Introduction to Anatomy Lecture 1 PDF

Introduction to Anatomy Lecture 1 Anatomy unit  Objectives: Define anatomy and its divisions. Define the anatomical position of the body. Explain the significance of anatomical position of the body in the science of medicine. Define anatomical plane...

Introduction to Anatomy Lecture 1 Anatomy unit  Objectives: Define anatomy and its divisions. Define the anatomical position of the body. Explain the significance of anatomical position of the body in the science of medicine. Define anatomical planes of the body. Explain why directional terms are relative and must be used in reference to body structures or a body in anatomical position. Explain how anatomical terms are derived.  Definition of Anatomy It is the study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts and their relations to one another.  What is the aim of Studying Anatomy? To help medical and paramedical students to understand the internal structure of the human body by applying their medical knowledge correctly during practice.  How to study Anatomy? Dissection: The oldest method, in which the body is cut at different planes to study the shape and the relations of the different viscera.  How to study Anatomy? Cadaver: Cadaver is the preserved body used for doing dissection.  Sub-Divisions of Anatomy Living (surface) Anatomy The study of the sites and shapes of the organs from outside in living person.  Sub-Divisions of Anatomy Embryology The study of the development of different organs during the intra-uterine life  Sub-Divisions of Anatomy Histology The study of the structure and the ultra structure of the organs using light and electron microscopy.  Sub-Divisions of Anatomy Endoscopy The study of the interior of the body using the endoscopes.  Sub-Divisions of Anatomy Comparative anatomy Compares structure of human beings with other creatures especially vertebrates.  Sub-Divisions of Anatomy Radiological anatomy the study of the anatomy through the use of radiological films.  Human Anatomy Regional anatomy Head and Neck. Thorax Upper Limb Abdomen and Pelvis Lower Limb  Human Anatomy Systemic anatomy Integumentary Musculo-Skeletal Nervous Cardiovascular Digestive Respiratory Urinary Reproductive Endocrine Planes of the body 1. Median Sagittal Plane: Is the plane, which divides the body into two equal halves; right and left. 2. Para Sagittal Plane: Is a plane parallel to the median plane. Which divides the body into two unequal parts; right and left. 3. Coronal plane: Is the plane, which divides the body into anterior and posterior parts. 4. Horizontal plane (Transverse): Is the plane, which divides the body into upper part and lower part. ANATOMICAL PLANES Anatomical position The body is described in: 1. Erect posture. 2. The face is directed forward. 3. The arms are by the side and the feet are close to each other. 4. The palm of the hand and the eyes are directed forward beside the body.  Anatomical terms Terms related to the Position: 1. Median: in the midline 2. Medial: is the point near to the midline. 3. Lateral: is the point away from the midline  Anatomical terms 4. Superior (cranial): is the point at or near the head 5. Inferior (caudal): is the point at or near the feet 6. Proximal and distal: In limbs (upper limb or lower limb) Proximal: nearer to the trunk Distal: away from (far from) the trunk.  Anatomical terms Terms related to the Position: 1. Anterior (ventral): is the point at or near the front. 2. Posterior (dorsal): is the point at or near the back. 3. Palmar: the anterior surface of the hand. 4. Planter: is the sole of the foot. 5. Superficial : Any structure nearer to the surface of the body 6. Deep: Any structure away from the surface of the body.  Palmar Surface of the hand: Anterior surface Dorsal Surface of the hand: Posterior surface Plantar Surface of the foot: Lower surface Dorsal Surface of the foot: Upper surface Terms related to the Position: Ipsilateral: On the same side Contralateral: On the Opposite side  Supine and Prone Position  Supine position of the body: person lying on the back.  Prone position of the body: person lying with face downward  Lithotomy Position Importance: This position of the patient is needed for examinations or operations in urology, gynecology or proctology and during childbirth. Terms related to the Movement: Extension: Is the increasing the angle between two articulating bones. Flexion: Is the decreasing the angle between two articulating bones. Terms related to the Movement: Adduction: Is the movement towards median plane. Abduction: Is the movement away from median plane. Terms related to the Movement: Medial rotation: Is the movement along the vertical axis towards median plane. Lateral rotation: Is the movement along the vertical axis away from median plane. Terms related to the Movement: Circumduction: Is the successive movement of flexion, abduction, extension and adduction Terms related to the Movement: Pronation: medial rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces posteriorly. Supination: lateral rotation of the forearm so that the Palm faces anteriorly. Terms related to the Movement: Inversion: rotates the planter surface of foot inward. Eversion: rotates the planter surface of the foot outward.  Terms related to the Movement: Elevation: raises or moves a structure upward. Depression: lowers or moves a structure caudally Protraction: moving a structure forward. Retraction: moving a structure backward  REFERENCE BOOK READING and Practice question Clinical Anatomy by Regions, 10th edition, 2018 (LAWRENCE E. WINESKI). PAGES-20 to 23- Terms Related to Movement Q. The term used to describe a body part closer to the surface of the body than another is : A. Top B. Distal C. Superficial D. Plantar