Agriculture Class 10 Notes PDF

CLASS 10 NOTES SOCIAL SCIENCE Agriculture PRASHANT KIRAD  PRASHANT KIRAD AGRICULTURE Population: 2/3 engaged in agriculture. Types of Farming: exam me ayega (E.M.A) Prim...

CLASS 10 NOTES SOCIAL SCIENCE Agriculture PRASHANT KIRAD  PRASHANT KIRAD AGRICULTURE Population: 2/3 engaged in agriculture. Types of Farming: exam me ayega (E.M.A) Primitive subsistence farming Intensive subsistence farming Commercial farming 1. Primitive subsistence farming/ Slash and burn agriculture : Practice on small patches of small land by small farmers. Use of Primitive tools like hoe, dao, digging stick Dependent on: monsoon, soil fertility, environment. Slash and Burn Agriculture : it involves clearing land by destroying and burning all the trees and plants on it, farming there for a short time, and then moving on to clear a new piece of land. Also called Shifting Cultivation. It is known by different names in India and the world like Jhumming - North-East India, Milpa -Mexico, Roca - Brazil, Ladang - Malaysia 2. Intensive Subsistence Farming: Practiced in high population areas. Labour-intensive farming where high doses of biochemical inputs and irrigation are used for higher production. Problems: Division of land reduces plot size, making input management difficult and large-scale farming impossible. 3. Commercial Farming: Modern Inputs used: HYV (High yielding variety) seeds, chemical fertilizers, insecticides, and pesticides. Commercialization: Varies by region. Examples: Wheat and rice. Plantation: Single crop grown on a large area. Requires intensive capital and many workers. Needs good transport, communication, processing JOSH METER? industries, and market. Examples: Tea, coffee, rubber, sugarcane, banana.  PRASHANT KIRAD Cropping Patterns in India: exam me ayega (E.M.A) Rabi Kharif Zaid Aspect Rabi Crops Kharif Crops Zaid Crops Sowing Period Winter (Oct-Dec) Monsoon (May-Jul) Summer (Mar-Jun) Harvesting Summer to Early Summer (Apr-Jun) Autumn (Sep-Oct) Period Monsoon (Jun-Jul) Paddy, maize, jowar, Watermelon, cucumber, Wheat, barley, peas, bajra, tur (arhar), moong, Crops muskmelon, vegetables, gram, mustard urad, cotton, jute, fodder crops groundnut, soybean Winter rainfall from Irrigated crops grown Reason for Western cyclones Monsoon rains between Rabi and Success (Dec-Jan) Kharif seasons Climate Cool and dry Warm and wet Hot and dry Three types of paddy crop : Aus, Aman and Boro. Major Crops: (E.M.A) (ii) Wheat (गेहूँ) Cropping Season : Rabi Crop (i) Rice (चावल) Temperature : Cool growing Cropping Season : Kharif Crop season and Bright sunshine during Temperature : 25 degree C harvest. Rainfall : Above 100cm Rainfall : 50cm to 75cm. Area : Northern plains, Area : Ganga-Sutluj plain and Northeastern states and deltaic Black soil region of Deccan region State :Punjab, Haryana, Uttar State : Orissa, West Bengal, Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. Bihar and Tamil Nadu. Second most important cereal Most important cereal crop. crop. (iii) Maize (मक्का) Cropping Season : Kharif Crop Area : Old alluvial tracks State : Temperature : 21 degree C to 27 Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and degree C Madhya Pradesh Rainfall : 75cm to 100cm Used as both food and fodder.  PRASHANT KIRAD (iv) Pulses (दालें) (v) Millets - Have high nutritional Cropping Season : Depend on value (ज्वार, बाजरा, रागी) crops 1. Jowar : Third most important Temperature : 25 degree C to crop, Rainfed crop. Maharashtra 30 degree C is the largest producer. Rainfall : Average 45cm Area : 2. Bajra : Grows well on Sandy soil Evenly distributed all over the and Black soil. Rajasthan is largest country State : UP, Rajasthan, producer. Karnataka and Madhya Pradesh 3. Ragi : Crop of dry region, grows Largest producer and well on Red, Black, Sandy and consumer. Loamy soil. Karnataka is the largest producer. Food Crops other than Grains: (i) Sugarcane (गन्ना) Temperature : 21°C to 27°C Rainfall : 75cm to 100cm, hot & humid climate. Tropical as well as sub-tropical crop. Need Manual labour. India is the second largest producer after Brazil. Raw Material/Source of Jaggery, Khandsari, Sugar and Molasses. Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka (ii) Oil Seeds (तेल के बीज) India - 2nd largest producer (groundnut) in 2015 (after China). 3rd largest producer of rapeseed (after Canada and China) Cover approximately 12% of India's total cropped area. Groundnut, mustard, coconut, sesamum (til), soyabean, castor seeds, cotton seeds, linseed, sunflower. Mostly edible and used as cooking mediums as well as aw materials for soap, cosmetics, and ointments. Groundnut: Kharif crop, major producer (Gujarat, followed by Rajasthan and Tamil Nadu). Linseed and mustard: Rabi crops. Sesamum: Kharif crop in the north, Rabi crop in the south. Castor seed: Grown as both Rabi and Kharif crop.  PRASHANT KIRAD (iii) Tea (चाय) Plantation agriculture, Processed within tea gardens Climate: Tropical and sub-tropical, deep fertile well-drained soil, rich in humus Warm, moist, frost-free climate; frequent showers Labor-intensive, requires abundant, cheap, and skilled labor, Major States: Assam, West Bengal (Darjeeling, Jalpaiguri), Tamil Nadu, Kerala, as well as other States: Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Meghalaya, Andhra Pradesh, Tripura (iv) Coffee (कॉफी) Known for good quality Variety: Arabica (from Yemen) Major Regions: Baba Budan Hills, Nilgiri in Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu (v) Horticulture Crops Second largest producer globally Tropical and temperate fruits Major Fruits and States: Mangoes: Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal Oranges: Nagpur, Cherrapunjee (Meghalaya) Bananas: Kerala, Mizoram, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu Lichi and Guava: Uttar Pradesh, Bihar Pineapples: Meghalaya Grapes: Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Maharashtra Apples, Pears, Apricots, Walnuts: Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh Non-Food Crops: (E.M.A) Rubber: Equatorial crop (also grown in tropical/sub-tropical areas) Moist, humid; rainfall > 200 cm; temperature > 25°C Important industrial raw material Major States: Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Garo Hills (Meghalaya) Pointers yaad rakhna, important h!  PRASHANT KIRAD Fibre Crops Cotton, jute, hemp, natural silk Source: Cotton, jute, hemp from soil; silk from silkworm cocoons (sericulture). Cotton (कपास): Raw material for cotton textile industry. High temperature, light rainfall/irrigation, 210 frost-free days, bright sunshine Kharif crop, 6-8 months to mature Major States: Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Tamil Nadu, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh Jute: (golden fibre) (जूट) Well-drained fertile soils, high temperature Major States: West Bengal, Bihar, Assam, Odisha, Meghalaya Uses: Gunny bags, mats, ropes, yarn, carpets, artefacts Market: Losing to synthetic fibers (nylon) due to high cost Technological and Institutional Reforms: Technological Reforms: (E.M.A) Green Revolution: Increased agricultural production using HYV seeds, fertilizers, and irrigation. White Revolution (Operation Flood): Boosted milk production, making India a top milk producer. Weather Bulletins & Agricultural Programs: Broadcasted on radio and TV for farmers. Subsidies: Provided on agricultural products to support farmers. (E.M.A) Institutional Reforms Post-Independence: Focused on collectivization, consolidation of holdings, cooperation, and abolition of the zamindari system. First Five Year Plan: Emphasized land reforms to address land fragmentation. Crop Insurance: Covered drought, flood, cyclone, fire, and disease. Financial Support: Banks, cooperative societies, and grameen banks established for low-interest loans. Farmer Benefit Schemes: Personal Accident Insurance Scheme (PAIS) and Kisan Credit Card (KCC).  PRASHANT KIRAD Bhoodan-Gramdan Movement Initiator: Vinoba Bhave, a follower of Gandhi. Bhoodan: Land donation movement; started in Pochampalli, Andhra Pradesh. Gramdan: Extension where entire villages were donated. Impact: Known as the Blood-less Revolution, promoted land distribution and cooperative farming. Contribution of Agriculture to the national economy, employment and output Backbone of Economy: Agriculture has been crucial for the Indian economy. Employment: In 2010-11, about 52% of the workforce was employed in agriculture. GDP Contribution: Share in GDP has been declining since 1951. Modernization Efforts: Government initiatives include the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), agricultural universities, veterinary services, animal breeding centers, and horticulture development. Rural Infrastructure: Efforts to improve rural infrastructure for agricultural development. Employment Challenges: Despite GDP growth, agriculture's growth rate is decelerating, and it’s not generating sufficient employment. Impact of Globalisation on Agriculture Post-1990, Indian farmers face international competition and reduced public investment in agriculture. Subsidy Reduction: Decreased subsidies on fertilizers have increased production costs. Import Duties: Reduction in import duties has negatively impacted local agriculture. Farmer Challenges: International competition, reduced investment, and subsidy cuts lead to economic challenges for farmers. Diversification: Farmers are encouraged to diversify from cereals to high- value crops to increase income and reduce environmental impact. “Class 10th Phodenge” - Prashant Bhaiya  PRASHANT KIRAD MAP WORK (i) Rice (ii) Wheat Top 7 Questions 1.“Irrigation has changed the cropping pattern of many regions in India”. Analyse this statement. Ans. It is true that irrigation has changed the cropping pattern of many regions. Due to availability of irrigation facilities even those crops are now cultivated which were earlier not possible to cultivate in certain areas. For example, rice requires annual rainfall of over 100 cm and standing water. The launching of Green Revolution has enabled proper irrigation facilities in Punjab and Haryana. This has resulted in production of paddy (rice) to grow even in less rainfall areas. 2.Name any four oilseeds produced in India. What is their economic importance? Ans. Oilseeds produced in India are groundnut, mustard, coconut, sesamum (til), soyabean, castor seeds, cotton seeds, linseed and sunflower. Groundnut is a kharif crop, linseed and mustard are rabi crop, sesamum is a kharif crop in  PRASHANT KIRAD North India and rabi crop in South India. Castor seed is grown both as rabi and kharif crop. Economic importance of oilseeds are as follows: (i) Oilseeds are used as cooking medium. (ii) Oil extracted from oilseeds is used as raw material in the production of soap, cosmetics and ointments. (iii) After extraction of oil from oilseeds, a by product is remained. This is known as oil cake. This oil cake is used as fertilisers and also for cattle fuel. 3.Explain any four characteristics of commercial farming in India. Ans. Major characteristics of commercial farming in India are: Commercial farming is crop selective and aims to provide raw materials for industries. It is done for selling the agricultural products in the market or for exports. It requires intensive use of modern inputs like High Yielding Variety (HYV) seeds, chemical fertilisers, insecticides, pesticides etc. to increase productivity. Commercial farming induces development activities in transport, connectivity and processing industries. 4. Describe the conditions required for cultivation of sugarcane. Ans. The conditions required for the cultivation of sugarcane are as follows: Sugarcane is a tropical as well as subtropical crop. It requires temperature in the range of 21 degree - 27 degree Celsius and rainfall from 75-100cm. It grows well in fertile, well drained soil and hot and humid type of climate. It is annual crop and needs manual labour from sowing to harvesting 5. Highlight three differences between Kharif crop and Rabi crop. Rabi Crops Kharif Crops Rabi crops are sown during the winter Kharif crops are sown with the onset of months, from October to December. the monsoon, from May to July. These crops are harvested in the spring, Kharif crops are harvested in the autumn, from April to June. from September to October. Rabi crops require less irrigation Kharif crops require high rainfall or compared to Kharif crops. better irrigation sources.  PRASHANT KIRAD 5Markers 6. Why is agriculture called the backbone of Indian economy? Ans. Agriculture is called the backbone of Indian economy due to the following reasons: (i) Agriculture is a primary activity in India and employs almost two-third of its population. (ii) Agriculture provides raw materials for various industries like sugarcane, cotton, etc. in India. (iii) Some agricultural products like tea, coffee, spices are major exports of India. (iv) Many industries that produce agricultural inputs like fertilisers, farm machinery, etc. survive because of agriculture. (v) Agriculture provides food for consumption due to which people directly or indirectly depend on agriculture. 7. Name the two beverage crops grown in India. Describe their growing areas. Ans. (i) Tea: An example of plantation agriculture, an important beverage crop introduced in India by the British. Grows well in tropical and sub-tropical climates endowed with deep and fertile well-drained soil, rich in humus and organic matter. Require warm and moist frost-free climate, frequent showers evenly distributed over the year. A labour intensive industry, requires abundant cheap and skilled labour. Major producing states are Assam, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Kerala. Apart from these, Himachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Meghalaya, Andhra Pradesh and Tripura and also tea-producing states in the country. (ii) Coffe: India produces about four per cent of the world’s coffee production. The Arabica variety produced in the country is in great demand all over the world. Is cultivated in Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu.