Aerospace Dimensions Study Guide PDF 2000

## STUDENT STUDY GUIDE FOR AEROSPACE DIMENSIONS 2000 **Published by** National Headquarters Civil Air Patrol Aerospace Education Maxwell AFB, Alabama ### CONTENTS **Introduction** - Page iii **Improving Study Skills** - Page 1 - Developing Good Study Habits - Page 3 - Calculating Reading Time -...

## STUDENT STUDY GUIDE FOR AEROSPACE DIMENSIONS 2000 **Published by** National Headquarters Civil Air Patrol Aerospace Education Maxwell AFB, Alabama ### CONTENTS **Introduction** - Page iii **Improving Study Skills** - Page 1 - Developing Good Study Habits - Page 3 - Calculating Reading Time - Page 3 - Developing Good Reading Skills - Page 4 - Listen Effectively - Page 4 - Taking Notes - Page 5 - Improving Your Memory - Page 5 - Taking a Test - Page 6 **Module 1 - Introduction to Flight** - Page 9 **Module 2 - Aircraft Systems & Airports** - Page 14 **Module 3 - Air Environment** - Page 18 **Module 4 - Rockets** - Page 22 **Module 5 - Space Environment** - Page 25 **Module 6 - Spacecraft** - Page 29 **Appendix 1 - Answers** - Module 1 - Page 32-34 - Module 2 - Page 34-36 - Module 3 - Page 36-38 - Module 4 - Page 38-39 - Module 5 - Page 39-41 - Module 6 - Page 41-42 ### INTRODUCTION We designed this study guide to be used with the Phase I and II aerospace education program, Aerospace Dimensions. This study guide should help you review the material and reinforce your knowledge of the six modules that make up Aerospace Dimensions. The study guide begins with a section on improving study skills. It includes sections on: developing good study habits, calculating reading time, developing good reading skills, listen effectively, taking notes, improving your memory and taking a test. These sections offer valuable information and tips that will help you with your CAP lessons or with your schoolwork. We hope you will find these sections useful. The study guide contains lots of questions for each chapter of each module. When you answer the questions, try to respond without looking up the answer. This will be a good review and a way to find out how well you know the material. Also, spend a little time thinking about the main ideas and concepts of the modules. Notice also that the learning outcomes of each module are included. Studying these outcomes will help you prepare for the tests. The answers to the questions can be found in the appendix of this guide, or you can look them up in the text. The reference page for each answer is also included in the appendix. So, good luck, and we hope you find this guide interesting, helpful and worthwhile. ### IMPROVING STUDY SKILLS The next few pages contain some helpful hints for studying. These hints apply whether you are involved with Civil Air Patrol books or with your schoolwork. Take a few minutes and look over these pages. They should help you work more efficiently. #### Organizing Your Time There never is enough time! How many times have we heard that or even said that ourselves. We are all busy, no question about it. However, some people seem to accomplish a lot more than others. How do they do it? Some people are more organized than others. Let's take a look at a couple of ideas to help you better organize your time. The first step in organizing your time is making a To Do List. Be sure that you prioritize your list. Use any system that works for you, for instance, you could number each item based on ranking them in the order that you plan to complete them. ie. 1, 2, 3, etc. Or you could use a 1 -- for high priority, 2 -- for medium, and 3 -- for low, or simply H, M, L. Just be sure to classify them in some way. See charts below: | Priority | Assignment | |---|---| | 1 | History -- Read chap 5 | | 2 | Math -- Complete Homework | **OR** | Priority | Assignment | |---|---| | H | Write English Paper | | M | Read Science chap 9 | Next, you need to make a time schedule. Two examples are listed on the next page. Either will work. The main idea is to fill out the schedule and use it. Be accountable for your time and then stick to it the best you can. If you have everything listed and you use your schedule, you are already on your way to being more organized. The first example of a schedule is very general in nature. Just block the times you want to study that day. That part is up to you. So, this gives you the flexibility to fit the studying in when you can. This is fine, but you must be responsible to ensure that you do actually study. You should remember that you may not be able to study for two hours straight and stay alert enough to get all you can from the lesson. A quick 5-10 minute break to get up and stretch or walk around can help clear your mind a little and refresh you. After the break, get back to work. This establishes a good routine, plus its better than studying for two hours straight. You will retain more. Notice that the second example is much more specific. It even lists the hours of the days. This one isn't nearly as flexible and requires some dedication and commitment. This one is easier to follow after you have already established good study habits and have proven to yourself that you can follow such a schedule. Once you set your starting time, do your best to stick to it. Have your paper, pens, pencils, books and anything else you need with you when you begin studying. Be realistic with your priorities and adjust your schedule accordingly, if you must. **Week of** | Hour | Mon | Tues | Wed | Thur | Fri | Sat | Sun | |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| | AM | | | | | | | | | 7-8 | | | | | | | | | 8-9 | | | | | | | | | 9-10 | | | | | | | | | 10-11 | | | | | | | | | 11-12 | | | | | | | | | 12-1 | | | | | | | | | 1-2 | | | | | | | | | 2-3 | | | | | | | | | 3-4 | | | | | | | | | 4-5 | | | | | | | | | 5-6 | | | | | | | | | 6-7 | | | | | | | | | 7-8 | | | | | | | | | 8-9 | | | | | | | | | 9-10 | | | | | | | | | 10-11 | | | | | | | | #### Developing Good Study Habits Another area where we should spend some time is in developing good study habits. If you have followed the tips from the Organizing Your Time section you are already on the right track to better studying habits. Here are a few more tips for your consideration. - Arrange a study area that has good lighting, a comfortable chair and comfortable temperature. - Create a good environment for studying, one without distractions. Noise, whether from the radio or television, is a distracter. Some students like to study with the radio or television on, but in most cases, they could concentrate better and retain it longer without the noise. - Study while you are alert. Know when your best times are for studying. Some people study best in the morning, while others do best at night. Know what works for you. - Don't force yourself to stay awake. You must be alert to get the most out of your studying. Also, know where you study best. It might be at the library, your home, or somewhere else, but know where it is. - Set realistic amounts of time for studying. Know how long you can study before taking a break. When you find yourself daydreaming, stop, take a quick break and then get back at it. If you are fighting boredom and are unfocused, get up and move around, have a drink of water, or turn down the heat. It's all right to take breaks. The key is to keep them short and get back to your studies. - Finally, work on one assignment at a time, and if you can, finish it before moving on to the next task. These few pages on studying were meant to give you some ideas about how to study better and be more efficient with your time. They are not a comprehensive list of all the do's and don'ts on studying. However, we do hope these tips are helpful to you. #### Calculating Reading Time Here is a quick way to figure how much time it should take you to read an assignment: 1. Count the number of pages you must read. 2. Use the following formula to calculate the number of pages you must read each day: Total pages + Number of days x 4 (average minutes per page) 3. Divide the total number of pages you must read by the number of days you have in which you have to read them. **Example:** You have 40 pages of aerospace reading due in 4 days; divide 40 by 4 (40 + 4 = 10). You need to read 10 pages each day. 4. Multiply the number of pages you must read each day by the number of minutes it takes to read a page. **Example:** 10 x 4 = 40. You must read 40 minutes per day for 4 days to complete your assignment. Remember, this is an average. Your time may vary. #### Developing Good Reading Skills Let's go over a few steps which can improve your reading skills. First of all, you should understand how the text is organized. You can do this by going over the table of contents. This will give you a chapter-by-chapter listing. Then read the introduction, which is written by the author and usually gives a detailed overview of the book. The next step should be to skim over your reading. Skimming includes reading subheadings and illustrations, as well as thoroughly reading introductory paragraphs and summaries at the end of the chapters. Be sure also to read the first sentence of every paragraph, which usually includes the main idea of the paragraph. Next, go back over the material and read for details. Read one chapter at a time. Don't go on to the next chapter until you've written definitions of key terms and written some questions and answers to clarify the material. To increase your reading speed, focus your attention and concentration. Eliminate outside distractions and provide a comfortable environment. Finally, try to grasp general concepts rather than every detail. To increase your comprehension try to learn sequentially by building on what you already know. Review the main points and test yourself to see what you remember. Summarize what you've studied, writing it in your own words. #### Listen Effectively Here are a few things to help you listen more effectively: - Sit in front of the class or auditorium, if possible. - Pay close attention to the first and last 5 minutes of the lecture. Listen for what the instructor going to talk about and then for the summary of what was discussed. - Concentrate on what the speaker is saying, not what he/she looks like or how he/she is dressed. - Listen with your mind, not your emotions. - Be prepared by reading your assignment ahead of time. - Relate ideas from the lecture to any previous lectures or personal experiences. - Seek answers to information you don't understand. - Avoid conduct distracting to others. - Participate constructively in discussions. #### Taking Notes - Be sure to list the date of the lecture and the chapter of the material being covered. - When a lecturer writes on the board it is usually important, so take notes on it. - When reading, watch for key phrases like, "There are three main reasons...", "This is important because...", or "The main point is.....". - Use your own system for abbreviations, symbols, underlining, etc. Highlight or mark important information. - Compress sentences into shorter phrases using your own words. - Write down facts accurately. - Summarize the main points of a lecture or chapter. - Study the text and the lecture notes together. #### Improving Your Memory - Don't study when you are hungry, disorganized or upset. - Make sure your facts are correct before trying to remember them. - Get the proper amount of sleep. At least 4 to 6 hours is necessary for good memory retention the next day. Many people require 6 hours or more. - Build your memory with several shorter study sessions over several days. Five hours spread out over a few days is better than five hours straight in the same day. - After a lecture, review your notes for 5-10 minutes. Then do it again the next day. - Consider joining a study group. It can help you obtain a complete understanding of the material. #### Taking a Test Before discussing taking a test, let's look at getting ready for a test. Many students experience test anxiety. This is very common, and it includes everything from just being a little nervous, to some students becoming very ill. Many students will get sweaty palms and feel like their mind is going blank. Probably all of us have experienced some of this at one time or another. Once you realize you have this problem, for the most part, there are things you can do to help. One way to help is to be prepared; study. Conduct regular reviews of the material for up to a week before the test. Ask yourself questions from the text and your notes. This will help with the problem of cramming and pulling all-nighters. Regular studying will help you feel you are ready for the test, and will give you some added confidence which should help with your anxiety. Be confident, think positively, and relax. Take a deep breath. Actually, take a few deep breaths, lean back in your chair and try to relax you muscles. Another thing, don't be in a hurry to take a test. Take your time, think while you are answering the questions. However, don't be slow and methodical either, but work at a steady, comfortable pace and keep moving. Don't worry about being the first one done, or about being one of the last students still working. Being the first one done doesn't insure a good grade, it just means you have turned your paper in and can't go over it anymore. When you are finished with your test, go back over it, and make sure you've answered all of the questions. When it comes to actually taking the test, always read the instructions carefully. Read or listen for any special rules, such as extra penalties for guessing or for certain questions being worth more points than others. If either of these occur, it should impact on your test strategy. For instance, if you lose additional credit for guessing, you must stop and decide if you are relatively sure, or making an educated guess, or whether it's a wild guess. If there is no additional penalty for guessing, make sure you answer every question. If some questions count more points you'll probably want to spend more time on them, so gage your time accordingly. Some students will begin with the first question and go right through the test in order. Others will start with number one, but will skip ones they are unsure and save them for later. If you subscribe to this philosophy, be sure you allow enough time at the end to go back and answer the ones you left. Also, be sure to mark them somehow so you can find them quickly. Either one of these strategies work fine, just remember not to spend too much time on any one question. Always be aware of the time factor so you can pace yourself. If the teacher doesn't remind you in some way, you might jot the time down on a piece of paper every 10 minutes or so. Here are a few tips for multiple-choice tests. - Read the question carefully and look for any key qualifying words such as: not, never, none, always, all or every. - Watch for answers which state “all of the above” or “none of the above"; give them careful consideration. If you find that two of the responses are correct, then they all are. - Watch for one response being longer and more detailed than the rest; many times this will be the right answer. Here are a few tips for essay questions. - If there is more than one question, read or at least skim all of the questions. - Underline important phrases, words, or facts within the question. Be able to emphasize what is important and what you have to address in your answer. - Off to the side or on a separate sheet of paper, jot down pertinent facts and key ideas that should be included in your answer, so when you begin answering the question you can refer to your notes, and you won't forget. Don't take a lot of time, use short phrases or single words that will trigger your memory. Take a moment and organize these facts and ideas in order so you will know how to move through the question. - Most importantly with essay questions, make sure you are answering the question and are addressing what the teacher wants. - Care about your spelling, grammar and legibility; these things can affect your grade. ### AEROSPACE DIMENSIONS MODULE 1: INTRODUCTION TO FLIGHT **Instructions:** This STUDY GUIDE is designed to help you prepare for the examinations after each module. This guide is designed for self-study; however, it is suggested that cadets use the study guide to quiz each other in a group session. This is fun and very often, will help promote a better understanding of concepts. **Chapter 1 - Flight** **Learning Outcomes** Upon completion of this chapter, the cadet should know: - The relationship between Bernoulli's Principle, Newton's three laws of motion and how they were used to develop a machine that could fly. - The coefficient of lift and the parameters involved. - The parts of an airplane and an airfoil. - The four forces affecting an airplane in flight. - The three axes, movement around those axes and the control surfaces that create the motion. **Chapter 2 - To Fly By The Lifting Power of Rising Air** **Learning Outcomes** Upon completion of this chapter, the cadet should know: - How gliders use the environment to obtain altitude. - Why gliders look differently than powered airplanes. - How gliders can achieve great distances without power. **Chapter 3 - Balloons, They Create Their Own Thermals** **Learning Outcomes** Upon completion of this chapter, the cadet should know: - The principle of buoyancy and how this relates to the flight of a balloon. - The components of a balloon and how each works in the flight profile. - The history of the balloon and why it's recognized as the first powered, manned flight. **Why Aerospace Education?** 1. Aerospace education is defined as that branch of ______ concerned with communicating _________ about aerospace activities and the total ______ of air and space vehicles upon society. 2. Aerospace education is a mission of the Civil Air Patrol. It was derived from a Public Law that was signed into existence on what date? 3. What nation leads the world in aerospace technology? **Chapter 1--Flight** 4. An ______ is any machine that is capable of flying through the air. 5. This aircraft is kept aloft by the aerodynamic forces upon it wings and is thrust forward by a propeller, or other means of propulsion such as a jet or rocket. 6. The word aerospace is a combination of ______ and ______. 7. Air is made up of several gases. Which one of these gases makes up the greatest percentage in the atmosphere? 8. If "sub” means below, “trans” means between, and “super” means above or beyond, develop three words from these prefixes for the range of speeds below, between, and beyond the speed of sound: ______, ______, and ______. 9. If a control surface, such as a vertical or horizontal stabilizer, does not move or provide lift, can it still be considered an airfoil? ______ 10. If you mount a ski rack on top of an automobile, it creates aerodynamic ______ and this can affect gas mileage. 11. Forces in motion are said to be ______. (Y/N) 12. If the air is dead calm at an airport, can airplanes still fly? ______ 13. When an airplane moves down the runway, for takeoff, a flow of air is created in the opposite direction to the direction of the takeoff. This is known as the ______. 14. There is a line between the leading and trailing edges of a wing. What is it called? 15. In the myth about Icarus and Daedulus, it gives an account of a man and his son flying from an island across the Aegean Sea. There is an error in the myth that has to do with their flight. Which of the following answers best describes that error. a. As Daedulus flew higher, the wax on his wings melted. b. As Icarus flew higher, the temperature of the air should have been cooler. c. Sea bird feathers don't provide lift. d. Warm bee's wax won't stick to human arms. 16. A very significant date in history was November 21, 1783. What happened on that date? a. Joseph and Etienne Montgolfier first flew in a hot air balloon. b. The first hydrogen balloon flew over Paris, France. c. Marco Polo first flew the English Channel in a Montgolfier balloon. d. None of the above are correct. 17. In 1299 AD, Marco Polo observed ______ sailors being used as observers aboard what kind of a flying device? 18. A bird is a living ______ machine. 19. A large bubble of warm air is used to lift what kind of flying machine? ______. Who is given credit for inventing this flying machine? ______. 20. When you learn the Important Terms in the new Introduction To Aerospace, you are learning a new ______. 21. The action of a bird's wing that moves the air downward and backward can be compared to a ______ on an airplane. 22. A bird has two “control surfaces" for maneuvering. They are the ______ and the ______. 23. Sir Isaac Newton's three laws of motion can be used to explain how a bird flies. When the wings move downward, this propels a bird forward as well as providing lift. This is an example of Newton's ______ Law. 24. The curvature, or camber, on the upper surface of a bird's wing, is an example of what kind of “lift.” (Bernoulli or Newton) ______. 25. As a fluid, like air, is accelerated, the ______ drops. This is an example of ______ Law. 26. As the air flows over the the top of a wing, it is accelerated. What happens to the pressure? 27. As air passes under a wing, a certain amount of lift is generated. This is an example of ______ Law. 28. The ______ is an imaginary line, in an airfoil, that connects the leading and trailing edges. 29. A curvature on the top of a wing, is called the ______. 30. Name the two natural forces acting upon and airplane in flight: ______ and ______. 31. Name the two ______ artificial forces acting upon an airplane in flight: ______ and ______. 32. A person weighing 160 pounds is flying a high performance fighter. In one combat maneuver, that person weighs 1280 pounds. How many "Gs” is that? 33. Bicycle helmets now have a distinct “tear drop,” or streamlined shape. This is an effort to reduce what natural force? 34. When an airplane is ready for takeoff, the pilot applies power. This power provides an artificial force called ______ and it overcomes a natural force known as ______. As the plane gathers speed, a mechanical device, called an airfoil, or ______ causes a fluid, commonly known as ______, to accelerate over under and around the airfoil. This causes a ______ in pressure on the upper ______. When the pressure on the top is ______, the airfoil will rise away from the oncoming air, ______ also impacts the underside of the ______. The oncoming air, ______, also impacts the underside of the ______. This is an example of ______ Law. State that law in its entirety: 35. The control surfaces on the trailing edge of a paper airplane's wing are called ______. 36. There are four ways of increasing lift in an airfoil. They are: - ______ - ______ - ______ - ______ - ______ - ______ 37. When a wing is angled upward, this is called "increasing the ______ of ______.” At a certain point, the airflow over the top of the wing will separate. This causes the boundary layer of air to break away from the upper camber of the wing. When this happens, a loss of lift occurs. This is called a ______. 38. What is that point at which a wing will stall? 39. The word "burble” means turbulent, tumbling air. This occurs over the top of a wing during a ______. 40. That axis which passes through an airplane from nose to tail? 41. That axis which passes through an airplane from top to bottom? 42. That axis which passes through an airplane from wingtip to wingtip? 43. Movement around the axis in question #43 is called? 44. Movement around the axis in question #44 is called? 45. Movement around the axis in question #45 is called? 46. The point where all three axes come together is called the ______. 47. What control surface, on an airplane, makes it roll about the vertical axis? - ______ - ______ - ______ - ______ 48. The elevator causes the nose to ______ up and down. 49. The ailerons cause the aircraft to ______ about its longitudinal axis. 50. The ______ causes the aircraft to yaw about its vertical axis. 51. If an elevator and stabilizer are combined to make one control surface that acts by changing angle of attack, it is called a ______. 52. When one aileron moves down, the other ______. 53. A propeller is actually a wing lifting ______. 54. In close to the hub of a propeller, the ______ of ______ is greater than at the tip. 55. The tip of a propeller achieves most of its "lift" because of greater ______. 56. The "wing" of a propeller is called the ______. **Chapter 2-To Fly By The Lifting Power of Rising Air** 57. Fluid motion due to regions of unequal heating is called? 58. The ratio between the span of a wing and its chord is called? 59. The mathematical relationship between the distance a glider will travel forward to the loss of altitude is known as the ______. 60. A column of air that moves vertically is known as ______. 61. What is the great force that drives the motion of our atmosphere? 62. If the average worldwide temperature at 59 degrees Fahrenheit, what would be average temperature for a city 5000 above sea level. 63. To find the Celsius equivalent of a Fahrenheit temperature, use the formula C=5/9(F-32). Based on this formula, what is the average Celsius equivalent temperature, worldwide, if the average Fahrenheit temperature at sea level is 59 degrees. Ans. ______. 64. If a glider's wing has a span of 80 feet and a chord of 4 feet, what is the aspect ratio? 65. If the Air Force Academy TG-4A glider has an aspect ratio of 11.85 to 1, what is the chord of its wing? 66. The dive brakes, or spoilers, on the TG-4A create a ______ of ______ when deployed in flight. 67. Adding a penny to a foam glider adds weight ahead of the ______ of ______. **Chapter 3-Balloons—They Create Their Own Thermals** 68. The heat source for filling an envelope with hot air is known as the ______. 69. A lightweight, low carbon fuel used in hot air balloon burners? 70. The main body of a hot air balloon? 71. A balloon operates on the principle of ______. 72. A typical hot air balloon will derive about ______ of lift per 1,000 cubic feet. If a balloon has a volume of 68,500 cubic feet, how much weight can be lifted? 73. Based on the weight of an average human being 170 pounds, four tanks of propane at 290 pounds, an envelope weighing 160 pounds, a basket and burner assembly at 150 pounds, how many passengers and miscellaneous pieces of equipment will the balloon in question #76 carry? 74. A ______ inside of the envelope of a hot air balloon allows the pilot to release hot air for the purpose of descent. 75. Although a hot air balloon has no horizontal control, pilots can achieve some directional changes by seeking out changes in ______ at various altitudes. ### MODULE 2: AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS & AIRPORTS **Chapter 1 – Airplane Systems** 1. The ratio of fuel to air in which, upon combustion, all of the fuel is burned, is known as the ______. 2. An ______ engine converts chemical energy into mechanical energy. 3. The four stroke operating cycle of a reciprocating engine are: (a) ______, (b) ______, (c) ______, and (d) ______. 4. In a jet engine, air is mixed with fuel and ignited in ______ stage. 5. In a jet engine, fuel is often sprayed into the exhaust stage. This gives additional thrust and is called an ______. 6. When a mixture contains more fuel than is needed for normal combustion, it is called a ______ mixture. 7. When a mixture contains less fuel than needed for normal combustion, it is called a ______ mixture. 8. When the fuel tanks are mounted above the engine, as you would find in high wing (Cessna type) airplanes, what force keeps the fuel moving toward the power plant? 9. What is the source of electrical power for the spark plugs? 10. A recurring series of events is called a ______. 11. As an airplane climbs higher, the air becomes thinner. This means that there is less air than at altitudes closer to the Earth. What control, located in the cockpit, does the pilot use to decrease the amount of fuel that is allowed to enter the intake phase? 12. Most aircraft carburetors are located on the ______ of the engine. 13. A carburetor has a restriction called the ______. When air enters the ______, it speeds up and the ______ drops. This is an example of ______ Principle. 14. Referring to the illustration of the Pratt & Whitney turbofan jet engine, as the air enters the front end, it immediately starts being compressed. From this stage, the air enters the ______ which in turn rotates a shaft and powers the ______ located up front. The exhaust gases from this stage then pass through a ______ chamber where ______ occurs. 15. A jet engine, like a standard reciprocating engine, has four stages. They are: ______ and ______. 16. The two primary functions of the oil system in an airplane engine is ______ and ______. 17. Inside the cockpit, there are two gages that monitor the operation of the oil system. They are the ______ and ______. 18. The engine instrument that monitors engine speed is known as the ______. 19. There are three main flight instruments that operate from the pitot/static system. They are ______, ______, and ______. 20. The three flight instruments that operate on the principle of a spinning gyroscope are: ______, ______, and ______. 21. The standard pressure at sea level is 29.92 inches of mercury. What is the equivalent of this in millibars? 22. As we go higher in the atmosphere, the pressure ______. 23. The pressure drops approximately ______ inch per 1000 feet of altitude. 24. One flight instrument, other than the altimeter, monitors the rate of change in altitude. This is known as the ______. 25. Another flight instrument records the difference between static air and air being rammed into the system. This is the ______. 26. Some airspeed indicators show their numbers in knots. A "knot" is actually short for the "naut," or nautical mile. What is the length of a nautical mile in feet? 27. What is the length of a statute mile in feet? 28. If the distance between point A and point B is 25 statute miles, will the nautical equivalent number be (a) ______ longer or (b) ______ shorter? 29. The spinning "wheel" inside a gyro is called the ______. 30. What aircraft instrument was once known as the "artificial horizon?" 31. What flight instrument is actually and artificial compass? 32. What flight instrument can be monitored to give precise rate of turn information? 33. If an aircraft is moving toward the inside of a turn, it is said to be ______. If it is moving toward the outside of the turn it is ______. **Chapter 2 - Airports** 34. If an airport has a control tower, it is said to be a ______ airport. 35. The letters "FAA" stand for ______. 36. What is an airports "parking lot?" 37. Some airports have a problem with excessive noise and the governing authorities will set policies that deal with this problem. This is called ______. 38. A passageway between the parking area and the runway system is called a ______. 39. There are basically two sets of rules that govern flight. They are known as VFR and IFR. Which set will you follow in early flight training? 40. Once an airplane becomes airborne from an airport, it is subject to traffic rules. The first "leg" of the traffic pattern begins at takeoff and it is known as the ______. 41. When an airplane is approaching an airport for the purpose of landing, it is required to enter a standard traffic pattern. The first part of this pattern is known as "entry." From the entry leg, a pilot will turn ______ leg. This part of the pattern is followed until the pilot turns onto the ______ leg. The next leg points directly toward the ______ runway and this is known as ______. 42. There are two numbers, one at each end of the runway. These numbers are abbreviated ______. 43. If you were watching a movie and a control tower operator in that movie said to a pilot, "..... you are cleared to land on runway 44," you would know this is wrong. Why? 44. If runway 9 is actually three runways in parallel, their numbers would be ______, ______, and ______. 45. In the photograph of Jefferson County Airport, Broomfield, Colorado, you will see runway 29R in the center of the picture. After examining the runway markings you should be able to see that this is a ______ runway. (precision, non-precision) 46. In the same photograph, there is a runway that crosses runway 29R and it is exactly 90° to Runway 29R. What numbers would this runway have at each end? 47. If a runway sign is yellow with black lettering and gives information about such things as areas that cannot be seen by the control tower, noise abatement procedures and applicable radio frequencies, it is said to be an ______ sign. 48. If a sign provides direction to special locations like military or fixed base operations, it is said to be a ______ sign. 49. What color are threshold lights when viewed from the landing end? 50. What color are the border lights at most non-precision runways? 51. If you are a pilot on final approach to land, and you notice the VASI lights are both red, this is an indication that you are ______. 52. The beacon is a light that guides pilots to airports at night. If you see two white flashes, followed by a green flash, you know this is a ______ airport. 53. If a beacon has one white flash, followed by a yellow flash, it is a ______ airport. 54. What indicator uses the power of the wind to give direction? 55. The phonetic alphabet for the letter "U" is ______. **Chapter 3 - Airport to Airport - Aeronautical Charts** 56. A system of lines that run parallel to the equator? 57. All longitude lines converge at either the ______ or the ______. 58. A chart that is scaled 1:500,000 inches, or approximately 8 mile