Cardiovascular System Part II: Basic Gross Anatomy of the Heart PDF

The Cardiovascular System Part II: Basic Gross Anatomy of the Heart Study the Anatomy for Exam 3.1 & Picture Exam 2 Anatomy & Physiology II BIOL2220 Version 04 1  The Cardiovascular System...

The Cardiovascular System Part II: Basic Gross Anatomy of the Heart Study the Anatomy for Exam 3.1 & Picture Exam 2 Anatomy & Physiology II BIOL2220 Version 04 1  The Cardiovascular System Overview & Flow Chart Heart Heart: Superior Vena Inferior Vena Hollow Muscular Organ. Cava Cava Located In Mediastinum, inside Parietal Pericardium. 4 Chambers. Right Atrium Left Atrium 4 Valves. Tricuspid Mitral 2 Separate, But Integrated Pumps. Valve Valve Right Ventricle–Pumps into Pulmonary Circulation. Right Ventricle Left Ventricle Left Ventricle–Pumps into Systemic Circulation. Pulmonary Aortic Valve Valve Pulmonary Aorta Trunk Pulmonary Vein 2 The Cardiovascular System Basic Anatomy Heart 3 Valves, Septa, and Chambers: #1 Ventricles Flow of Blood Through the Heart: PT Aorta SVC PV’s RA LA IVC #1 RV LV Please Label the Diagram: #1 The Cardiovascular System Basic Anatomy Heart 7 The Cardiovascular System Label The Basic Anatomy Heart The Cardiovascular System Valves Overview – Heart Tricuspid Valve Aortic Semi-Lunar Valve Mitral Valve Pulmonary Semi-Lunar Valve General: Semilunar Valves: Atrioventricular Valves: 4 Valves. One Way Flow. Pulmonary. Right A/V (Tricuspid). “Leaky Valve” = Murmur (Prolapsed). Aortic. Left A/V (Mitral). “Tight Valve” = Murmur (Stenotic). Remember! 2 A/V Valves. 9 Chordae Tendonae 2 Semilunar Valves. Papillary Muscle The Cardiovascular System Intrinsic Regulation - Pacemaker Overview – Heart Cardiac Cycle: 1. Heart Beats ~ Once/Second. 2. All Chambers Must Contract (Systole) & Relax (Diastole). 3. Atria Contract 1st, Then Ventricles. 4. Atria Contract, Ventricles Relax. 5. Ventricles Contract, Atria Relax. Conduction System Of Heart: 1. Sino-Atrial Node (SA Node) Is Located In The Superior Wall Of Right Atrium. 2. SA Node Consists Of Nerve Cells That Fire An Electrical Impulse 1 – 2 Times/Second. 3. Electrical Impulses From SA Node, Following Preferential Pathways Through The Heart. 4. Electrical Activity 1st Goes To Atria. 5. Once Atrial Muscles Contract, Electrical Impulses Go To The Atrio-Ventricular Node (AV Node). 6. AV Node Is Located On The Inferior Wall Of Right Atrium. 7. From The AV Node, Electrical Activity Enters The AV Bundle (Bundle Of His). 8. AV Bundle Then Splits, Conducting The Electrical Impulses Into The Right/Left Bundle Branches. 9. Branches Feed The Purkinje Fibers Which Cause Ventricular Contraction. The Cardiovascular System Coronary Arteries & The “Heart Attack” Overview – Heart Oxygen To Heart Muscles: Big O2 Demand. O2 Delivered By Coronary Arteries. 2 Main R/L. 4 Large Arteries, Many smaller arteries (See Diagram). Pathology: The Condition Of Atherosclerosis Is An Accumulation Of Fats, Cells, and Calcium On The Inner Walls Of Arteries. When Coronary Arteries Become Partially Blocked, The Result Is Ischemia=>Angina. When Coronary Arteries Become Significantly Blocked, The Result Is Myocardial Infarction (aka, a “Heart Attack”. Resulting In Dead Heart Muscle). General Pathophysiological Course: A Bit Later, Collagen Is Laid Down Lack Of Blood Flow. (Fibrous). Ischemia. Scarring of the Heart is the Result. Muscle Dies (Infarction). Weaker – Non-Functional (“Hypokinetic” 11 White Blood Cells Arrive. or “Akinetic” Heart Wall). The Cardiovascular System Myocardial Infarction Overview – Heart Myocardial Infarction Uncomplicated 10 – 20%. Complicated 80 – 90%: 1. Arrhythmias. 2. LV Failure. 3. Cardiogenic Shock. 4. Rupture. 5. Thromboembolism. Consideration of the Complications: “Cardiac Enzymes” A True Aneurysm Occurs When A Weak Area Troponin test Of The Wall Balloons-Out. The most sensitive and specific test for A False Aneurysm Occurs When The Wall myocardial damage. Because it has Simply Ruptures & Bleeding Occurs. increased specificity compared with CK- Bleeding Into The Pericardial Sac (Causing MB, troponin is a superior marker for Cardiac Taponade). myocardial injury. Papillary Muscles May Rupture Causing Peaks at 12 hours Dysfunction Of Valves. Creatine Kinase (CK-MB) test Septal Rupture Will Cause Shunts. It is relatively specific when skeletal Thrombosis To Embolism. muscle damage is not present. The Condition Of Transient Pericarditis May Peaks at 10–24 hours Develop. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) test. The Condition Of Subendocardial Fibrosis The LDH is not as specific as troponin. Can Give Rise To Thrombus Formation. Peaks at 72 hours 12