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142 (iü) (i) to perceived organs hunger, are and light,ears, environment. conditions The a...

142 (iü) (i) to perceived organs hunger, are and light,ears, environment. conditions The a The functions Scope defects Syllabus: Unit responsible inner PhonoreceptorsPhotoreceptors responsible vision.for of Receptor alsosmell) specific sound,tongue, sense eye. major Thecataract) included myopia foraccommnodation Rolehypermetropia, Athe Defects eye. of Extermal thirst briefhuman of and (11 3: ear. such by the and course of organs of Chapterthe In Human Thesestimulus. is of ear idea Syllabuscorrective the Sense and These senseschemical nose sense for any cells the and touch our and of eye of of ear. RECEPTORS in Intermal organs - sensory and perception maintaining corrective stereoscopic the and hearing are - are specialised are pain, of presbyopia, : are substances organs externalenable respectively. Anatomy e arsensitive categorised balance, skin hyperopia only).and eye ear measures: Organs Sense sensitive rods etc. structure andreceptors in us and Eye - cells The of and tissue which our as to balance measures sound (myopia, vision, balance. their Structure, functions, : (responsible body well be astigmatism and Ear: to cones to located as actual In body or adaptationvarious and soundpresent light receptors. addition, are aware of in functions cell movements, as human the (diagrams hyperopia/ Parts of sensation sensitive are internal and thesensitive in the partS. Physiology and for of body. ear. and and and in retina these of there taste eyes, the are the are is to over Six are the these particles curved eyelidsand six the or EYES THE 11.1 (iv) (ii) NASOLACRIMAL (v) Fig. LACRIMAL SAC located Eyelids muscles. form orbitsOrbits relative to the to trickling Tear Eyebrows are can stimuli responsible skin.Thermoreceptors receptors are nose. 11.1: twelve protect Mechanoreceptors - Chemoreceptors responsible membronous eacn front glands also eyelashesinto shut of on : They DUCT at a The such They Lacrimal the protective; th e out The : ball the present surface.ductsperspiration Although : the changes for asare are diaga (lacrimal upper and front two our sensitive for (tear) of eye.which light. upper outer eyes touch, sensitive receptors are - LACRIMAL DUCT can side the sideward they Each body inthe -taste apparatus virtually (front) (movable) be ofare pressure, are temperature- the -sensing are and to gland glands) from prevent preventeyelid rotated located the receptors different tofeeling skin. chemical NCISE GY-X temnperatures head. smell. portion getting pour not surface They of (Fig. vibrations, hot of the the afallingcarries and with in Substances the into part Each deep present or are Latgnta tongue human the 11.1) rain GLAND LACRIMAL of outwardly ofthe the mechanical GLAND LACRIMAL and cold sensitiv DUCT OF secretion the the drops theof of the help eyesockete ete in eyo : l a rger lower are and and orbt. They eyes. eves is the oreye f in ways. outermost epithelium. itwith entire extremejoy. You whichstates, duct. This ne the into to Organs Sense ron fibrous choroid,Concentric () STRUCTUREConjunctiva common a Tear germs. They ey The The is Conjunctiva may Due int o nas al sac nasolacrimal the The The reduced the front "waters the happensexperienced lubricant. bony inner lying ducts enzyme a lso tissues on cavity. clearn tears spmoreadvemthe ents sclerotic and wall layer eye part 4.FUNCTIONS 3. 2.TEARS 1. OF shed irritation tear to the that : have byalso the layers serve You Communicate emotions HelpLubricate Wash in the at liquid (3) of orbit disease lining glands nose t duct These through washing turns must to of It: tears eyes medicines conducts AIl the an keep of front and inner away and lysozyme inner layer : the OF for socket, a the is or of angleducts antiseptic which the the (1) THE "conjunctivitis" red single of eye a killing th e both pour or the ofwhite is eyeball eye have the thin dust in even us (or outer the white retina. (Fig surface overflows dropped away front mainly eyelids eyebrows, due eyelids. above-mentioned out certain sometimes have the liquid drain EYEBALL protection membrane germs particles in into which dust eye sclera) oftenlayer of 11.2). a surface to grief secretion theof Aoff property serves as sclerotic, is a of lot the eyesthein (blinking) is in composed emotional as the killsparticles. the colour. is viral heard Over It th e of and"tears" throat eye. of in tear transparent in is covering eye liquid into the due the sclerotic made (Fig. infection.which continuous the a (2) glands their of in The of acornea, middle of CONJUNCTIVA CILIARY BODY layer, tougn three 11.2) own and this very the CIRCULAR CILIARY AQUEOUS PUPIL IRISCORNEA HUMOUR CONJUNCTIVA MUSCLES LENS CORNEA PUPIL CILIARY IRIS cornea opaque cornea. calledthe becomes itand itself MUSCLES the Fig. soon deathCornea covers the part medium (germ-free) an Sometimes, visible VITREOUS HUMOUR 11.2: SUSPENSORY LIGAMENT eye defective defective is (within of from (white) the talken such bank remains a Cross person. a coloured through transparent CHAMBER VITREOUS donatedcornea black and section cornea outliquid at as about and the a alive SCLERA from blood very 4 Donation If eye of cornea the andmedium. donated, upnon-functional. hours) can part white. the of RETINA eye. IGAMENT SUSPENSORY BLIND SPOT the plasma low to conjunctiva. in CHOROID eye, SCLERA the eye be of ofthe nearly CHOROIDBLIND SPOT LENS NERVE OPTIC YELLOW (MACULA LUTEA) SPOT replacedby a some the in RETINA For or after the vision and temperature front colour NERVE OPTIC grafting, certain death. eye 40 eye; is is can patients hours In region where It and restored.fixed in It be such this bulges other is inthe a removed after part suitablestored placecorneasterile healthy cases, turns out the is 143 in of  (144 cones. andidentification. light. (3) therefore constricted the can of light, regulates muscles context thereflected the brown of a of muscles). alter More 1. inside containsvessels (2) eyes. Accordi 2-3 has ng regeneration Rapid 5. 4.numerous.3. 2. the circular the The expands prevents The eyeseasily pupil. Latin the the The layers developed wavelengths One VeryMostly therefore, It iris the iris. or the containsretina these to choroid, iris shape to light achoroid for type sensitive in word black opening The fo rm eye. that to at muscdes (Fig.pupil while observe the This widen refers ["PUPIL (Latin dark providing can of the of the a ofrodsperiphery Rods or are looking is amount another's "pupa to colour partially smooth the In rays can recent perceive visible to two the 11.5). adjustment this and in iris: the the black layer technigue only, low also isdilated, the be light-sensitive innermost types layer is unique The by of name of the lens. ciliary frontfrom is grafted pigment,oflight levels flickering stimulated a in circular eye). tiny meaning rainbow) covering muscles nourishment pigment report, of whilethrowing a light the centre, richly of except retina. of of source pattern for mirror. of Theimage has eye bodyreflecting of illumination. sense cells entering th e muscles th e slicing onAIMS light Table every iris doll; been refers the in supplied as red. by of and in the is(containing (melanin) most a size of pupil. lens also many the well. an bright In the eye, and 11.1 individual torch containsoneselfwhiderived to to (New sensitive called to arrangement rods individual's dim the of to ch the the with defectivecornea light, light eye. constrict the the Theextension and an ciliary scattering Comparíson : circularchoroid which eye. blood Delhi) into and itdark into You pupil radial seen thisin fromcolour blleaving ue, body is It 4. 3. 2.Less 1, 5. nerve. the wavelengths, therefore, leSlower ss Three OnlyMostly of together tothe isand, the BLIND page. word PveYellow retinavision maximum e spot; A to rods the blindLateral cones. horizontal thparticular back The YELLOW to visualvision.bright lighttoThe retina.the contThe ain The stimulatednumerous. sensorytherefore, This has th e dim regeneration types located and point SPOT to spot and lut e um violet. I ro d rod word is fewer distribution cones leave cells spot. to the is also number As axis of yellow They the light cells responsivetherefore,cones,of in cones the a the :spot SPOT cel ls bythe atthis as the reason of bright Cones the which ofeyeyellow) The (inner pigament centre re sensiive but(inner are of of Thereyellow The - you place cones theresult, the contain responsible andare allowing each light-sensitive eyeball the is of called of -spot. pigment do to the read why andcolour this eyeball. almost rods The cone throughou distributed almost flickering selectivelylight. of retina the are area of sensory or ends rhodopsin rod-like) not ends retina. point spot ayou best more is iodopsinorthe colour mostlycells simply the and confined GY-X CISE in nerve no line area respond converge the on of move vision vision. the cells theThis the(macula: the at maculacones conical) light. pigment,responsive sensory of are perception. rods. region vision of form fibres no the no through your spot yellow or to vision of The and centre lutea isbest are visual vision. nasal the contains not colout for colour. They to ofand cells aeyes particulatly rest of spot different the from prited normal uniform, sensitive bundle side from brightest onlies purple. optic This here of al is th e at Organs Sense (1) and divides chambers: AQUEOUS TWO viewing musclesthe itself liewhi s ch incontains halovest LENS (aqueous clear the Aqueous The position their at The aqueous The vitreous shape a th e crystal inbeody Fia. (ii) square s. lWhoyourwaren dself witthhe circle eyand (i) lens part attaches drawing rigthhtediResappear peat the square with Lo k watery thCHAMBERS e lens, objects which transparent le ns 11.3:A t physical shock, ItfromKeeps aqueousinner of junction of by closer eye this drawing from yourEXPERI the holtdhe EkaNCE refracts chamber and chamber together AND the the fibres is this watery; : at on it tonuclei). a char experi this left drawing liquid the le ns contraction choroid. located just It ftoimcuse, edment humour the cavity different of e transparent, is 1 eye. page YOUR chamber VITREOUS th e thcalled lens Tor about t dishetance. al light. is with OF (being lens humour cornea. thbehind e ciliary The experiencing square. the the on left You an below called of its THE choroid The the ibres circle with 15cm eye can arm's (Fig OWN moist serves front the suspending distances. Now s : It inthe somewhat and suspensory ciliary body. lens(long behind pupil.the the away still e selength fluid). aqueous chamber lens front CHAMBERS EYE relaxation, and is flexible, disappear.wil le ft fixed bring both 9.Close 12).BLIND eyeball the As from and two in filled The collectively thin with a (Fig. - body the blind you eye the the and protects ways of elastic) iris,ciliary the on look your SPOT humour between 11.2). structures, the into contains ligament, cellsbiconvex spot bring closed eye, the page circle right change and whi ch circle.slowly the at : lens two body held the and the and it for is thinner fatter.or change accommodation. in the focus). (4) (3) (2) (1)follows: HOW (2) nearFor ". eye sharp Accommodation The (vitreous humour transparent Vitreous lens thinner.orFor interprets formed (rods and produces "sees" the where impulses Interpretation to Transmission retina humour, Focusing anandcornea structuresenterEntry The " eyeball (ii) (i) in to focus To brain four DO becomes distant the see reach and image the vitreous se t he they is converges the of endings. WE eyeball. It It behind in which chemical inverted lens light major protects helps chamber vision curvature objects in an objects the the cones). : on oflens, jelly-like vision, gi ve The (conjunctiva, image eyes SEE? more This eachobject of converges the vitreous rays steps humour eye image visual inhumour (nearer is ateye.(viewing bythe travelThese changes lightnerve and the through glassy; : the convex the of different clearly, is upright retina. : : th e keeping thicker lens. is inverted. sensation light First, Light in the thmainly e The in the through real. humour). seeing serves lens area changes energy impulses them retina than elastic manybrain in The rays t he rays fluid It larger or brought its even of cornea, the is distancesprocess objects the an the two is rounded. 6 more image the of thegenerate image the of imagefurthercurvature to object fromthe and lens ways, : sensitive from some transparent object functions: called metres), if Our sight. cerebrum, optic shape fluid). : filledcavity about of the its flattened making focusing isshould bein onextent to aqueous 145 These called sharp image e.g.,brain nerve nerve retina form of are nerve of vitreous with of the by cells the the it a it as the the a  CILIARY MUSCLES RELAXED SUSPENSORY LIGAMENT TIGHT back to normal viewing through hecomes Table 11.2: Differences between light and adaptation. The adaptation seconds, is due to reverse dark adaptation LENS PULLED THIN. lightpreviouschanges,i.e. ofthe visual purple of the rods is bleached, Light adaptation Dark adaptation (a) the sensitivity, and 1. It is the adjustment of It is the adjustment of LENSMADE reducing their eyes when people move FOR NEAR THICKER constricts (gets narrower), to reduce eyes when people move OBJECT (b) the pupil amount of light entering the eyes. from a dimly lit area to a from a brightly lit area LENS MADE LIGHT FROM the brightly lit one. to a dimly lit one. FOR DISTANT DISTANT OBJECT closure of the eyelidssin dazzling light 2. Thepartial THINNER Rods become inactive OBJECT Cones become inactive purpose. LIGHr the same and disintegration of and disintegration of CILIARY MUSCLES CONTRACT ONFOGUSA also serves thodopsin starts. RENN Colour Vision iodopsin starts. CHANGING SHAPE 3. Cones become active possible only through cones of Rods become active and LENS GETS THICKER Colour visi