Introduction to Lab Science, Chemistry, Organs, Systems, and Organization of the Body PDF

Introduction to Lab Science, Chemistry, Organs, Systems, and Organization of the Body *Reference and Credits fully given to: Seeley’s Anatomy and Physiology / Seeley’s Anatomy and Physiology Laboratory Manual by Eric Wise Anatomy and Physiology - Laboratory Roland Os...

Introduction to Lab Science, Chemistry, Organs, Systems, and Organization of the Body *Reference and Credits fully given to: Seeley’s Anatomy and Physiology / Seeley’s Anatomy and Physiology Laboratory Manual by Eric Wise Anatomy and Physiology - Laboratory Roland Oswald A. Banta, RMT, MD General Physician - Primary Care Program Head, College of Medical Technology Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology Science is the study of physical phenomena and follows specific guidelines that make it unique from other disciplines. The human body's structure and function fall within the realm of scientific investigation; for example, human anatomy is the study of the structure of the human body, while human physiology involves the function of the body. Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology Scientific understanding frequently begins with a question. An example of a question might be how the body digests food. The next part in this understanding frequently involves the development of a hypothesis, which is a testable proposal that seeks to answer a scientific question. The testing done to prove or disprove the hypothesis is usually carried out in the form of an experiment. Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology Much of science involves measurement and the collection of data. Experimental data are the pieces of information, or "facts," obtained and later examined to support or reject the proposed hypothesis. Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology The study of the human body requires you to understand both how the body or organ is oriented and how it is presented in terms of body regions. In this laboratory lecture, we study and understand the major organ systems of the body, the directional terms, and the levels of organization of the body, from the subatomic level to the whole organism. We must be able to describe the major regions of the body. Levels of Organization The human body can be studied from a number of perspectives. The earliest study involved gross anatomy, or cutting up part or all of the body and examining its details. As more sophisticated equipment was developed, other levels of organization became apparent. Today, the manipulation of atomic nuclei under magnetic fields has led to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies that do not depend on dissection of the body Levels of Organization Organ Systems Anatomy can be studied in many ways. Regional anatomy is the study of particular areas of the body, such as the head or leg. Most undergraduate college courses in anatomy and physiology (and the format of this lab manual) involve systemic anatomy, which is the study of organ systems, such as the skeletal system and the nervous system. Although organ systems are studied separately, it is important to realize the intimate connections among the systems. Organ Systems If the heart fails to pump blood as part of the cardiovascular system, then the lungs do not receive blood for oxygenation and the intestines do not transfer nutrients to the blood as fuel. The brain is no longer capable of functioning, and the result is death. From a clinical standpoint, the failure of one system has impacts on many other organ systems. The Reproductive System The reproductive system is responsible for the maintenance of the species. The sex cells from the male join with the sex cells of the female and produce offspring. The main organs in the system are the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina in females, and the testes, ductus deferens, glands producing seminal fluid, and penis in males. The Lymphatic System The lymphatic system cleanses and returns tissue fluid to the cardiovascular system and assists the body in protecting itself from foreign organisms. The lymphatic system (immune system) consists of lymphatic vessels, along with such organs as the thymus, spleen, and tonsils. The Urinary System The urinary system rids the body of waste products; it consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The Integumentary System The integumentary system provides the protective covering of the body and is mostly formed by the skin. The Nervous System The nervous system is well developed in humans, allowing us to interact with and interpret our environment. The brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves make up this system. The Digestive System The digestive system is responsible for providing nutrition to the tissues. The mouth and salivary glands, along with the esophagus, stomach, intestines, and associated organs, such as the liver, are part of the digestive system. The Muscular System The muscular system moves the body and consists of the individual muscles, such as the biceps brachii and the gluteus maximus muscles. The Endocrine System In the endocrine system, the individual organs produce hormones. Organs such as the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, and gonads are endocrine organs. The Respiratory System The respiratory system takes oxygen to the body and releases carbon dioxide. The nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and lungs are the organs of the respiratory system. The Cardiovascular System The cardiovascular system is one primarily of transport. The heart and blood vessels are the organs of this system. The Skeletal System The skeletal system provides a framework for movement and a mechanism for protecting the body. The individual bones of the body, such as the humerus and femur, are the organs of this system. The Anatomical Position The Anatomical Position The body is upright, facing forward, arms and legs straight, palms facing forward, feet flat on the ground, and eyes open Body Planes Directional Terms Directional Terms Directional Terms Major Body Cavities A cavity is an enclosed space inside the body. The brain is located in the cranial cavity, the tongue is located in the oral cavity, and the stomach is found in the abdominal cavity. The three ventral cavities that do not open to the exterior environment are the thoracic cavity, the abdominal cavity, and the pelvic cavity. Major Body Cavities The thoracic cavity is located directly above the diaphragm and is further divided into the mediastinum and the pleural cavities. The mediastinum is the region between the lungs; it contains, among other things, the heart, esophagus, and trachea. Major Body Cavities The pleural cavities are on each side of the mediastinum. Below the diaphragm is the abdominopelvic cavity, which can be subdivided into the abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity. The abdominal cavity contains the stomach, the small intestine, most of the large intestine, and various digestive organs, such as the liver and the pancreas. Major Body Cavities The pelvic cavity begins at the region of the hips and contains the lower part of the large intestine and some of the reproductive organs (such as the uterus and ovaries) of the female reproductive system. These ventral cavities are lined with serous membranes. Thank you very much!