Anatomical Positions, Movements, and Joints (PDF)

Anatomical Positions Movements Types of Joints Planes & Axes DR. AYESHA FATIMA DEPT. OF ANATOMY, CMHS, AGU  Objectives : By the end of the session, students should be able to:  Describe the anatomical positions  Describe t...

Anatomical Positions Movements Types of Joints Planes & Axes DR. AYESHA FATIMA DEPT. OF ANATOMY, CMHS, AGU  Objectives : By the end of the session, students should be able to:  Describe the anatomical positions  Describe the different types of movements  Identify the major types of joints  Describe the classification of three types of joints with example of each  Describe the classification of synovial joints with example of each  Describe body planes and axes What is the normal anatomical position? Anatomical Directional and positional terms. Terms of position and direction describe the position of one body part relative to another.  Anatomical terminology for laterality. same ↑ Ipsilateral = structures on the same side of body sopposite Contralateral = structures on opposite sides of body. Superior Refers to a structure being closer to the head (skull) or higher than another structure in the body. Superior= Skull Inferior Refers to a structure being closer to the feet or lower than another structure in the body Inferior= Feet Eg: Eye is superior in position and nose is inferior.  Anterior and Posterior Anterior (or) Ventral:  Refers to a structure being more in front than another structure in the body Posterior (or) Dorsal:  Refers to a structure being more in back than another structure in the body Eg: nose is on the ventral surface of the body. Palmar and dorsal surface of hand Plantar Plantar and dorsal surface of foot Palmar  Medial and Lateral Midline Imaginary vertical line passing through the centre of the body. Medial  Refers to a structure being closer to the midline or median plane of the body than another structure of the body Lateral  Refers to a structure being farther away from the midline than another structure of the body Eg: Little finger is on medial side of palm and thumb is on lateral side.  Distal and proximal Proximal  Refers to a structure being closer to the root of the limb,than another structure in that limb Distal  Refers to a structure being further away proximal from the root of the limb than another structure in the limb fingers are distal compared to arm distal Eg: hand is distal to the wrist.  Superficial and deep Superficial  Refers to a structure being closer to the surface of the body than another structure EX : Subcutaneous +issue Deep  Refers to a structure being closer to the core of the body than another structure EX : Muscles Eg: Sternum is superficial structure and heart is a deep structure. Supine  Lying face up Prone  Lying face down Lateral recumbent  Lying on the side  Movements Flexion  Bending a joint or decreasing the angle between two bones Extension  Straightening a joint or increasing the angle between two bones Hyperextension  Hyperextension- Bending part of the body beyond its anatomical position.  Movements Movements Adduction  Moving a body part towards the midline of the body Abduction  Moving a body part away from the midline of the body  Movements Movements Pronation  Turning the forearm medially – dorsum of hand-upwards Supination  Turning the forearm laterally-palm upwards  Movements Elevation  Raising a part Depression  Lowering a part Retraction  Moving a part backward Protraction  Moving a part forward  Movements Rotation  Turning on a single axis Circumduction  Tri-planar, circular motion at the hip or shoulder External rotationAllA lateral rotation  Rotation of the hip or elbow laterally-externally Internal rotationARA internal rotation  Rotation of the hip or elbow medially-internally  Movements Lateral Flexion yes and no movement  Side-bending left or right  Movements of foot Inversion  Turning the sole of the foot inwards Eversion  Turning the sole of the foot outwards Dorsiflexion walkingon heels  Movement at ankle joint bringing the foot towards the shin Plantarflexion walking tippy toe  Movement at ankle joint pointing the foot downward  Movements of wrist Radial Deviation to the lateral  Movement of the wrist towards the radius or lateral side. Ulnar Deviation to the medial  Movement of the wrist towards the ulna or medial side.  Movements of fingers ABDUCTION: Movement of finger away from middle finger (spreading of fingers) ADDUCTION: Movement of finger away from middle finger (bringing the fingers close) FLEXION: Movement of finger towards palm EXTENSION: Movement of finger away from palm 68  MOVEMENTS OF THE THUMB  Flexion of the thumb is the movement across the palm in a coronal plane.  Extension of the thumb is movement in a coronal plane away from the palm.  Abduction of the thumb is movement in an anteroposterior plane away from the palm.  Adduction of the thumb is movement in an anteroposterior plane toward the palm.  Opposition Reposition Opposition spraising god a its fingers Opposition of the thumb is movement across in  the palm so that the anterior surface of the tip of thumb comes into contact with the anterior surface of the tip of any of the other fingers.  Reposition of thumb: Bringing back thumb to normal position after opposition https://youtu.be/tt79siwHOzI?si=vrnegDxMl wIjTCuB  Anatomical Planes  Plane is an imaginary surface of reference along which the body is often divided or sectioned to describe the location of structures or the direction of movements.  Allows one to obtain a three- dimensional perspective by studying the body from different views 3 MAJOR or coronal Dr.Ayesha F. Dr.Ayesha F.  Sagittal plane( Antero-posterior) It is the plane that passes vertically ,dividing the body into right and left portions in the middle  Midsagittal or median plane is specific sagittal plane, that passes through the centre of the body, dividing the it into equal right and left halves.  Any plane that passes parallel to the median plane is parasagittal plane. next to it HINT: Sagittal = Side view Frontal/Coronal plane  The plane dividing the body into front and back portions HINT: Frontal = Front view Transverse plane(Horizontal/axial)  The horizontal plane dividing the body into upper and lower portions  Also called the Horizontal plane. HINT: Transverse= Top view  ANATOMICAL AXES plane-surface axls - line (for place with movement) It is an imaginary line passing perpendicularly through a plane at joints. AXIS PLANE MOTION OCCURS “ABOUT AN AXIS”  Anatomical Axes HORIZONTAL AXIS (OR) TRANSVERSE AXIS frontal  passes through the body from side to side  perpendicular to the sagittal plane ANTEREOPOSTERIOR AXIS (OR) SAGITTAL AXIS  passes through the body from front to back  perpendicular to the frontal plane LONGITUDINAL AXIS (OR) VERTICAL AXIS  passes through the body from top to bottom  perpendicular to the transverse plane  Body Planes & Axes Plane Axis Movement Sagittal Frontal Flexion, (coronal/medio- Extension lateral) 2aXis and transverse plane Frontal Sagittal Abduction, (Antero-posterior) Adduction Transverse Vertical Rotation (Longitudinal)  TYPES OF JOINTS  A joint is the site of meeting of two or more bones.  Joints are classified into three types (depending on the tissue that holds the articular bones together): Fibrous joints (immobile) Cartilagenous JOINTS joints (slightly mobile) Synovial joints ( fully mobile)  FIBROUS JOINT 3 types of fibrous joints: think bones of baby's head &  Sutures – Eg: between skull bones (becomes ossified in adults) einbetween radius and vina  Syndesmosis – Eg: Inferior tibio-fibular joint (non mobile);Radioulnar joint(mobile)  Gomphosis –Eg: joint between teeth and jaws (very less mobility)  CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS The Two bones are joined together by cartilage. It is of 2 types: Primary cartilaginous joint Secondary cartilaginous joint Primary Cartilaginous (synchondroses):  The bones are united by a plate or a bar of hyaline cartilage.  No movement, temporary joints (ossify later), example: 1. Between the Epiphysis and the Diaphysis of a growing bone. 2. Between the First Rib and the sternum (1st sternocostal joint). Primary Cartilaginous  CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS found in the center of the body Secondary Cartilaginous  The bones are united by a plate of fibrocartilage.  Their articulating surfaces are Symphysis covered by a thin plate of pubis hyaline cartilage.  Little movement, permanent joints.  They are called Midline joints. 1. Joints between the Vertebral Intervertebral disc Bodies (intervertebral discs). 2. Symphysis Pubis.  SYNOVIAL JOINTS acts as lubricant a lot of mobility  Allow considerable movement  Most joints that unite bones of axial and peripheral skeleton  Articular cartilage and disks  Joint cavity and capsule  Synovial membrane and fluid  Bursae Surrounds synovial joints  Types of Synovial Joints Plane joint Articular surfaces are essentially flat Allow only slipping or gliding movements Only examples of nonaxial joints Examples: between carpals of the wrist Dr.Ayesha F.  Hinge joints Radiological image of elbow joint Cylindrical projections of one bone fits into a trough-shaped surface on another Elbow joint Uniaxial joints permit flexion and extension only Examples: elbow and interphalangeal joints Dr.Ayesha F.  TYPES & ARTICULAR SURFACES modified hinge joint Knee joint is formed of: Three bones. Three articulations. Femoro-tibial articulations: between the 2 femoral condyles & upper surfaces of the 2 tibial condyles (Type: synovial, modified hinge). Femoro-patellar articulations: between posterior surface of patella & patellar surface of femur therewillbelightrotatorar rotation) (Type: synovial, plane). will be accompanying extention. Thats the flexion and the only differencee. elbow : flextion's extention only flexions , Dr.Ayesha F. unee : extention rotation + slight  MOVEMENTS AT KNEE JOINT FLEXION: Modified hinge joint EXTENSION: ACTIVE ROTATION (PERFORMED WHEN KNEE IS FLEXED) : A) MEDIAL ROTATION: B) LATERAL ROTATION: Dr.Ayesha F.  Pivot Joints think ring Rounded end of one bone protrudes into a “sleeve,” or ring, composed of bone (and possibly ligaments) of another Only uniaxial movement allowed Examples: joint between the axis and the dens of atlas, and the proximal radioulnar joint Dr.Ayesha F.  Condyloid (Ellipsoidal) Joints Oval articular surface of one bone fits into a complementary depression in another Both articular surfaces are oval Biaxial joints permit all angular motions Examples: radiocarpal (wrist) joints, and metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) joints Dr.Ayesha F.  Saddle Joints horse Similar to condyloid joints but allow greater movement Each articular surface has both a concave and a convex surface Example: carpometacarpal joint of the thumb Dr.Ayesha F.  Ball-and-Socket Joints shoulder + hip A spherical or hemispherical head of one bone articulates with a cuplike socket of another Multiaxial joints permit the most freely moving synovial joints Examples: shoulder and hip joints Dr.Ayesha F. Dr.Ayesha F.  Gliding Movements One flat bone surface glides or slips over another similar surface Examples – intercarpal and intertarsal joints, and between the flat articular processes of the vertebrae Dr.Ayesha F.  Type of synovial joints in hand 1. Intercarpal joints- Plane 2. Carpometacarpal joints- Plane 5 3. First carpometacarpal joint- Saddle 4. Metacarpophalangeal joint- Ellipsoidal 5. Interphalangeal joint – Hinge. Radiological image 4 2 3 1 Dr.Ayesha F.  Types of synovial joints Type Variety Shape Movement Example Plane Plane flat articulating surfaces allow gliding or Acromio- sliding clavicular J. movement Intercarpal js. Intertarsal js.. Uniaxial Hinge - concave surface with convex - flexion & Elbow J. (allow surface extension Inter- movement - movement occurs around phalangeal Js. around one axis transverse axis only) Pivot - bony pivot surrounded by a ring - pronation & Radioulnar Js. - movement occurs around vertical supination Atlantoaxial Js. axis - rotation Biaxial Ellipsoid - oval convex surface fits into an - flexion & Wrist J. (allow ellipsoid concavity extension Metacarpo- movements - movement occurs around 2 axes - abduction & phalangeal Js. around two perpendicular to each other adduction axis) Saddle - both articular surfaces are - flexion & Carpo- concavo-convex extension metacarpal J. - movement in 2 axes like ellipsoid - abduction & of thumb J. with slight rotation adduction - slight rotation Multiaxial Ball & head of one bone fits into a cup-like circumduction Shoulder J. (allow move- socket concavity of other bone Hip J. ment around  SUMMARY Joint is the site where two or more bones come together, whether movement occurs or not between them. Joints are classified according to the tissues that lie between the bones into 3 types: fibrous, cartilaginous & synovial. Synovial joints are freely movable & characterized by the presence of : fibrous capsule, articular cartilage, synovial membrane & joint cavity containing synovial fluid.  SUMMARY Synovial joints are classified according to the range of movement into: plane and axial. Axial are divided according to the number of axes of movements into: uniaxial, biaxial & polyaxial or multiaxial. Stability of synovial joints depends on: shape of articular surfaces, ligaments & muscle tone. Joints have same nerve supply as muscles moving them.