ANAPHY_Q1REVIEWER.pdf

ANAPHY REVIEWER QUARTER 1 - BATCH 17 Nico Risos S.Y. 2024 - 2025 36.5-37.5 degrees Celsius body CONTENTS...

ANAPHY REVIEWER QUARTER 1 - BATCH 17 Nico Risos S.Y. 2024 - 2025 36.5-37.5 degrees Celsius body CONTENTS temperature. LESSON 1: Overview of Organ Systems LESSON 2: Homeostasis 1.1.1 What are the Organ Systems LESSON 3: Anatomical Terminologies of the Body? LESSON 4: Body Regions LESSON 5: Tissues LESSON 6: Body Membranes List of Organ Systems (*Note: These are the LESSON 7: Integumentary System organs for you to familiarize with. It is LESSON 8: Skin Pathophysiology advisable to know a few just to get the jist REFERENCES of it.) Organ System Organs Nervous System Central Nervous System - Brain (Cerebrum and Cerebellum) 001 Overview of Organ - Spinal Cord - Nerve cells Systems - Hypothalamus Peripheral Nervous REFERENCE System - Nerve connections that 1.1 What are Organ Systems? fan out from the spinal cord. TERMINOLOGY - Organs: Group of tissues which share Respiratory System - Trachea - Bronchioles similar functions and are part of a system. - Alveoli - Organ Systems: Group of Organs that - Pharynx serve an essential function in the body. - Larynx Contributes to maintaining Homeostasis in - Lungs collaboration with other organ systems. - Bronchi - Homeostasis: The ability of the body to Endocrine System - Testes maintain standard conditions despite - Thyroid Gland ever-changing external and internal - Pancreas variables. - Adrenal Glands - Pituitary Gland ILLUSTRATION/EXAMPLE - Ovaries - Organs: - Parathyroid Gland Cardiovascular system: Arteries, Superior - Thymus Vena Cava, Capillaries, Blood, Heart. Urinary System - Kidneys - Organ System: - Bladder Distribution of oxygenated blood from the - Ureters pulmonary vein throughout the body - Urethra (Collaboration of Respiratory System and Cardiovascular - Superior Vena Cardiovascular System). System Cava - Homeostasis: Sweating when exposed to - Inferior Vena high temperatures to maintain the ANNOTATED BY: SHADRAK LIM, ASHLEY BERCASIO, & JEANNE AMBROCIO PAGE 1  ANAPHY REVIEWER QUARTER 1 - BATCH 17 Nico Risos S.Y. 2024 - 2025 Cava Digestive System - Stomach - Pulmonary Veins - Esophagus - Coronary Arteries - Small Intestine - Heart (Duodenum, - Capillaries jejunum, ileum) - Aorta - Large Intestine - Arteries - Rectum - Blood - Anus Reproductive System - Testes Integumentary - Skin (Male) - Epididymis System - Epidermis - Vas Deferens - Dermis - Seminal Vesicle - Hypodermis - Prostate - Hair Shaft - Urethra - Hair Follicle - Penis Glands - Hair root - Penis Shaft - Sweat Pores - Foreskin - Sebaceous - Scrotum Glands - Corpus - Sweat Glands Spongiosum - Ejaculatory Duct Immune System - Anti-bodies - Urethral Opening - T-cells - Macrophages Reproductive System - Ovaries - Granulocytes (Female) - Fallopian Tubes - White blood cells - Uterus (Leukocytes) - Cervix - Cervical Canal - Vagina Skeletal System - Femur - Cranium - Tibia 1.1.2 Functions of the Organ - Fibula System - Patella - Metacarpals - Ulnum Organ System Purpose - Radius - Sternum Nervous system - Transmit - Clavicle electrochemic al signals to Muscular System - Gluteus Maximus body parts for - Pectoralis them to act or Majoralis do a certain - Biceps task. - Quadriceps - Triceps Integumentary System - Protects the whole body. Lymphatic System - Bone Marrow Prominent is - Lymph Nodes the skin. - Thymus - Tonsils Cardiovascular System - Transmits - Spleen nutrients and ANNOTATED BY: SHADRAK LIM, ASHLEY BERCASIO, & JEANNE AMBROCIO PAGE 2  ANAPHY REVIEWER QUARTER 1 - BATCH 17 Nico Risos S.Y. 2024 - 2025 oxygen by the 1.1.3 MNEMONICS blood stream Endocrine System - Secretes hormones and NICER L. DRUMS body Nervous System chemicals Integumentary System such as Cardiovascular System testosterone. Endocrine System Respiratory System Reproductive System - Able to Lymphatic System produce offspring with Digestive System genetic Reproductive System (Male and Female) inheritance Urinary System from both Muscular System parents. Skeletal System Lymphatic System - Fights infections and picks up fluids leaked from the blood stream 002 Homeostasis Digestive System - Dissolves and REFERENCE: Homeostasis Study Guide absorbs nutrients from TERMINOLOGY food ★ Homeostasis is derived from the words: Respiratory System - Oxygenates “Homio” = similar & “Stasis” = state of the body and static balance or equilibrium removes ★ Feedback loop is a system that loops, in carbon dioxide which feedback is a situation where the waste. response of a loop is influenced or impacted by the stimulus. Urinary System - Removes waste via ★ Stimulus [Physiology] Something that acts urine. as a ‘goad’ or ‘spur’ to a languid bodily organ; an agency or influence that Muscular System - Contracts for stimulates, increases, or quickens organic us to move activity (Oxford English Dictionary) ★ Response [as in reaction] is an action or Skeletal System - Support of the body; Causes behavior that is done in return to other the body to action or behavior (Merriam-Webster stand upright. Dictionary) ANNOTATED BY: SHADRAK LIM, ASHLEY BERCASIO, & JEANNE AMBROCIO PAGE 3  ANAPHY REVIEWER QUARTER 1 - BATCH 17 Nico Risos S.Y. 2024 - 2025 afferent pathway. The Control Center then makes a 2.1 Definition decision on what to do with the information relayed by the receptor. The control center will then send instructions or information along the efferent Ability of the body to maintain pathway to the effector. The effector receives the relatively stable and normal instructions/directions from the control center and is what facilitates the body’s response to the conditions despite ever-changing stimulus. variables, externally or internally. The term Homeostasis was coined by 2.1.2 Homeostatic Controls Walter Cannon in 1926 Homeostasis is how the levels of acid or 3 Homeostatic Controls pH in the body, blood sugar, electrolytes, Receptor - sensor that monitors and responds to energy, hormones, oxygen, protein, and changes in the environment. Information flows temperature are regulated by constantly along the afferent pathway from the receptor to the adjusting to changes inside and outside of control center. the body to maintain balance and normal Control Center - determines the normal level at conditions necessary for survival. which a variable is to be maintained. It analyzes the information it receives, and then determines All organ systems work together like a well the appropriate response or course of action. oiled machine to maintain homeostasis. When one system is disrupted, the entire Effector - facilitates the control center’s response to the stimulus. Information flows from the control body may be affected. center to the effector along the efferent pathway. The organ systems are closely regulated by the nervous and endocrine system. Failure of Homeostasis may result in 2.2 Negative Feedback vs. DEATH. Positive Feedback KEYWORDS: MAINTAIN, INTERNAL STABILITY In a negative feedback loop, the body’s response will be to contradict the initial change in variable to 2.1.1 Mechanism bring it back to normal levels. While in a positive feedback loop the opposite happens, because the body’s homeostatic response will be to reinforce the initial change in reinforce to maintain stable conditions in the body. EXAMPLE: Negative Feedback = Variable ↑ Response ↓ Positive Feedback = Variable ↑ Response ↑ 2.2.1 Negative Feedback Loop Negative Feedback Loop is where the body negates a stimuli so it will return to normal How Homeostasis Works: conditions. It causes the disrupted When there is a change in a variable in variable to return to normal levels. homeostasis, this causes imbalance. A stimulus causes a change in variable and this change is detected by the receptor. The receptor then sends Examples of Negative Feedback Loop the information to the control center along the Homeostatic Responses: ANNOTATED BY: SHADRAK LIM, ASHLEY BERCASIO, & JEANNE AMBROCIO PAGE 4  ANAPHY REVIEWER QUARTER 1 - BATCH 17 Nico Risos S.Y. 2024 - 2025 - Thermoregulation 7. Response: Lactation - Blood pressure regulation - Blood sugar regulation - Blood Calcium regulation - Patellar reflex 003 Anatomical Example of Negative Feedback: Thermoregulation 1. Stimulus or Change in Variable: terminologies Temperature Decrease REFERENCE 2. Receptor: Thermoreceptors 3. Afferent Pathway: Peripheral Nervous System 4. Control Center: Hypothalamus 5. Efferent Pathway: Electrochemical 3.1 Introduction to the Language signals in the peripheral nervous of Anatomy system 6. Effector: Blood Vessels and Muscles 7. Response: Body Shivering and TERMINOLOGY Vasoconstriction ❖ Anatomical terms are used to describe 2.2.2 Positive Feedback Loop specific areas and movements of the body as well as the relation of body parts Positive Feedback Loop is to each other. when the body reinforces and amplifies the body’s initial response ❖ Purpose - Used to pinpoint a certain to a stimulus to maintain condition or illness in a specific homeostasis. It causes the affected body region. variables to further move away - Removes ambiguity and from its normal state rather than to vagueness wh bring the variable back to its - en describing the location of normal levels. organs and body parts. Examples of Positive Feedback Loop Homeostatic Responses: - Uterine contraction in Childbirth 3.1.1 Directional terms - Blood Clotting Example of Positive Feedback: Lactation 1. Stimulus or Change in Variable: Suckling of the breast by newborn Term Definition 2. Receptor: Nerve endings in the nipple 3. Afferent Pathway: Spinothalamic Nerve Superior/Cranial toward the head end of Tract the body; upper 4. Control Center: Hypothalamus 5. Efferent Pathway: Bloodstream - Oxytocin is released into the Inferior/Caudal away from the head; bloodstream that causes lower themyoepithelial cells resulting in the release of milk - Prolactin is increased, which Ventral/anterior Toward or at the front of causes more milk to be produced. the body; in front of 6. Effector: Mammary glands ANNOTATED BY: SHADRAK LIM, ASHLEY BERCASIO, & JEANNE AMBROCIO PAGE 5  ANAPHY REVIEWER QUARTER 1 - BATCH 17 Nico Risos S.Y. 2024 - 2025 Dorsal/posterior Toward or at the backside of the body; behind 004 Body Regions and Medial Toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner Cavities side of REFERENCE Lateral Away from the midline of the body; on the outer 4.1 Body Regions and Cavities side of Intermediate Between a more medial TERMINOLOGY and a more lateral - Cavities are spaces within the body where structure it contains organs MNEMONICS AND NOTES TO CONSIDER Proximal Close to the origin of the body part or the point of - Cephalic (Cranial) (Ant.) attachment FONBOM - Frontal (Noo mo ate) Distal Farther from the origin - Orbital (Mata) of a body part or the - Nasal (Ilong) point of attachment - Buccal (Pisngi) - Oral (Bunganga) Superficial/external Toward or at the body - Mental (Baba) surface Cervical - Neck (leeg) Deep/Internal Away from the body Thoracic - Upper body- surface; more internal - Sternal (Chest Bone) - Axillary (Armpit o Kili-kili powers) *A is for armpit Abdominal 1.1.2 Standard Anatomical Position - Umbilical (Pusod or Navel) Pelvic (superior to the groin) - Inguinal (Taas nung genitals) - Pubic (Tite/Bilat) Lower Limb - Coxal (Bewang) - Femoral (Thigh este hita *Dito makikita si Femur bone) - Patellar (Tuhod sa Harap) - Crural (lower legs) ANNOTATED BY: SHADRAK LIM, ASHLEY BERCASIO, & JEANNE AMBROCIO PAGE 6  ANAPHY REVIEWER QUARTER 1 - BATCH 17 Nico Risos S.Y. 2024 - 2025 - Sural ay calf - Fibular (Mas lateral kay crural at sural) - Tarsal hindi Talsum - Calcaneal (Heel) (Calcanheel) - Plantar (Parang plant, bumabaon sa ground) (sole) - Hallux ay big toe mo Upper Limb - Acromial (Tip ng balikat) - Deltoid (Pa-teardrop na muscle sa ilalim ng balikat) - Brachial (Hindi Bracheal) (Upper arm) - Antecubital (Likod ng siko mo) - Antebrachial (Ante = Opposite kaya - Opposite Brachial) (Forearm) - Olecranal (Mismong Siko) - Carpal (Wrist) 4.2.1 Abdominal Regions - Manus as in Manual o de Mano (Kamay) - Palmar as in Palm (Self-explanatory) - Digital, D as in Daliri (Either paa o kamay) - Pollex ay thumb Posterior - Cephalic - Occipital (Likod ng ulo at hindi batok) - Nuchal (Batok siya fr) - Dorsal (Likod) Scapular (Shoulder blade mo, kapag nagfeflex ka ng likod, nagpapakita siya) Lumbar, L as in Loin or lower likod Gluteal (Butt) G as in Glutes Sacral (Tailbone) Pagitan ng pwetan mo Perineal (ilalim ng singit, dito makikita si anus) Vertebral (Spine mo) ANNOTATED BY: SHADRAK LIM, ASHLEY BERCASIO, & JEANNE AMBROCIO PAGE 7  ANAPHY REVIEWER QUARTER 1 - BATCH 17 Nico Risos S.Y. 2024 - 2025 4.2.2 Body Planes TERMINOLOGIES Midsagittal Plane - Divides the body in standard anatomical position into two lateral parts. Points of reference are from the nose tip, navel, to the genitals. Parasagittal Plane - Not in the midline but divides the body into two lateral portions Coronary Plane - Divides the body into posterior and anterior parts. Points of reference are from ears to MNEMONICS HUE (Hypo ay lower, Epi ay upon o nasa lateral malleolus taas) (*Gitna from bottom to top) Transversal Plane - Divides into - Hypogastric superior and inferior parts. Points of - Umbilical reference are from navel to all - Epigastric directions from it. HIL (*Lagyan lamang ng right at left before the term) Oblique Planes - Any plane na may angle o hindi vertical at horizontal. - Hypochondriac Region (Upper Gilid) - Iliac Region (Lower Gilid) - Lumbar (Middle Gilid) PRIB (For the organs of the hypogastric 4.3 Main Body Cavities region) P - Parts of intestine TERMINOLOGY R - Rectum - Main body cavities ay Ventral at Dorsal I - Internal Reproductive Organs B - Bladder Ventral Cavity - Thoracic Cavity - Contains the mediastinum (Which contains the esophagus, heart, trachea, pulmonary veins, and arteries) - Contains the pleural cavities on either side separated by the mediastinum - Abdominopelvic Cavity ANNOTATED BY: SHADRAK LIM, ASHLEY BERCASIO, & JEANNE AMBROCIO PAGE 8  ANAPHY REVIEWER QUARTER 1 - BATCH 17 Nico Risos S.Y. 2024 - 2025 (i.e abdominal cavity + pelvic cavity) - Histology- The study of tissues and cells - Contains most of the digestive under a microscope. tract (stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus, etc.) - Extracellular Matrix - Supports CT cells; - Contains the peritoneal cavity. Composed of water, protein (amino acids), and polysaccharides. Dorsal Cavity - Cranial Cavity - Gap Junctions - Commonly found at - The most superior cavity of them all. between epithelial cells. They are the reason why epithelial tissues are - contains the brain (cerebrum and compacted. Parang tahi kaya nakadikit sila cerebellum) and brainstem sa isa’t isa - Spinal Cavity - Basement Membrane - Anchors epithelial - Contains the spinal cord cells to connective tissues. - Inferior to the cranial cavity. - Free Surface - Exposed Surface of the ET cell 4.3.1 Minor Body Cavities - Lumen - spaces not occupied by ET cells and thus light from microscope can be seen. Lumen from latin of light TERMINOLOGY Pleural Cavities - Contains the lungs Pericardial Cavity - Contains the heart Peritoneal Cavity - Present in the 5.2 Types of Tissues abdominopelvic cavity and contains most the digestive system. Nervous Tissue Nasal Cavity Oral Cavity - Transmit Electrochemical signals Synovial Cavity - Physiological characteristics are Orbital Cavity. irritability (The ability to create signals) and Conductivity (The ability to transmit those signals). Types of Tissues Connective Tissue 005 Muscle Tissue REFERENCE 5.2.1 Epithelial Tissues 5.1 What are tissues? Epithelial Tissue Covers body surfaces (e.g., skin) TERMINOLOGY Lines body cavities (e.g., digestive - Tissue- a group of cells that have similar tract, respiratory tract) structure and that function together as a Forms glands (e.g., sweat glands, unit salivary glands) ANNOTATED BY: SHADRAK LIM, ASHLEY BERCASIO, & JEANNE AMBROCIO PAGE 9  ANAPHY REVIEWER QUARTER 1 - BATCH 17 Nico Risos S.Y. 2024 - 2025 - FASP (Purpose of ET) Filters Absorbs Secretes Protects Cells are tightly packed with minimal intercellular space. Avascular (lacks blood vessels) but nourished by diffusion from underlying connective tissues. Simple cuboidal epithelium Supported by a basement -Structure: Single layer of membrane that separates it from cube-shaped cells, with centrally underlying tissues. located round nuclei. -Function: Involved in secretion and Based on cell shape: absorption. -Location: Found in kidney tubules, Squamous (flat) ducts of glands (such as the thyroid Cuboidal (cube-shaped) gland), and covering the ovaries. Columnar (tall and cylindrical) Based on layers: Simple (one layer) Stratified (multiple layers) Simple squamous epithelium -Structure: Single layer of flat, thin cells with a centrally located nucleus. Simple columnar epithelium -Function: Allows for easy diffusion -Structure: Single layer of tall, and filtration due to its thinness. column-like cells with oval nuclei -Location: Found in places where typically located near the base. rapid exchange is needed, such as -Function: Specializes in absorption the air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs, and secretion, and may have the lining of blood vessels microvilli or cilia. (endothelium), and the lining of -Location: Lines the stomach, body cavities (mesothelium). intestines, and uterus. Ciliated columnar epithelium can be found ANNOTATED BY: SHADRAK LIM, ASHLEY BERCASIO, & JEANNE AMBROCIO PAGE 10  ANAPHY REVIEWER QUARTER 1 - BATCH 17 Nico Risos S.Y. 2024 - 2025 in the respiratory tract and fallopian Stratified squamous epithelial tubes. -Structure: The surface cells are flat (squamous), while the deeper cells may be cuboidal or columnar. -Function: Protects underlying tissues in areas prone to abrasion. -Location: Keratinized: Found in the skin's epidermis. The surface cells contain keratin, a protein that provides additional protection and waterproofing. Non-keratinized: Found in moist areas like the mouth, esophagus, Pseudostratified columnar vagina, and anus. The surface cells epithelium remain alive and don’t become Structure: Appears stratified keratinized. because nuclei are at different levels, but it's a single layer of cells. Often ciliated. Function: Secretion and movement of mucus (particularly when ciliated). Location: Found primarily in the respiratory tract (trachea and Stratified cuboidal epithelium bronchi), where it helps trap and -Structure: Surface cells are move particles out of the airways. cuboidal in shape, and this type usually has only two or three layers -Function: Mainly involved in protection, but it also has a role in secretion and absorption. -Location: Found in the ducts of sweat glands, mammary glands, and salivary glands. ANNOTATED BY: SHADRAK LIM, ASHLEY BERCASIO, & JEANNE AMBROCIO PAGE 11  ANAPHY REVIEWER QUARTER 1 - BATCH 17 Nico Risos S.Y. 2024 - 2025 Transitional epithelium -Structure: Surface cells can vary in shape from squamous to cuboidal depending on the degree of stretching. -Function: Specialized to stretch and return to its normal shape, providing flexibility and protection. -Location: Found in the urinary bladder, ureters, and parts of the urethra, where it helps Stratified columnar epithelium accommodate fluctuating volumes -Structure: The surface cells are of urine. columnar, while the underlying layers are more cuboidal. -Function: Involved in protection and secretion. -Location: Rare in the body but found in parts of the male urethra and the ducts of some glands. ​ 5.2.2 Connective Tissues ❖ Most abundant and widely distributed of all tissue types in the human body. ❖ Composed mainly of extracellular matrix (ECM) ★ EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX - Composed of ground substance and fibers Ground Substance Mainly comprised of water (interstitial fluid), proteins (cell adhesion proteins), and ANNOTATED BY: SHADRAK LIM, ASHLEY BERCASIO, & JEANNE AMBROCIO PAGE 12  ANAPHY REVIEWER QUARTER 1 - BATCH 17 Nico Risos S.Y. 2024 - 2025 polysaccharides of the body. (proteoglycans) Types of Fibers - Collagen Characteristics - Elastic - Reticular Main Cells: Characteristics Neurons: The primary functional units of Common origin: All connective tissue are nervous tissue, responsible for derived from mesenchyme transmitting electrical impulses. Varying degrees of vascularity: Most types ○ Structure: of connective tissue have rich blood Cell body (Soma): supply. Exceptions include cartilage, which Contains the nucleus and is avascular and dense CT which is poorly most of the cell's vascularized organelles. Large amount of extracellular matrix Dendrites: Short, branched Connective Tissues may be divided extensions that receive into: signals from other neurons. 1) Blood Axon: A long projection 2) Bone that transmits electrical 3) Cartilage impulses to other neurons, 4) Connective Proper (Connective muscles, or glands. tissue proper) Neuroglia (Glial Cells): Supporting cells that provide structural and metabolic BLOOD - Composed of erythrocytes(RBC), leukocytes(WBC), thrombocytes(platelets), and support to neurons. plasma ○ Types include astrocytes, BONE - Osseous tissue; osteocytes are produced oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells, by osteoblasts and microglia, each with specific CARTILAGE - There are 3 types of Cartilage: functions like insulating neurons HYALINE or clearing waste. ELASTIC FIBROCARTILAGE Functions: CONNECTIVE PROPER - Divided into Loose and Dense Connective Tissue Transmission of Nerve Impulses: Neurons send and receive electrical signals to relay information throughout the body. 5.2.3 Nervous Tissue Coordination and Control: Nervous tissue regulates and integrates body functions, Nervous tissue - one of the four main types such as voluntary movement, sensation, of tissue in the body, specialized for reflexes, and thought processes. transmitting electrical signals and Response to Stimuli: Neurons detect processing information. It plays a key changes in the environment and initiate role in coordinating and controlling responses (e.g., muscle contractions, body functions by facilitating gland secretion). communication between different parts ANNOTATED BY: SHADRAK LIM, ASHLEY BERCASIO, & JEANNE AMBROCIO PAGE 13  ANAPHY REVIEWER QUARTER 1 - BATCH 17 Nico Risos S.Y. 2024 - 2025 Homeostasis: Nervous tissue helps nervous system and pacemaker cells in maintain internal balance by regulating the heart. various physiological processes (e.g., Smooth Muscle: heartbeat, digestion). ○ Structure: Spindle-shaped, non-striated cells with a single nucleus. ○ Function: Controls involuntary 5.2.4 Muscle Tissues movements such as the Muscle tissue - a specialized tissue contraction of internal organs, responsible for producing movement in the regulating blood flow, and moving body by contracting and generating force. food through the digestive system It plays a crucial role in bodily functions (peristalsis). such as movement, posture maintenance, ○ Location: Found in the walls of and even regulating organ function like hollow organs (e.g., blood vessels, heartbeat and digestion. stomach, intestines, bladder, and uterus). Types of Muscle Tissue: ○ Control: Involuntary (regulated by the autonomic nervous system and 1. Skeletal Muscle: hormones). ○ Structure: Composed of long, cylindrical, multinucleated cells with visible striations (bands) VL Additional Video Lessons caused by the arrangement of actin and myosin filaments. HOMEOSTASIS ○ Function: Voluntary movement Homeostasis and Negative/Positive F… (controlled by conscious thought), posture maintenance, and BODY TISSUES generating body heat. Body Tissues | Four Types ○ Location: Attached to bones via ORGAN SYSTEMS tendons, allowing for movement of Human Body Systems Overview (Upd… the skeleton (e.g., limbs, torso, BODY MEMBRANES facial expressions). ○ Control: Voluntary INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM Integumentary System Cardiac Muscle: REFERENCES Structure: Branched, striated cells with a single nucleus per cell; cells are interconnected by intercalated discs that LESSON REFERENCE FILE allow synchronized contractions. Function: Pumps blood through the heart LESSON 1 CO MODULE 1 and into the circulatory system. **link for presentation Location: Found only in the walls of the (should be STUDENTS heart (myocardium). COPY or given by the Control: Involuntary (not under conscious teacher) control); regulated by the autonomic LESSON 2 CO MODULE 2 ANNOTATED BY: SHADRAK LIM, ASHLEY BERCASIO, & JEANNE AMBROCIO PAGE 14  ANAPHY REVIEWER QUARTER 1 - BATCH 17 Nico Risos S.Y. 2024 - 2025 Approved by: Nico Risos HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY TEACHER ANNOTATED BY: SHADRAK LIM, ASHLEY BERCASIO, & JEANNE AMBROCIO PAGE 15