, USG, CT Scan, MRI ١٢  anatomical position a standardized method of observing or imaging the body Body upright ✓ Standing erect facing the ✓ observer Head and eyes facing ✓ forward Feet are flat on the floor ✓ and forward Upper limbs to the sides ✓ Palms turned forward ✓ ١٣  anatomical position Supine position.Person is lying on his/her back Person lying with face up.Arms are by the sides.Palms facing upwards.Feet are together ١٤  anatomical position Prone position ▪ is a body position in which the person lies flat.with the chest down and the back up ١٥  Terms of Relationship and Comparison Anterior (Ventral): Towards the front of the body (e.g. Sternum lies anterior to the.heart) Posterior (Dorsal): Towards the back of the body (e.g. Oesphagus is posterior to.trachea) Superior: describes a position above or higher than another part of the body proper ( e.g..Heart lies superior to the diaphragm) Inferior: describes a position below or lower than another part of the body proper ( e.g..Mandible is inferior to maxilla) Towards the head :(Cephalic/Cranial) Caudal :Describes a position near or toward the tail (in humans, the coccyx, or lowest part of the spinal column).Medial: Nearer to the median plane of the body (e.g. Nose is medial to eye) Lateral: Further away from the median plane of the body (e.g. Lung lie lateral to the.heart) ١٦ Terms of Relationship and Comparison ١٧  Terms of Relationship and Comparison Proximal: Closer to the structure’s origin or nearer to the attachment.of a limb (e.g. Arm is proximal to forearm) Distal : Further away from the structure’s origin or the structure is farther from the attachment of a limb (e.g. Wrist is distal to.forearm) Intermediate: between two other structures Superficial: describes a position closer to the surface of the body. ✓ The skin is superficial to the bones. Deep: describes a position farther from the surface of the body. The ✓ brain is deep to the skull. ١٨ External means outside of or farther from the center of an✓.organ or cavity Internal: means inside or closer to the center, independent ✓.of direction Dorsum “dorsal surface” usually refers to the superior ✓ aspect of any part that protrudes anteriorly from the body, such as the dorsum of the tongue, nose, penis, or foot. It is.also used to describe the posterior surface of the hand.Palm “palmar surface” the anterior surface of the hands ✓ Sole “plantar surface” the inferior aspect or bottom of ✓.the foot ١٩  Anatomical planes Median (midSagittal) Plane  This is a vertical – plane passing through the center of the body,.dividing it into equal right and left halves Sagittal plane: An imaginary vertical plane that – is parallel to median plane and divides the body.into unequal right and left parts Coronal (Frontal) Planes  divides the body into –.anterior and posterior parts Horizontal, or Transverse, Planes  divides the –.body into superior and inferior parts ٢٠ Body planes and sections (also called XS – cross section) ٢١  Terms of Laterality Bilateral on both sides or having right and left.members (the kidneys).unilateral on one side only (the spleen) Ipsilateral something occurring on the same side of.the body (the right thumb and right big toe) Contralateral means on the opposite side of the body.(the right hand is contralateral to the left hand) Basically, unilateral and bilateral describe a thing in terms of what that thing affects, while ipsilateral and contralateral describe two things in terms of their relative positions ٢٢ Terms of Laterality ٢٣