Anatomy and Physiology Lab Review PDF

Anatomy and Physiology The Language of Anatomy MCON 01 (LABORATORY) | BSN 1-4 Directional Terms – describe one body LESSON I: Orientation and Introduction of structures...

Anatomy and Physiology The Language of Anatomy MCON 01 (LABORATORY) | BSN 1-4 Directional Terms – describe one body LESSON I: Orientation and Introduction of structures in relation to another body structures the Human Body and the direction is always based on standard anatomical position A. DIRECTIONAL TERMS Superior (cranial or cephalic) – towards the head end or upper part Homeostasis of a structure of the body; above - Balance / state of balance among Ex. The head is superior to the neck all the body systems needed for the body to survive and function Inferior (caudal) – away from the correctly head end or towards the lower part of structure of the body; below 1. Stimulus – factors coming from the Ex. The abdomen is inferior to the thorax. environment that causes changes in the human body, such as increase or decrease in temperature or presence of a Anterior (ventral) - at the front of the body; in front of pathogen Ex. The sternum is anterior to the heart. 2. Receptor – type of sensory that monitors and responds to changes in the environment (stimuli) by sending Posterior (dorsal) –at the backside of information (input) to the second the body; behind components Ex. The spinal cord is posterior to the heart. 3. Control Center – this component analyzes the information it receives from the receptor and then determines the Medial – midline of the body: on the appropriate response or course of action inner side of 4. Effector – it provides the means for the Ex. The nose is medial to the eyes. control center’s response (output) to the stimulus Lateral - away from the midline of the 5. Response – corrective measure of the body: on the outer side of body to the stimulus in the body. Can Ex. The ears are lateral to the nose. either be positive or negative feedback mechanism Intermediate – between a more medial and more lateral structure Ex. The collarbone is intermediate between the sternum and the shoulder. Proximal – close to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the trunk Ex. The elbow is proximal to the wrist. (Ina-add ko ‘to dito kasi baka kasama siya bigla, better na Distal – farther from the origin of the aralin na rin huhu) (homeostasis) body part or the point of attachment of a limb of the body trunk  Ex. The fingers are distal to the wrist. Superficial (external) – at the body surface Ex. The skin is superficial to the muscles. Deep (internal) – away from the body surface; more internal Ex. The bones are deep to the muscles. B. REGIONAL TERMS Regional Terms - Designate specific areas/landmarks within body divisions C. BODY PLANES AND SECTIONS Body Planes 1. Median (midsagittal) Plane – divides body into left and right 2. Frontal (coronal) Plane – divides body into anterior and posterior 3. Transverse Plane – divides body into superior and inferior Body Cavities and Membranes Dorsal Cavity 1. Cranial Cavity - space inside the body skull that protects the brain 2. Spinal Cavity – extends from the cranial cavity to the end of the spinal cord Ventral Cavity 1. Superior Thoracic Cavity – separated from the rest of the ventral cavity by the diaphragm; has mediastinum  2. Superior Abdominal Cavity – contains the E. ABDOMINOPELVIC REGIONS stomach, liver, intestines, and other organs 3. Inferior Pelvic Cavity – contains the reproductive organs, bladder, and rectum 4. D. ABDOMINOPELVIC QUADRANTS Divisions used primarily by medical personnel and are named according to their relative locations with respect to anatomical positions (aralin niyo ‘yung organs nan aka-indicate to each and every quadrants) (nasa pic) PRACTICE! _________ 1. The spine is _________to the heart. a. Medial b. Posterior c. Anterior ________ 2. The bones are _______ to the muscles. a. Proximal b. Deep c. Distal ________3. If you touch your toes, are your hands moving superiorly or inferiorly? RUQ (organs) LUQ (organs) a. Superiorly - Liver - Liver b. Inferiorly - Stomach - Stomach c. Up - Gallbladder - Left Kidney _______4. The thumb is _____ to your fingers - Duodenum - Pancreas a. Medial - Right Kidney - Spleen b. Distal - Transverse colon - Transverse colon c. Lateral - Small intestine - small intestine ________5. Jazmine is experiencing numbness in - Pancreas their fingers. Which directional term best describes the location of the fingers in relation RLQ (organs) LLQ (organs) to the elbow? - Large Intestine - Small Intestine a. Distal - Cecum - Large Intestine b. Deep - Appendix - Left Ureter c. Inferior - Right Ureter - Left repro organs - Right Repro organs - sigmoid colon ________6. When you look in a mirror, are you seeing your anterior or posterior side? a. Posterior b. Superior c. Anterior ________7. In which quadrant is the liver primarily ______16. Jaime has a fracture in her thigh bone. located? Which region of the leg is affected? a. RUQ a. Cervical region b. LLQ b. Femoral region c. LUQ c. Thoracic Region ________8. The appendix is typically found in ______17. Giliane is experiencing pain in her right which quadrant? hypochondriac region. Which organs might be a. RUQ the source of the pain? b. LLQ a. Liver, gallbladder, or right kidney c. RLQ b. Stomach, lungs or left kidney _______9. If Jianna complains of pain in the c. Appendix, heart or right ovary right lower quadrant, which organ might be __________18. A patient complains of pain in their the source of the pain? upper arm. Is the pain proximal or distal to the a. Cecum elbow? b. Appendix ______19. Allysa Valdez has a fracture in their c. Right kidney lower leg. Which region of the leg is affected? _______10. Divides the body into right and left a. Cranial region parts. b. Patellar region a. Frontal (coronal) plane c. Crural Region b. Midsagittal plane _____20. A patient has a tumor in their lower left c. Transverse Plane abdomen. Which quadrant is affected? __________11. It is body cavity, contains the a. LLQ heart, lungs, and other organs. b. LUQ ______12. A surgeon performs a procedure to c. RLQ remove a tumor from the brain. Which body ______21. A patient is diagnosed with a tumor in cavity is being accessed? the pelvic cavity. Which organs might be a. Spinal Cavity affected? b. Cranial Cavity a. Heart, lungs, or skin c. Transverse plane b. Bladder, reproductive organs, or part of ______13. Ivan is experiencing pain in his the large intestine upper abdomen, just below the sternum. c. Brain, anus, kidneys, or liver Which abdominopelvic region is affected? ______22. A patient presents with pain in the left a. Femoral Region hypochondriac region. Which organs might be b. Epigastric Region the source of the pain? c. Spinal Cavity a. Neck, eyes, heart, or esophagus ______14. Marielle is experiencing pain in her b. Right kidney, intestines, liver, or heart upper right back. Which abdominopelvic c. Spleen, left kidney, part of the stomach, region might be affected? or pancreas a. Iliac Region ______23. A patient is experiencing pain in their b. Right Hypochondriac Region neck. Which region of the body is affected? c. Hypogastric region a. Cranial region b. Cervical region c. Femoral region ______15. Jewel complains of pain radiating down the front of her leg. Which directional term best describes the direction of the pain? a. Posterior b. Distal c. Anterior Anatomy and Physiology C. IDENTIFYING ELEMENTS MCON 01 (LABORATORY) | BSN 1-4 1. Atomic Number - number of protons (indirectly: electrons) each element’s LESSON II: Basic Chemistry atoms contain A. MATTER AND ENERGY 2. Mass Number - the sum of the mass of all the protons and neutrons contained Matter – is the “stuff” of the universe. It is in its nucleus. anything that occupies space and has mass. - is written as a - Exists in solid, liquid, and gaseous states, superscript to the left all of which are found in the human body of the atomic symbol - In the context of the human body, matter 3. Atomic Weight - considers the refers to the various substances that structural variations of atoms in an make up the body, including tissues, element organs, cells, and molecules. - approximately equal to the mass number of an element’s most abundant isotope Energy – has no mass and does not take up 4. Isotopes - have the same number of space. protons and electrons but vary in the - It the ability to do work or to put matter number of neutrons they contain into motion. - -radioisotopes: heavier isotopes of 2 types of Energy certain atoms that are unstable and tend - Kinetic Energy – when energy is to release energy in order to become actually doing work (moving objects) more stable - Potential Energy – when energy is inactive, stored or at rest (aralin niyo yung mga atomic numbers, mass The matter is the substance, and energy is number or each elements) (and computation) MASS NUMBER = PROTONS + NEUTRONS the mover of the substance PROTONS = ATOMIC NUMBER ELECTRONS = ATOMIC NUMBER NEUTRONS = MASS NUMBER – ATOMIC B. PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS NUMBER ANG ATOMIC NUMBER SA PERIODIC TABLE MAKIKITA CARBON – atomic number = 6 Ex.  D. LABORATORY EXPERIMENT Anatomy and Physiology ABOUT ACIDS AND BASES MCON 01 (LABORATORY) | BSN 1-4 This is groupings last time, so kayo na bahala dito kasi wala akong LESSON III: Cells and Tissues copy, but dahil groupings naman siya, sure alam nito ‘to!! TRY THIS A. PARTS OF AN ANIMAL CELL AND THEIR FUNCTIONS GIVE THE SYMBOL _______1. Hydrogen PARTS OF THE CELL _______2. Iron 1. Nucleus - anything that works, works best when it is controlled _______3. Carbon - Nuclear Envelope – a double membrane _______4. Chlorine barrier that allows some but not all substances _______5. Oxygen to pass through it - Nucleolus - site where ribosomes are _______6. Water assembled _______7. Carbon Dioxide - Chromatin – mixture of DNA and proteins _______8. Lithium that form the chromosomes -Nuclear Pores – openings created when two _______9. Boron layers of the nuclear envelope fuse together _______10. Copper -Chromatin – carry long places of DNA that _____________11. is written as a holds genes superscript to the left of the atomic symbol 2. Plasma Membrane - is a fragile, _____________12. An atom of carbon-12 has 6 transparent barrier that contains the cell protons. How many neutrons does it have? contents and separates them from the _____________13. An atom of oxygen-18 has 8 surrounding environment. protons. How many neutrons does it have? 3. Cytoplasm - is the cellular material outside _____________14. If an atom of nitrogen has 7 the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane. protons and 7 neutrons, what is its mass 4. Mitochondrion – powerhouse of the cell number? ___________15. If an atom gains an electron, what 5. Ribosomes - are the actual happens to its charge? (at lecture reviewer) sites of protein synthesis in the cell. ___________16. when energy is actually doing work 6. Lysosomes – it is “breakdown bodies”. (moving objects) which appear in different sizes, __________17. has no mass and does not take are membranous “bags” containing powerful up space. digestive enzymes. _________18. have the same number of protons 7. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) - is a system and electrons but vary in the number of of fluid-filled tunnels (or canals) that coil and neutrons they contain twist through the cytoplasm. __________19. considers the structural variations - Smooth ER – variety, it plays no role in of atoms in an element protein synthesis, because it lacks ribosomes. - Rough ER - it is studded with ribosomes. - previously, DNA replication precedes 8. Golgi Apparatus – it is “traffic director”, mitosis, so that for a short time the and appears as a stack of flattened cell nucleus contains a double dose of membranous sacs that are associated with genes. swarms of tiny vesicles. - When the nucleus divides, each daughter nucleus ends up with 9.Peroxisomes - membranous sacs containing exactly the same genetic information powerful oxidase enzymes that use molecular as the original mother cell. oxygen (O2) to detoxify several harmful or poisonous substances, including alcohol and The stages of mitosis include the following formaldehyde. events: 10. Cytoskeleton - an elaborate network of protein structures extend throughout the 1. Prophase - the chromatin threads cytoplasm. coil and shorten so that the bar-like 11. Centrioles - the paired centrioles, chromosomes become visible under a collectively called the centrosome, lie close to microscope. the nucleus. They are rod-shaped bodies that lie 2. Metaphase - In this short stage, the at right angles to each other. chromosomes line up at the - are whip-like cellular extensions that move metaphase plate (the center of the substances along the cell spindle midway between the surface. centrioles) so that a straight line of 12. Microvilli (“little shaggy hairs”) - are chromosomes is seen. tiny, fingerlike extensions of the plasma 3. Anaphase - During anaphase, the membrane that project from an exposed cell centromeres that have held the surface. chromatids together split. The 13. Cell Membrane Junction (“footloose”) - chromatids (now called chromosomes in the body, many other types, particularly again) begin to move slowly apart, epithelial cells, are knit into tight communities. drawn toward opposite ends of the cell. 4. Telophase - Telophase is essentially B. DIFFERENT STAGES OF CELL prophase in reverse. The chromosomes at opposite ends of the DIVISION cell uncoil to become threadlike The cell life cycle is the series of changes a cell chromatin again. goes through from the time it is formed until it 5. Cytokinesis - or the division of the divides. cytoplasm, usually begins during late Mitosis anaphase and completes during telophase. - is the process of dividing a nucleus into two daughter nuclei with exactly the same genes as the “mother” nucleus. As explained  Translation - the language of C. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS nucleic acids (base sequence) is “translated” into the language of Proteins are key substances for all aspects of proteins (amino acid sequence). cell life. Fibrous (structural) proteins are the - Translation occurs in the cytoplasm major building materials for cells. Other and involves three major varieties of proteins, the globular (functional) proteins, RNA. perform functional roles in the body. - It follows, then, that every cell needs to produce proteins, a process called protein synthesis. Protein synthesis involves two major phases: transcription, when complementary mRNA (the messenger) is made using the information in the DNA gene, and translation, when the information carried in mRNA molecules is “decoded” and translated from nucleic acids into proteins. Transcription D. EPITHELIAL TISSUE - involves the transfer of information - or epithelium is the lining, covering, and from the sequence of bases in a DNA glandular tissue of the body. Covering gene into the complementary and lining epithelium covers all free body sequence of mRNA by an enzyme. surfaces, both inside and out, and contains versatile cells. Because epithelium forms the boundaries that separate us from the outside world, nearly all substances that the body gives off or receives must pass through epithelium. SIMPLE EPITHELIA 1. Simple Squamous Epithelium – single layer of thin squamous cells resting on a SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM basement membrane. - usually forms membranes where filtration or exchange of substances by rapid diffusion occurs. 2. Simple Cuboidal Epithelium - one layer of cuboidal cells resting on a basement membrane, and is common in glands and their ducts - also forms the walls of the kidney tubules and covers the surface of the ovaries 3. Simple Columnar - made up of a single layer of tall cells that fit closely together - often seen with Goblet cells, which produce a SIMPLE COLUMNAR lubricating mucus 4. Pseudostratified Columnar - some of its cells are shorter than others, and their nuclei appear at different heights above the basement membrane, giving off a false (pseudo) impression that it is stratified PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR SIMPLE SQUAMOUS STRATIFIED EPITHELIA 1. Stratified Squamous - the most common STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS stratified epithelium in the body - the cells at the free edge are squamous cells, whereas those close to the STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL AND basement membranes are cuboidal or COLUMNAR columnar - found in sites that receive a good deal 2. Stratified Cuboidal and Columnar - Stratified cuboidal typically has just two cell layers with the cuboidal surface cells - stratified columnar’s surfaces are columnar cells, but its basal cells vary in size and shape 3. Transitional Epithelium - -highly modified, stratified squamous epithelium that forms the lining of only a few organs TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM (urinary) - basal layer cells are cuboidal or columnar; free surface vary in appearance 4. Glandular Epithelium - Endocrine glands lose their ducts, and their secretions (all hormones) diffuse directly into the blood vessels that weave GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM through the glands - Exocrine glands retain their ducts, and their secretions exit through the ducts to the epithelial surface. E. CONNECTIVE TISSUE - It perform many functions, but they are primarily involved in protecting, supporting, and binding together other body tissues. STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE Bone - sometimes called osseous tissue, is composed of osteocytes (bone cells) sitting in cavities called lacunae (“pits”). - These pits are surrounded by layers of a very hard matrix that contains calcium salts in CARTILAGE addition to large numbers of collagen fibers. Cartilage -is less hard and more flexible than bone. Its major cell type is chondrocytes (cartilage cells). -Most widespread is hyaline cartilage, which has abundant collagen fibers hidden by a rubbery matrix with a glassy, blue-white appearance. It forms the trachea, or windpipe, attaches the ribs to the breastbone, and covers bone ends at joints. - Elastic cartilage is found in structures with elasticity, such as the external ear. DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE Dense Connective Tissue - also called dense fibrous tissue, collagen fibers are the main matrix element. - Crowded between the collagen fibers are rows Loose Connective Tissue of fibroblasts (fiber-forming cells) that manufacture the building blocks of the fibers. -tissues are softer and have more cells and fewer fibers than any other connective tissue type except blood. There are three main types of loose connective tissue: areolar, adipose, and reticular. BONE 1. Areolar Connective Tissue - the most widely distributed connective tissue variety in the body, is a soft, pliable, “cobwebby” tissue that cushions and protects the body organs it wraps. 2. Adipose Connective Tissue RETICULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE - is commonly called fat. Basically, it is an areolar tissue in which adipose (fat) cells predominate. 3. Reticular Connective Tissue - consists of a delicate network of interwoven reticular fibers associated with reticular cells, which resemble fibroblasts. BLOOD AREOLAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE F. MUSCLE TISSUE - are highly specialized to contract, or shorten, which generates the force required to produce movement. There are three types of muscle tissue: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth. - Skeletal muscle - is packaged by connective tissue sheets into organs called skeletal muscles, which are attached to the skeleton. - Smooth Muscle - Smooth (visceral) muscle is so called because no striations are visible. ADIPOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE - Cardiac muscle is found only in the heart wall.  G. NERVOUS TISSUE - When we think of nervous tissue, we think of cells called neurons. All neurons receive and conduct electrochemical impulses from one part of the body to another; thus, irritability and SKELETAL MUSCLE conductivity are their two major functional characteristics. NERVOUS TISSUE TRY THIS SMOOTH MUSCLE ____________1. the division of the cytoplasm, usually begins during late anaphase and completes during telophase. ____________2. are the actual sites of protein synthesis in the cell. _____________3. are key substances for all aspects of cell life. _____________4. it is “traffic director”. ____________5. single layer of thin squamous cells resting on a basement membrane. ____________6. involves the transfer of information from the sequence of bases in a DNA gene into the complementary sequence of mRNA by an enzyme. CARDIAC MUSCLE IDENTIFY WHAT IN THE PICTURE (WALANG MADAYA) ___________7.  Anatomy and Physiology ___________8. MCON 01 (LABORATORY) | BSN 1-4 LESSON IV: The Integumentary System A. LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS ___________9. ABOUT THE INTEGUMENTARY Aralin niyo lang ‘yung ginawang lab activity, go go!! ___________10. B. LAYERS OF EPIDERMIS ___________11. ___________12. ___________13. ___________14. C. LAYERS OF DERMIS ___________15. ___________ 16. an elaborate network of protein structures extends throughout the cytoplasm. __________17. one layer of cuboidal cells resting on a basement membrane ___________18. is the process of dividing a nucleus into two daughter nuclei with exactly the same genes as the “mother” nucleus. ___________19. it is “breakdown bodies”. ___________ 20. is a system of fluid-filled tunnels (or canals) that coil and twist through the cytoplasm. ___________21. D. STRUCTURE OF THE HAIR GOODLUCK, SLAAY! E. STRUCTURE OF THE NAILS