Advocacy 1: Global Challenges and their Stakeholders PDF

Advocacy 1: Global Challenges and their Stakeholders Advocacy: act on behalf of an organization, etc. and influence the decision-making Types of Advocacy: Case Advocacy: attempts to solve a persons or a communities problem at a time Issue Advocacy: raising awareness around a broader problem or iss...

Advocacy 1: Global Challenges and their Stakeholders Advocacy: act on behalf of an organization, etc. and influence the decision-making Types of Advocacy: Case Advocacy: attempts to solve a persons or a communities problem at a time Issue Advocacy: raising awareness around a broader problem or issue Public Policy Advocacy: the process of influencing decision-makers to affect the outcome of public policies, such as laws and regulations. Involves citizens, businesses, non-profits, and government agencies supporting or denouncing policies Types of Public Policy Advocacy: Grassroots Mobilization: bottom-up approach. Includes signing a petition Lobbying (public affairs): involves communicating directly with members of parliament or other government officials to influence policy decisions. Includes tactics like in-person meetings, phone calls, and written communications Media Campaigns: self explanatory Advising: educating decision makers to come to the same conclusion as your campaign. Always about the representation of interest. Often a bigger part of lobbying and media campaigns Globalization …is the process of increasing integration of the world in terms of economics, politics, communications, social relations, and culture; increasingly undermines traditional state sovereignty International Relations …is the study of the interactions among the various actors that participate in international politics. It examines the behaviors of these actors as they participate individually and together in international political processes. International relations is an interdisciplinary field of inquiry using concepts and substances from political science, history, economics, and sociology In other words… the world as a global stage on which different actors participate, interact and behave ​ Globalization: is the growing integration of the world in terms of politics, economics, and culture.  ​ State: The legal and political Includes Government, population, territory, legitimacy, sovereignty ​ Nation: A group of people who share a common set of characteristics, such as common history and heritage, a common language and set of customs. ​ Sovereignty: Internal and external. Society Before the State System Feudal System Feudalism: the dominant social system in medieval Europe, in which the nobility held lands from the Crown in exchange for military service, and vassals were in turn tenants of the nobles, while the peasants(villeins or serfs) were obliged to live on their lord's land and give him homage, labour, and a share of the produce, notionally in exchange for military protection. ​ Territories Over States: In the feudal system, loyalty and governance were based on territorial holdings rather than defined nation-states. The land was divided among lords who held power over their respective territories. ​ Power Was Personal and Hereditary: Authority was typically concentrated in the hands of a few, often passed down through family lines. This created a hierarchy where power dynamics were determined by birth rather than merit or popular consent. ​ No Concept of Sovereignty: The notion of state sovereignty was absent; rulers did not possess the authority to govern a nation as an entity but rather controlled their lands as personal fiefs. ​ Church and State Were Intertwined: Religion played a crucial role in governance, with the church often having significant influence over political matters. This intertwining blurred the lines between spiritual and temporal authority. ​ The Right to Self-Determination Did Not Exist: Individuals had little to no agency in political matters, including the choice of their leaders. ○​ No Say in Leadership: The populace was largely excluded from decision-making processes, leading to disenfranchisement. ​ Rulers Owned Land, Not Nations: The concept of national identity was underdeveloped; rulers were seen as owners of land, not as representatives of a nation or its people. ​ Lack of National Identity: People identified more with localities or feudal obligations than with a larger national identity. ​ Religion Often Determined Loyalty: Loyalties were often dictated by religious affiliation, which could supersede any loyalty to a ruler or territorial claim. ​ No Political Representation: The absence of structured political representation meant that the needs and desires of the general populace were frequently overlooked.  ​ Wars Ignored People’s Wishes: Conflicts were often waged for the interests of the ruling class, with little regard for the desires or welfare of the common people. Transition to State Sovereignty ​ Separation of State Sovereignty from Mortal Sovereign: By the mid-Middle Ages, the concept of state sovereignty began to evolve, distinguishing the legal authority of the state from the personal authority of kings. This marked the beginning of the state as an omnipotent legal entity. Period: 1648-1750 ​ Important Actors: John Locke, Louis XIV, Peter the Great, Frederick II ​ Key Events: ○​ Treaties of Westphalia (1648): These treaties ended the Thirty Years' War and are often credited with establishing the principles of state sovereignty and non-interference. ○​ Emergence of States with National Armies: The development of centralized national armies marked a shift towards more structured state governance. ○​ Emergence of Dominant European States: As states consolidated power, certain nations began to dominate the European political landscape. ​ Key Terms/Concepts: ○​ Social Contract: The theory that individuals consent to form a society and government, relinquishing some freedoms for protection and order. ○​ Legitimacy: The right and acceptance of an authority, often a governing law or regime. ○​ Sovereignty: The authority of a state to govern itself without external interference. ○​ Absolute Monarchies: Forms of government where a single ruler holds supreme authority, often justified by divine right. Period: 1750-1815 ​ Important Actors: Adam Smith, American Revolutionaries, Napoleon Bonaparte ​ Key Events: ○​ Enlightenment: A cultural and intellectual movement emphasizing reason, individualism, and skepticism of authority. ○​ American Revolution (1776): A pivotal moment in history that emphasized self-determination and the rights of individuals.  ○​ French Revolution (1789-1799): A period of radical social and political change in France that influenced many nations. ○​ Napoleonic Wars: A series of conflicts led by Napoleon that reshaped Europe. ​ Key Terms/Concepts: ○​ Legitimacy: Growing emphasis on the legitimacy of governments based on the consent of the governed. ○​ Nationalism: A movement advocating for the interests of a particular nation, often in opposition to colonial or imperial rule. ○​ Invisible Hand Theory: Adam Smith's idea that self-interested actions of individuals can lead to positive social outcomes. ○​ Human Rights and Equality: The emerging recognition of individual rights as fundamental to governance. Period: 1815-1918 ​ Important Actors: Austria, Britain, France, Prussia, and Russia ​ Key Events: ○​ Congress of Vienna: A conference aiming to restore order and balance of power in Europe after the Napoleonic Wars. ○​ Emergence of a New International Political System: The rise of diplomatic relations and international law. ○​ Emergence of Small to Middle-Sized States: A proliferation of new states following the collapse of empires. ○​ Industrial Revolution: A transformative period that brought about economic and social change, influencing political structures. ○​ Gilded Age: A time of rapid economic growth marked by industrialization and wealth accumulation. ○​ Rise of Colonialism and Imperialism: European powers expanded their empires, leading to global conflicts. ○​ World War I: A catastrophic global conflict that reshaped international relations. ○​ Russian Revolution: A major political upheaval that led to the establishment of a communist government. ​ Key Terms/Concepts: ○​ Power Balance: The distribution of power among nations to prevent any one nation from becoming too dominant. ○​ Imperialism and Colonialism: Policies of extending a country's influence through colonization or military force. ○​ Hegemon: A leading or paramount power in a political system. ○​ Scramble for Africa: The rapid invasion, colonization, and division of African territory by European powers. ○​ Nationalism, Nation-State: The development of a sense of national identity and the establishment of nations as political entities.  ○​ Triple Alliance and Triple Entente: Military alliances formed in the lead-up to World War I. Period: 1918-1945 ​ Important Actors: Adolf Hitler, Karl Marx, Franklin Roosevelt, Joseph Stalin ​ Key Events: ○​ Treaty of Versailles: The peace treaty that ended World War I, imposing heavy reparations on Germany. ○​ Disintegration of Empires: The collapse of empires such as the Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empires post-WWI. ○​ The Great Depression: A severe worldwide economic depression that significantly impacted political landscapes. ○​ World War II: A global conflict that resulted in significant geopolitical changes. ​ Key Terms/Concepts: ○​ League of Nations: An intergovernmental organization founded after WWI to promote peace. ○​ Communism: A political and economic ideology advocating for classless society and collective ownership. ○​ National-Socialism: The ideology of the Nazi Party, emphasizing nationalism and dictatorial power. ○​ Parliamentary Democracies: A system of governance where the executive derives its democratic legitimacy from, and is directly accountable to, the legislature. Period: 1945-1990 ​ Important Actors: NATO, Warsaw Pact, EU, UN, Gandhi, Fidel Castro ​ Key Events: ○​ Emergence of Bipolar System: The division of global power into two opposing blocs led by the USA and USSR. ○​ Cold War: A prolonged period of political and military tension between the USA and the USSR. ○​ Cuban Missile Crisis: A critical moment in the Cold War, bringing the world to the brink of nuclear war. ○​ Decolonization of Latin America, Africa, the Middle East, and Asia: The process through which colonies gained independence. ○​ Vietnam War: A conflict that highlighted Cold War tensions and anti-colonial struggles.  ○​ Fall of the Berlin Wall: A significant event symbolizing the end of the Cold War and the division of Europe. ​ Key Terms/Concepts: ○​ Bipolar System: A global distribution of power dominated by two superpowers. ○​ Decolonization: The process of colonies gaining independence and sovereignty. ○​ Containment Strategy vs. Rollback Strategy: U.S. foreign policy approaches to countering communism. Rollback was a more aggressive approach aimed not just at containing communism but actively reducing its influence and reversing its gains. ○​ Glasnost and Perestroika: Policies initiated by Gorbachev aimed at reforming the Soviet Union. Glasnost translates to "openness" or "transparency." It was a policy aimed at increasing transparency in government institutions and promoting freedom of expression. Perestroika means "restructuring." This policy aimed at reforming the Soviet economy and political system. Period: 1990-Today ​ Important Actors: UN, Osama bin Laden, Trump, Assad, Merkel, Putin, Google, Meta ​ Key Events: ○​ Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait: A conflict that led to the Gulf War and highlighted issues of sovereignty and international law. ○​ Disintegration of Yugoslavia: Ethnic conflicts and wars leading to the breakup of Yugoslavia in the 1990s. ○​ Ethnic Conflicts: Ongoing tensions and violence in various parts of the world, often rooted in historical grievances. ○​ 9/11 Attacks: Terrorist attacks that transformed global security and foreign policy. ○​ Financial Crisis: The 2008 crisis had wide-ranging effects on economies and political systems. ○​ Arab Spring: A series of anti-government protests and uprisings across the Arab world. ○​ Rise of Populism: A political trend characterized by the support for leaders who claim to represent the "common people." ○​ Russia-Ukraine Conflict: Ongoing tensions and warfare highlighting issues of territorial integrity and sovereignty. ○​ Israel-Palestine Conflict: A long-standing geopolitical issue rooted in territorial and national identity disputes. ​ Key Terms/Concepts: ○​ Globalization: The process of increasing interconnection and interdependence among countries. ○​ Unipolar, Bipolar, and Multipolar Systems: Different global power structures describing the distribution of power among nations. A multipolar system includes  multiple significant powers that influence global affairs, creating a more complex international environment. ○​ BRICS: An acronym for an association of five major emerging economies: Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. Certainly! Here’s a more detailed summary of the PowerPoint presentation on "Advocacy 1: Global Challenges and their Stakeholders": Lecture 3 Overview Agenda The lecture focuses on key theories in international relations (IR), levels of analysis, and provides a roadmap for future discussions. Key Concepts Introduced ​ Anarchy in the International System: ○​ The document emphasizes that there is no central authority or "director" controlling global actors, leading to a state of anarchy. Anarchy does not imply chaos; rather, it indicates that states operate in a system where power dynamics are fluid and there is no overarching governance. Main Concepts of the Lecture 1.​ Power: ○​ Defined as the ability to influence others and control outcomes, resulting in effects that would not naturally occur. Power can manifest through various means, including military force. 2.​ Balance of Power: ○​ This refers to a situation where no single state or coalition can dominate others, ensuring relative equality among states. It is a foundational concept in realism, which posits that stability arises when power is distributed evenly. 3.​ Security Dilemma: ○​ A situation where one state's efforts to increase its security (e.g., by building up its military) are perceived as threats by other states, prompting them to enhance their own security. This cycle can lead to heightened tensions and conflict. Historical examples include the lead-up to World War I, where nations' militarization made others feel insecure. 4.​ Complex Interdependence: ○​ This concept suggests that states are linked through multiple channels (economic, social, and political), which reduces the likelihood of conflict. Issues are interconnected, and military force becomes less central compared to economic ties and diplomacy.  5.​ Identity: ○​ Refers to the self-conception of states based on certain qualities and beliefs. It shapes how states interact and perceive one another. 6.​ Norms: ○​ Collective expectations about appropriate behavior within the international community. Norms play a crucial role in guiding state actions and interactions. Theories of International Relations The document outlines three primary theories that explain international relations: 1.​ Realism: ○​ Historical Roots: Dating back to ancient thinkers like Thucydides and Machiavelli, realism emphasizes the anarchic nature of international politics. ○​ Core Tenets: ​ States are the primary actors. ​ Power and national interests drive state behavior. ​ Security is paramount, leading to a focus on military capabilities. ○​ Classical vs. Neo-realism: ​ Classical Realism: Views human nature as inherently conflictual, leading to state competition. ​ Neo-realism: Focuses more on the structure of the international system rather than human nature. It argues that the distribution of power among states is crucial for understanding international dynamics. 2.​ Liberalism: ○​ Origins: Emerged in the early 20th century, influenced by Enlightenment thinkers. ○​ Main Ideas: ​ While states are key actors, international organizations and cooperation are also vital. ​ Promotes the ideas of democracy and economic interdependence as avenues for peace. ​ Neoliberal Institutionalism: Highlights that states often cooperate due to ongoing interactions and complex interdependence, challenging the realist view of perpetual conflict. 3.​ Constructivism: ○​ Emergence: Gained prominence after the Cold War, it focuses on norms and identities rather than material factors. ○​ Key Perspectives: ​ The meanings of concepts and relationships are socially constructed through interactions. ​ State behavior is influenced by shared identities and norms, which can prevent conflict through the promotion of common values. Comparing Theories ​ Realism vs. Liberalism: ○​ Realism is more pessimistic, viewing international relations as inherently conflictual, while liberalism adopts a more optimistic view, emphasizing possibilities for cooperation and peace. ​ Constructivism: Challenges both realism and liberalism by arguing that ideas and identities shape international relations, indicating a more nuanced understanding of state behavior. Alternative Critiques of IR Theory 1.​ Marxist Theory: ○​ Focuses on class struggles and economic inequalities, positing that powerful states exploit weaker ones, rooted in imperialist practices. 2.​ Post-colonial Theory: ○​ Examines the lasting impacts of colonialism on global relations and emphasizes the need to understand historical inequalities that shape current dynamics. 3.​ Feminist Critiques: ○​ Argues that traditional IR theories are dominated by patriarchal perspectives, advocating for the inclusion of gender as a critical factor in understanding power and security. It posits that societal norms regarding gender influence state behavior and conflict. Lecture 4 Overview Levels of Analysis The document emphasizes that international relations can be studied through three distinct levels of analysis: 1.​ International System Level: This perspective examines the broader international context and the characteristics of the global system, questioning why certain patterns, like war, occur. It focuses on the structural dynamics of the international system. 2.​ State Level: Here, the analysis looks at individual states, their characteristics, and how these influence their behavior in international politics. It examines how state-specific factors contribute to actions taken on the global stage.  3.​ Individual Level: This level focuses on individuals, particularly decision-makers, and how their beliefs, experiences, and identities shape political outcomes. It underscores the importance of personal agency in the broader context of international relations. Theories of International Relations Three primary theories are discussed: 1.​ Realism: ○​ Key Characteristics: States are viewed as the primary actors in international relations, driven by power and self-interest. The international system is anarchic, meaning there is no overarching authority, and survival is the primary concern. ○​ Implications: Realists argue that the nature of international politics is defined more by anarchy than by human nature, emphasizing a competitive, power-centric worldview. 2.​ Liberalism: ○​ Key Characteristics: This theory posits that states are not the only important actors; individuals and international organizations also play significant roles. Liberals believe in the potential for cooperation and the importance of moral considerations in international relations. ○​ Implications: The theory supports the idea that increased interdependence among states can lead to peace and stability, challenging the realist view. 3.​ Constructivism: ○​ Key Characteristics: Constructivists focus on the social dimensions of international relations, emphasizing the roles of norms, identities, and the social constructions that shape state behaviors and interactions. ○​ Implications: This theory argues that understanding international politics requires examining the identities of actors and the norms that guide their interactions, suggesting that reality is constructed through social processes. Types of International Systems The lecture discusses different perspectives on the current international system:  ​ Liberals argue that globalization and the spread of democratic ideals have transformed international relations, moving beyond mere power politics. ​ Constructivists critique realism's focus on material forces and highlight the importance of ideational factors such as identities and norms. ​ Realists question why a global balance of power has not emerged post-Cold War, suggesting ongoing complexities in international dynamics. States and Tools of Statecraft The concept of statecraft is critical for understanding how states exert influence. Key elements include: ​ Power and Power Potential: Power is defined as the ability to influence outcomes, with power potential depending on a state's resources, including geography, natural resources, population, and military characteristics. ​ Types of Power: ○​ Hard Power: Coercive strategies used to compel other states to act in a desired way, often through military force or economic sanctions. ○​ Soft Power: The ability to persuade and attract others through cultural or ideological appeal, relying on legitimacy and values rather than coercion. ○​ Smart Power: A combination of both hard and soft power strategies, effectively using the strengths of each. Tools of Statecraft 1.​ Diplomacy: Engaging other states through dialogue and negotiation, with two types: ○​ Track One Diplomacy: Official negotiations among government representatives. ○​ Track Two Diplomacy: Informal discussions involving non-governmental actors, fostering open dialogue. 2.​ Economic Statecraft: Utilizing economic tools to achieve foreign policy goals: ○​ Engagement (Carrot): Encouraging states to cooperate through incentives. ○​ Sanctions (Stick): Punishing states for undesirable actions to enforce compliance.  3.​ Use of Force: States may resort to military action or the threat of force to influence others, employing strategies like: ○​ Compellence: Forcing a state to act. ○​ Deterrence: Preventing unwanted actions through the threat of punishment. Foreign Policy Decision-Making The lecture explores how states make foreign policy decisions: ​ Realism: Utilizes a rational model where states identify problems, set goals, analyze options, and select the best action based on a cost-benefit analysis. ​ Liberalism: Introduces models that consider multiple actors, including: ○​ Organizational Process Model: Focuses on standard procedures within bureaucracies. ○​ Bureaucratic Process Model: Emphasizes negotiations among bureaucratic leaders. ○​ Pluralist Model: Highlights the influence of societal groups and public opinion. ​ Constructivism: Suggests that foreign policy is shaped by historical experiences and strategic culture, reflecting leaders' interpretations of norms and values. Challenges to the State The lecture concludes by discussing challenges faced by states: 1.​ Transnational Movements: Globalization enables disparate groups to organize across borders, often around shared ideologies, such as extremist movements. 2.​ Ethnonational Movements: The decline of multi-ethnic states has led to increased demands for sovereignty among ethnonational groups, creating tensions and conflicts. 3.​ Transnational Crime: The rise of organized crime that transcends state borders poses significant challenges to state sovereignty and security. 4.​ Fragile States: These states exhibit characteristics such as an inability to maintain control or provide basic services, making them vulnerable to crises and external threats. Conclusion The lecture emphasizes the need for a nuanced understanding of international relations, considering various theories, levels of analysis, and tools of statecraft. It highlights the importance of adapting foreign policy strategies to effectively address global challenges while balancing national interests and humanitarian considerations. Lecture 5 Overview Key Concepts International Cooperation Definition:​ International cooperation refers to when states align their behaviors to achieve common goals, such as preventing war, addressing trade imbalances, or combating issues like cybercrime. Examples: ​ Daily Cooperation: This could include agreements on trade tariffs, joint military exercises, or international environmental protocols. Such cooperation helps maintain global stability and fosters mutual benefit among nations. International Law Definition:​ International law comprises rules and norms that govern interactions between states, and international governmental organizations (IGOs), and occasionally among IGOs, states, and individuals. It serves as a framework for cooperation and order in international relations. Theories & International Cooperation Realism & International Cooperation ​ Challenge: Realism posits that international cooperation is challenging due to inherent conflicts of interest among states. ​ Cooperation Problems: ○​ Relative Gains Problem: States focus on how much they gain compared to others rather than on the absolute gains. If State A benefits more than State B from cooperation, State A might feel more secure, leading to distrust.  ○​ Prisoner's Dilemma: Originating from game theory, this scenario illustrates how individuals may not cooperate even if it’s in their best interest to do so. Both parties might choose to betray each other to avoid being the sole loser, leading to suboptimal outcomes. Examples of Relative Gains: ​ Arms Race in WWI: Countries increasingly built up their military capabilities due to perceived threats from others, exacerbating tensions. ​ Cold War Nuclear Arms Race: Both superpowers focused on relative gains, leading to an escalation in nuclear arsenals rather than cooperative disarmament. Liberalism (Neoliberal Institutionalism) & International Cooperation ​ Solution to Realism: Neoliberal institutionalism argues that states’ self-interests can lead to cooperation, especially through the creation and reinforcement of international institutions. ​ Key Points: ○​ Role of Institutions: International organizations facilitate and verify cooperation among states, making commitments more credible. ○​ Economic Interdependence: Countries with strong economic ties are more likely to cooperate to maintain stable relations. ○​ Nature of Cooperation: Cooperation is seen as intrinsic to human behavior, further supporting the liberalist perspective. Constructivism & Cooperation ​ Focus on Identity: Constructivism argues that cooperation occurs when states share similar identities and norms. The socialization of states to cooperative norms can lead to collaborative behavior. ​ No Prescriptive Stance: Unlike realism, constructivism does not define cooperation as inherently problematic but rather as a product of shared identities. International Law Historical Overview ​ Colonial Period (15th-17th Century): Major powers expanded their territories, laying the groundwork for modern international law. ​ Mare Liberum: Introduced by Hugo Grotius, emphasizing freedom of the seas and establishing early principles governing international relations.  ​ Peace of Westphalia (1648): Marked the beginning of modern international law by establishing the principles of sovereignty and equality among states. Nature of International Law ​ Comparison with Domestic Law: ○​ Domestic Law: Governs interactions within a state. ○​ International Law: Governs interactions between sovereign states and holds broader implications. The United Nations ​ Formation: Established in 1945 with 193 Member States, aimed at promoting peace and cooperation. ​ Main Bodies: ○​ General Assembly: Deliberates on issues affecting all member states. ○​ Security Council: Responsible for maintaining international peace and security, can impose binding resolutions. ○​ International Court of Justice (ICJ): Settles legal disputes between states and provides advisory opinions. Sources of International Law ​ ICJ Statute Article 38: Lists the sources of international law: ○​ International Conventions: Treaties that states recognize. ○​ Customary International Law: Practices accepted as law. ○​ Jus Cogens: Fundamental norms from which no derogation is permitted (e.g., prohibitions against genocide). Main Actors in International Law ​ Legal Personality Spectrum: ○​ States hold full legal personality with rights and duties under international law. ○​ International organizations and possibly other actors (like NGOs) can have partial legal personality. Themes/Topics within International Law ​ Human Rights: Covers civil, political, economic, social, and cultural rights, including specific protections for vulnerable groups. ​ Humanitarian Law: Governs conduct in armed conflict. ​ Environmental Law: Addresses issues like climate change and biodiversity. ​ Jurisdiction: States’ authority to legislate and enforce laws, with various forms of jurisdiction such as prescriptive, enforcement, and adjudicative. Jurisdiction ​ Types of Jurisdiction: ○​ Prescriptive: Authority to create laws. ○​ Enforcement: Power to enact laws within a state’s territory. ○​ Adjudicative: Courts’ rights to hear cases. Case Studies: ​ MH17 Incident: Highlights complexities in jurisdiction where multiple states may assert claims based on various principles of international law. Dispute Settlement & Enforcement ​ Ongoing Cases: Examples include international disputes over war crimes and genocide, showcasing the role of international courts in upholding international law. ​ UN Security Council Role: Responsible for assessing threats to peace and recommending actions, including military interventions if necessary. Peace & Security ​ UN Charter Provisions: ○​ Use of Force: Article 2(4) prohibits the use of force against states, with exceptions for self-defense and Security Council authorization. ○​ Self-Defense: Article 51 allows for individual or collective self-defense against armed attacks. Conclusion Final Thoughts ​ The document emphasizes the complexities of international cooperation and law. While theories like realism highlight challenges, liberalism and constructivism offer pathways toward collaboration. The role of international law is crucial in facilitating cooperation and resolving disputes, ensuring that states can navigate their relations in a structured and lawful manner.