Anaphy Reviewer Senses PDF

ANAPHY Reviewer | 1st Semester | ACADEMIC YEAR 3. Meissner corpuscle - deep in SENSES epidermis; localizing tactile sensations 4. Ruffini c...

ANAPHY Reviewer | 1st Semester | ACADEMIC YEAR 3. Meissner corpuscle - deep in SENSES epidermis; localizing tactile sensations 4. Ruffini corpuscle - deep tactile receptors; detect continuous pressure in 1 Touch skin 5. Pacinian corpuscle - deepest Sense: receptors; associated with tendons and ability to perceive stimuli joints; detect deep pressure, vibration, Sensation: position conscious awareness of stimuli received by sensory neurons Sensory receptors: sensory nerve endings that respond to stimuli by developing action potentials Classification of senses 2 Pain Types of Senses Pain is an unpleasant perceptual and General Senses emotional experience ○ receptors over large part of body Localized: sharp, pricking, cutting pain; that sense touch, pressure, pain, rapid action potential temperature, and itch Diffuse: burning, aching pain; slower ○ somatic senses provide action potentials information about body and environment Pain assessment: ○ visceral senses provide P - What provokes the pain? information about internal organs Q - What is the quality of the pain? Special senses R - Does the pain radiate? ○ smell, taste, sight, hearing, and S - What is the severity of the pain? balance T - What is the timing of the pain? Pain Control Local anesthesia ○ Action potentials suppressed from pain ○ Receptors in local areas ○ Chemicals are injected near Types of Receptors (M.C.P.T.N) sensory nerve Mechanoreceptors - detect movement General anesthesia (touch, pressure, vibration) ○ Loss of consciousness Chemoreceptors - detect chemicals ○ Chemicals affect reticular (odors and taste) formation Photoreceptors - detect light Thermoreceptors - detect temperature changes Referred Pain Nociceptors - detect pain Originates in a region that is not the source of pain Types of Touch Receptors Felt when internal organs are damaged 1. Merkel’s disk - detect light touch and or inflamed pressure Sensory neurons from superficial area 2. Hair follicle receptors - detect light and neurons of source pain coverage touch ANAPHY Reviewer | 1st Semester | ACADEMIC YEAR onto same ascending neurons of spinal action potentials. Sensory neurons cord carry signals to the insula of the cerebral cortex. Areas of referred pain: Types of Taste: 1. Sweet 2. Sour 3. Salty 4. Bitter 5. Umami Certain taste buds are more sensitive to certain tastes Taste is also linked to smell 5 See Accessory structure 3 Smell ○ Eyebrow: protects from sweat and shades from sun Olfaction : sense of smell ○ Eyelid/Eyelashes: protects from ○ Occurs in response to odorants foreign objects and lubricates by ○ Receptors are located in blinking superior portion of the nasal ○ Conjunctiva: thin membrane cavity that covers inner surface of eyelid ○ We can detect 10,000 different ○ Lacrimal apparatus: produces smells tears Olfaction Process ○ Extrinsic eye muscle: help 1. Nasal cavity contains a thin film of move eyeball mucous where odor becomes dissolved. 2. Olfactory neurons are located in the mucous. Dendrites of olfactory neurons are enlarged and contain cilia. 3. Dendrites pick up odor(odorants), depolarize, and carry odor to axons in olfactory bulb(cranial nerve 1) 4. Frontal and temporal lobes process odor 4 Taste Taste buds: sensory structures that detect taste ○ Located on the papillae on tongue, hard palate, throat ○ Inside, 40 taste cells Each cell has taste hairs that extend into taste pores Taste Process: 1. Taste buds contain 40 taste cells 2. Taste cells send taste stimuli to taste hairs Extrinsic eye muscles (extraocular 3. Taste cells contain hairlike processes, muscles) called taste hairs, that extend through 1. Superior Rectus: Elevates, adducts, a taste pore to the surface of the and medially rotates eyeball taste bud 2. Medial Rectus: Adducts eyeball 4. Dissolved molecules or ions bind to 3. Inferior Rectus: Depresses, adducts receptors on the taste hairs and initiate and laterally rotates eyeball 4. Lateral Rectus: Abducts eyeball ANAPHY Reviewer | 1st Semester | ACADEMIC YEAR 5. Superior Oblique: Abducts, depresses Rod and cones synapse with bipolar and medially rotates eyeball cells of sensory retina 6. Inferior Oblique: Adbucts, elevates and Horizontal cells of retina modify output laterally rotates eyeball rods and cones Bipolar and horizontal cells synapse Anatomy of Eye with ganglion cells Gang;ion cell’s axon converge to form Hollow fluid filled sphere optic nerve Composed of 3 layer (tunics) Macula: small spot near center of retina ○ Fibrous tunic: Outermost layer Fovea centralis: center of macula Sclera: firm, white outer where light is focused when looking part; helps maintain eye directly at an object shape, provides ○ Only cones attachment sites for ○ Ability to discriminate fine images muscles, protects internal Optic disk: white spot medial to macule structures ○ Blood vessels enter eye and Cornes: transparent spread over retina structure that covers iris ○ Axons exit as optic nerve and pupil; allows light to ○ No photoreceptors enter and focuses light. ○ Called blind spot ○ Vascular tunic: Middle Tunic Contains blood supply Chambers of the eye Choroid: black part (melanin); delivers oxygen Anterior Chamber: located between and nutrients to retina the cornea and lens; filled with aqueous Ciliary body: helps hold humor (water) lens in place ○ Water helps maintain pressure, Ciliary muscle: controls refracts light, and provide shape of lens via nutrients to inner surface of eye suspensory Posterior Chamber: located behind Suspensory ligaments: anterior chamber and contains water help hold lens in place Vitreous Chamber: located in retina Lens: flexible disk; focuses region; filled with vitreous light onto retina humor—jelly-like substance Iris: colored part of eye; ○ Humor helps maintain pressure, surrounds and regulates hold lens and retina in place, pupil refracts light Pupil: regulates amount of light entering Lots of light = Functions of the eye constricted Little light = dilated The eye functions like a camera ○ Nervous tunic: Innermost tunic The iris allows light into the eye through Retina: covers posterior ⅚ the pupil, which is focused by the of eye; contains 2 layers cornea, lens, and humors onto the retina Pigmented retina: outer The light striking the retina produces layer; keeps light from action potentials that are relayed to the reflecting back in eye brain Sensory retina: contains Two important processes in establishing photoreceptors (rods and vision: Light refraction and image cones) focusing Rods: photoreceptors Light Refraction: bending of light sensitive to light; 20 times Focal point: point where light rays more rods than cones; can converge function in dim light ○ Occurs anterior to retina Cones: photoreceptor ○ Object is inverted provide color vision; 3 Focusing images on retina types—blue, green, and Accommodation: Changes in shape of red the lens so image can be focused on Divided into chambers retina ○ Enables eyes to focus on images The Retina closer than 20 ft. ANAPHY Reviewer | 1st Semester | ACADEMIC YEAR The Retina ○ Divided into three areas; external, middle, inner Rhodopsin: Photosensitive pigment in The External Ear rod cells Opsin: colorless protein in rhodopsin Extends from outside head to eardrum Retinal: yellow pigment in rhodopsin; Auricle: fleshy part in outside requires Vitamin A External auditory meatus: canal that leads to eardrum Effects of Light on Rhodopsin Tympanic membrane: Eardrum; thin membrane that separates external and middle ear The Middle Ear Air filled chamber with ossicles Malleus (hammer): bone attached to tympanic membrane Incus (anvil): bone that connect malleus to stapes Stapes(stirrup): bone located at the base of oval window Oval window: separates middle and inner ear Eustachian or Auditory tube: opens into pharynx equalizes air pressure between outside air and middle ear Neuronal pathway for vision The Inner Ear Optic Nerve: leaves eye and exits orbit through optic foramen to enter cranial Set of fluid filled chambers activity Bony Labyrinth: Tunnels filled with fluid Optic Chiasm: where 2 optic nerves ○ 3 regions: cochlea, vestibules, connect semicircular canals Optic tracts: route of ganglion axons Membranous Labyrinth: inside bony labyrinth filled with endolymph Visual Pathway Endolymph: clear fluid in membranous labyrinth; physiological fluid that fills the inner ears labyrinth Perilymph: fluid between membranous and bony labyrinth Cochlea: snail-shell shaped structure; where hearing takes place\ Scala vestibuli: in cochlea; filled with perilymph Scala tympani: in cochlea; filled with endolymph Spiral organ: in cochlear duct; contains hair cells Tectorial membrane: in cochlea; Color Blindness: The absence of perception vibrates against hair cells of one or more colors Hair cells: attached to sensory neurons The loss may involve perception of all that when bent produce an action three colors or of one or two colors potential Most forms of color blindness that occur Vestibular membrane: wall of more frequently in males are X-linked genetic membranous labyrinth that lines scala traits. vestibuli Basilar membrane: wall of membranous labyrinth that line scala tympani 6 Hear Balance (Equilibrium) The Ear: contains the organs of hearing and balance ANAPHY Reviewer | 1st Semester | ACADEMIC YEAR Static Equilibrium: Associated with vestibule; evaluates position of head relative to gravtiy Dynamic Equilibrium: Associated with semicircular canals; evaluates changes in direction and rate of head movement Vestibule: inner ear; contains utricle and saccule Maculae: Specialized patches of epithelium in utricle and saccule surround bu endolymph; contains hair cells Otoliths: Particles of protein and calcium carbonate embedded in a gelatinous substance that moves in response to gravity ○ Microvilli of hair cells are embedded in the gelatinous substance and initiate action potential when bent Semicircular canals: dynamic equilibrium; sense movement in any direction Ampulla: Swelling at base of semicircular canals ○ Crista ampullaris: in ampulla Cupula: Gelatinous mass; contains microvilli of hair cells float that is displaced by endolymph movement