Advocacy 1: Global Challenges and Stakeholders
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Questions and Answers

What does the concept of deterrence primarily focus on?

  • Preventing unwanted actions through the threat of punishment (correct)
  • Preventing unwanted actions through incentives
  • Promoting economic partnerships among nations
  • Encouraging collaborative actions between states

    • Which model emphasizes negotiations among bureaucratic leaders in foreign policy decision-making?

  • Realism
  • Organizational Process Model
  • Bureaucratic Process Model (correct)
  • Constructivism

    • What distinguishes case advocacy from issue advocacy?

  • Case advocacy targets government policies, whereas issue advocacy targets corporate practices.
  • Case advocacy involves lobbying, while issue advocacy does not.
  • Case advocacy is primarily concerned with legislation, whereas issue advocacy deals with community needs.
  • Case advocacy focuses on individual problems, while issue advocacy addresses broader issues. (correct)

    • What challenge refers to the increase in demands for sovereignty among ethnonational groups?

    <p>Ethnonational Movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory suggests that foreign policy is influenced by historical experiences and norms?

    <p>Constructivism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of public policy advocacy?

    <p>Corporate Social Responsibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In international relations, which component primarily influences interactions among actors?

    <p>The dynamics of global political processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of fragile states?

    <p>A declining ability to provide basic services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of international cooperation, what does 'daily cooperation' typically involve?

    <p>Agreements on trade tariffs and joint military exercises</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does globalization impact traditional state sovereignty?

    <p>It undermines traditional state sovereignty through increased integration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the role of advising in public policy advocacy?

    <p>Educating decision-makers to align with your campaign's conclusions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which model in Liberalism focuses on standard procedures within bureaucracies for decision-making?

    <p>Organizational Process Model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key consideration for states facing transnational crime?

    <p>Maintaining sovereignty and enhancing security</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary distinction between a state and a nation?

    <p>A state refers to political legitimacy, whereas a nation pertains to a common identity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term best encapsulates the process of influencing decision-makers to affect public policies?

    <p>Advocacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of international relations incorporates concepts from other academic disciplines?

    <p>Interdisciplinary field of inquiry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant outcome of the Treaties of Westphalia established in 1648?

    <p>It established principles of state sovereignty and non-interference.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role did nationalism play in the period from 1750-1815?

    <p>It acted as a counter-movement against colonial and imperial rule.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following key concepts emphasizes the authority of a state to govern itself?

    <p>Sovereignty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which event is recognized as a pivotal moment in history that highlighted self-determination?

    <p>American Revolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did centralized national armies contribute to state governance in the mid-Middle Ages?

    <p>They marked a shift towards more structured state governance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the ideological significance of the Enlightenment period?

    <p>It emphasized reason, individualism, and skepticism of authority.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes Adam Smith's Invisible Hand Theory?

    <p>The economy operates best when guided by self-interest.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the relationship between legitimacy and the governments established during the Enlightenment and revolutions?

    <p>Legitimacy increasingly depended on the consent of the governed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern of states from the perspective of realism in international relations?

    <p>Maintaining survival amidst an anarchic system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which level of analysis would the characteristics and behaviors of individual states be examined?

    <p>State Level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do constructivists emphasize regarding state behaviors in international relations?

    <p>The impact of social constructions and norms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements aligns with the liberal perspective on international relations?

    <p>Cooperation can lead to peace due to increased interdependence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    From the international system level of analysis, what does the examination of the global system primarily involve?

    <p>The structural dynamics that lead to patterns such as war</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary basis for loyalty and governance in the feudal system?

    <p>Territorial holdings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How was power typically structured within the feudal system?

    <p>Power was personal and hereditary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the individual level of analysis in international relations?

    <p>It examines the beliefs and experiences of decision-makers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory of international relations emphasizes the importance of international organizations in global politics?

    <p>Liberalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately reflects the concept of sovereignty in the feudal system?

    <p>The notion of state sovereignty was absent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a core implication of realism regarding international politics?

    <p>It views international relations as driven largely by power politics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role did the church play in the governance during the feudal system?

    <p>It was intertwined with the state, influencing governance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did individuals participate in political matters during the feudal system?

    <p>They had little to no agency in political matters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the predominant sense of identity among people within the feudal system?

    <p>Identification with localities or feudal obligations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did wars typically reflect the interests of the ruling class in the feudal system?

    <p>They were often fought to benefit the ruling classes' interests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterized political representation during the feudal period?

    <p>Representation was largely absent, overlooking general populace needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main objective of the Congress of Vienna?

    <p>To restore order and balance of power in Europe.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon characterized the period known as the Gilded Age?

    <p>Rapid industrialization and wealth accumulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which event directly led to the establishment of a communist government in Russia?

    <p>The Russian Revolution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a key result of the Treaty of Versailles?

    <p>Imposition of heavy reparations on Germany.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by the term 'power balance' in the context of international relations?

    <p>The distribution of power to prevent any one nation from becoming too dominant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following was a major economic event that occurred between 1918 and 1945?

    <p>The Great Depression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one consequence of the disintegration of empires following World War I?

    <p>The proliferation of small to middle-sized states.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which military alliances were formed prior to World War I?

    <p>Triple Alliance and Triple Entente.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of issue advocacy?

    <p>To raise awareness and build support around broader societal problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is typically utilized in grassroots mobilization?

    <p>Gathering signatures for a petition from the general public</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does globalization primarily affect state sovereignty?

    <p>It undermines the authority and borders of individual states.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of advising within public policy advocacy?

    <p>To align decision-makers’ conclusions with advocacy objectives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect best defines the field of international relations?

    <p>The interactions and behaviors among diverse actors in global politics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes grassroots mobilization from other types of advocacy?

    <p>It involves direct engagement of the general public to influence change.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the impact of globalization on culture?

    <p>It fosters greater cultural exchange and integration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What element is common to both public policy advocacy and media campaigns?

    <p>The aim to influence public perception and decision-making.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant outcome of the Congress of Vienna concerning European politics?

    <p>It aimed to restore order and balance of power in Europe.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor most significantly influenced the rise of nationalism in the period between 1815 and 1918?

    <p>The collapse of imperial structures and empires.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the Industrial Revolution impact political structures during the 19th century?

    <p>It transformed social hierarchies and influenced governance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key event is associated with the significant geopolitical changes following World War II?

    <p>The emergence of the Cold War.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a defining feature of the Gilded Age in relation to economic conditions?

    <p>It was identified by dramatic economic growth and wealth accumulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept describes the efforts of European powers to expand their empires during the late 19th to early 20th centuries?

    <p>Colonialism and Imperialism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How was the concept of power balance crucial in post-Napoleonic Europe?

    <p>It ensured that no single nation could dominate the continent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What critical impact did the Russian Revolution have on global politics?

    <p>It led to the spread of communism and influenced political ideologies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant change in governance began to emerge during the mid-Middle Ages concerning state sovereignty?

    <p>The concept of state sovereignty was separated from the authority of kings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which event is often credited with establishing the principles of non-interference among states?

    <p>The Treaties of Westphalia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which idea emphasizes that governments must derive legitimacy from the consent of the governed?

    <p>Social Contract Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was an essential outcome of the emergence of national armies during the period from 1648 to 1750?

    <p>Greater structure and coherence in state governance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the international system level of analysis primarily focus on?

    <p>The structural dynamics and patterns of the global system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best captures a key characteristic of liberalism in international relations?

    <p>Individuals and organizations play significant roles alongside states.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following was NOT a significant actor during the period of 1750-1815?

    <p>John Locke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept is associated with Adam Smith's belief that individual self-interests could lead to beneficial societal outcomes?

    <p>Invisible Hand Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In constructivism, what aspect primarily shapes state behaviors according to this perspective?

    <p>The norms and identities established through social interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary concern does realism emphasize regarding international politics?

    <p>The survival and power of states in an anarchic system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which revolution is noted for its role in emphasizing the notion of self-determination?

    <p>The American Revolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following characterizes governments recognized during the Enlightenment period?

    <p>Legitimacy increasingly relied on the consent of the people.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which level of analysis examines how individual characteristics influence a state's international behavior?

    <p>Individual Level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What implication does realism have on the understanding of international cooperation?

    <p>Enhanced interdependence leads to competition among states.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory suggests a significant role for individual agency in shaping political outcomes?

    <p>Constructivism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a core assumption of the liberalism theory regarding state interactions?

    <p>The potential for cooperation and shared interests exist among states.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of a multipolar system in international relations?

    <p>Presence of multiple significant powers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the main effects of the 9/11 attacks on global politics?

    <p>Transformation of global security policies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term best describes the ongoing violence and tensions in various parts of the world rooted in historical grievances?

    <p>Ethnic conflicts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant outcome of the financial crisis of 2008?

    <p>Shifts in political systems and economic policy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines globalization in terms of international relations?

    <p>Increasing interdependence among countries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which conflict exemplifies issues of territorial integrity and national sovereignty in recent history?

    <p>Israel-Palestine Conflict</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of populism in contemporary politics?

    <p>Support for leaders representing the common people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What underlying issue does the Russia-Ukraine conflict primarily highlight?

    <p>Territorial integrity and sovereignty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary focus of the containment strategy during the Cold War?

    <p>To prevent the spread of communism beyond its existing borders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ideology is characterized by collective ownership and a classless society?

    <p>Communism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant outcome of Gorbachev's policies of Glasnost and Perestroika?

    <p>Political and economic reform in the Soviet Union</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which major global event marked the symbolic end of the Cold War?

    <p>The Fall of the Berlin Wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterized the bipolar system established after World War II?

    <p>A division of global power primarily between the USA and USSR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining component of parliamentary democracies?

    <p>Executive accountability to the legislature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does decolonization primarily refer to?

    <p>The process through which colonies gain independence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which conflict exemplified the tensions during the Cold War and anti-colonial struggles?

    <p>The Vietnam War</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best represents the purpose of case advocacy?

    <p>To address specific problems faced by individuals or communities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What approach does grassroots mobilization primarily utilize?

    <p>Engaging the public through petitions and local events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following most accurately describes public policy advocacy?

    <p>The process of influencing policy through organized efforts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The concept of globalization primarily focuses on which of the following?

    <p>The increasing integration of the world in various dimensions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major characteristic of the advising type in public policy advocacy?

    <p>Providing information to decision-makers to influence their conclusions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of international relations, what role does sovereignty play?

    <p>It serves as a basis for national governance and legitimacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes issue advocacy from other forms of advocacy?

    <p>Its aim to raise awareness about broader societal issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key function of media campaigns in public policy advocacy?

    <p>To build public support and awareness for specific issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept emphasizes the importance of shared identities and norms in constructing cooperation among states?

    <p>Constructivism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which historical event marked the beginning of modern international law by establishing principles of sovereignty and equality among states?

    <p>Peace of Westphalia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a source of international law according to the ICJ Statute Article 38?

    <p>Domestic statutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of the UN Security Council in international relations?

    <p>To maintain international peace and security</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term refers to fundamental norms from which no derogation is permitted in international law?

    <p>Jus Cogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of jurisdiction allows a state to legislate laws that apply broadly within its territory?

    <p>Prescriptive jurisdiction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which foundational principle governing international relations emphasizes the freedom of the seas?

    <p>Mare Liberum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which body of the United Nations is responsible for settling legal disputes between states?

    <p>International Court of Justice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What article of the UN Charter prohibits the use of force against states?

    <p>Article 2(4)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the nature of customary international law?

    <p>Practices generally accepted as law</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of the Treaties of Westphalia established in 1648?

    <p>They established the principles of state sovereignty and non-interference.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of governance was NOT characteristic of the feudal system?

    <p>Political representation for the general populace existed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the emergence of centralized national armies affect state governance?

    <p>It led to the decline of local militias.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of government is characterized by a single ruler holding supreme authority?

    <p>Absolute monarchy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which social theory emphasizes the consent of individuals to form a society and government?

    <p>Social contract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was an underlying theme during the Enlightenment period?

    <p>Skepticism of authority and reason should prevail.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterized the concept of sovereignty during the feudal era?

    <p>It was closely tied to personal lands, not territories.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant implication of the American Revolution?

    <p>It emphasized self-determination and individual rights.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a major consequence of the Industrial Revolution?

    <p>Accelerated economic change influencing political structures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the distribution of power among nations to prevent any one nation from becoming overly dominant?

    <p>Power balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept became prominent in governance post-1750 emphasizing the rights acknowledged by the governed?

    <p>Legitimacy based on consent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic defined peoples' leaders in a feudal system?

    <p>Inherited through family lines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did loyalty typically manifest within the feudal system?

    <p>Dictated primarily by land ownership.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major change in political structures emerged after World War I?

    <p>The proliferation of new states following the collapse of empires.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a central idea of complex interdependence in international relations?

    <p>States are interconnected through various channels like economic and social ties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the core tenets of realism?

    <p>States prioritize military capabilities over economic interests.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In contrast to realism, what does liberalism posit regarding state interactions?

    <p>Interdependence and cooperation can lead to peace.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory argues that social constructions of identity influence state behavior?

    <p>Constructivism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes neo-realism from classical realism?

    <p>It emphasizes the structure of the international system over human nature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best reflects the implications of constructivism in international relations?

    <p>Realities in international relations are socially constructed through shared beliefs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What critique does Marxist Theory provide regarding powerful states in international relations?

    <p>They exploit weaker states due to economic inequalities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which level of analysis examines individual decision-makers and their influences on international outcomes?

    <p>Individual Level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept critiques traditional international relations theories for being patriarchal?

    <p>Feminist Critiques</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do complex interdependence theories view military force in state relations?

    <p>As less central compared to economic ties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do norms play in the context of international relations?

    <p>They guide state actions and interactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stance does feminism take regarding the traditional study of international relations?

    <p>It emphasizes gender as crucial for understanding power and security.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory suggests that the meanings of concepts in international relations are shaped by social interactions?

    <p>Constructivism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant outcome of the disintegration of empires after World War I?

    <p>The rise of new nation-states in Eastern Europe and the Middle East</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key characteristic of a bipolar system in international relations?

    <p>A division of power predominantly between two superpowers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the concept of glasnost primarily emphasize?

    <p>Increasing transparency and freedom of expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes National-Socialism?

    <p>An extreme form of nationalism characterized by dictatorial power</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the primary goals of the League of Nations?

    <p>To promote peaceful resolutions of conflicts and prevent wars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the 9/11 attacks primarily impact global security policies?

    <p>They resulted in increased security measures and counterterrorism efforts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'Rollback Strategy' imply in U.S. foreign policy?

    <p>An aggressive effort to diminish communist influence actively</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which event is often cited as a critical moment during the Cold War that escalated tensions?

    <p>The Cuban Missile Crisis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a prominent effect of the Great Depression on political landscapes?

    <p>The rise of authoritarian regimes in many countries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best captures the process of decolonization?

    <p>The independence movements of colonies seeking sovereignty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant aim of Gorbachev's policies of Perestroika?

    <p>To reform the Soviet economy and political structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'Ethnic Conflicts' refer to in the context of modern geopolitical issues?

    <p>Tensions and violence rooted in historical grievances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a critical consequence of the Fall of the Berlin Wall?

    <p>The reunification of Germany and the end of the Cold War</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of power relies primarily on cultural and ideological appeal rather than coercion?

    <p>Soft Power</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the Relative Gains Problem in the context of international cooperation?

    <p>States' concerns focus more on how much they gain in comparison to others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary distinction between compellence and deterrence in the use of force?

    <p>Compellence aims to induce action, while deterrence seeks to inhibit unwanted actions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which model in liberalism emphasizes the creation and reinforcement of international institutions as a pathway to cooperation?

    <p>Neoliberal Institutionalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant challenge posed by transnational movements in the global context?

    <p>Heightened organization of disparate groups across borders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tool of statecraft primarily utilizes dialogue and negotiation to resolve conflicts?

    <p>Diplomacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The rise of organized crime that transcends state borders presents what kind of challenge to state sovereignty?

    <p>Transnational Crime</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory suggests that foreign policy is influenced by the historical context and interpretations of leaders?

    <p>Constructivism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is described as the informal discussions involving non-governmental actors in statecraft?

    <p>Track Two Diplomacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which model in foreign policy decision-making primarily analyzes problems and selects actions based on cost-benefit analysis?

    <p>Realism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the concept of Smart Power integrate aspects of both coercive and attractive strategies?

    <p>By balancing hard and soft power techniques.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be a consequence of the Prisoner's Dilemma in international relations?

    <p>Suboptimal outcomes due to mutual betrayal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is commonly associated with fragile states?

    <p>Inability to maintain control or security</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary functions of international law in the context of state interactions?

    <p>To set rules for cooperation and order.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What strategy might a state employ if it wishes to punish another state for undesirable actions?

    <p>Sanctions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of Intergovernmental Organizations (IGOs)?

    <p>To create a structured framework for cooperation among states</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory emphasizes cooperation in non-political issues to manage collective goods?

    <p>Functionalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by collective goods in the context of IGOs?

    <p>Benefits available to all members without regard to contribution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the UN Security Council play in international relations?

    <p>To maintain international peace and security</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are resolutions passed within the UN Security Council?

    <p>With 9 positive votes and no vetoes among the 15 members</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Intergovernmental Organizations (IGOs) from Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)?

    <p>IGOs consist of government members, whereas NGOs are private and voluntary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the primary goal of the United Nations?

    <p>Maintaining global peace and security</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a collective good?

    <p>Clean air and a stable climate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do NGOs play in the context of political processes?

    <p>They empower individuals and groups to influence political decisions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do NGOs typically challenge government actions?

    <p>By providing oversight and monitoring human rights violations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a criticism often associated with the operations of NGOs?

    <p>They may operate without sufficient oversight.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to constructivism, how do IGOs and NGOs influence state behavior?

    <p>By shaping norms and introducing new ideas to states.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which context do NGOs primarily substitute for government roles?

    <p>When governments are unable to provide essential services.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key principle of the liberal perspective regarding NGOs?

    <p>NGOs represent diverse interests and help in collective action.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'benign parasites' imply about some NGOs?

    <p>They rely on state systems while also functioning autonomously.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a role of the International Criminal Court (ICC)?

    <p>To address crimes like genocide with UN cooperation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Advocacy 1: Global Challenges and their Stakeholders

    • Advocacy is acting on behalf of an organization to influence decision-making
    • Case Advocacy: focuses on solving individual or community problems
    • Issue Advocacy: raises awareness about broader issues
    • Public Policy Advocacy: influences decision-makers to affect policies (laws, regulations)
    • Grassroots Mobilization: a bottom-up approach using actions like petitions
    • Lobbying: communicating directly with government officials (meetings, calls, written communication)
    • Media Campaigns: public awareness campaigns (advertising, social media)
    • Advising: educating decision-makers to align with your campaign
    • Globalization: integration of the world economically, politically, socially, and culturally, affecting traditional state sovereignty
    • International Relations: the study of interactions between international actors (individual states, international organisms, etc.)

    Society Before The State System

    • Feudalism: a social system in medieval Europe, where power was based on land ownership and loyalty. Land ownership was typically hereditary, tied to family lines.
    • Territories Over States: The feudal system centered on loyalty within a specified territory or by a lord.
    • Power Was Personal and Hereditary: Authority was typically centered on the family and the person inheriting the power.
    • No Concept of Sovereignty: In the feudal system, the idea of a singular supreme authority was absent.
    • Church and State Intertwined: The Church held substantial power in political matters, blurring the lines between religious and state power.
    • The Right to Self-Determination Did Not Exist: The feudal system did not recognize the concept of individual agency in political processes. People did not have a say in the selection of political or governing leaders.
    • No Say in Leadership: People had no voice or input in decision-making which led to disenfranchisement of a large part of the population.
    • Rulers Owned Land, Not Nations: National identity was not a concept.
    • Lack of National Identity: People primarily identified with their local communities and connections to their feudal obligations over the entire nation territory.
    • Religion Often Determined Loyalty: Religious affiliations held more weight in governing loyalties than the state or political leaders.
    • No Political Representation: The needs of the general public were not valued or represented.

    Transition to State Sovereignty

    • Separation of State Sovereignty from Mortal Sovereign: the evolution of state sovereignty as an independent legal entity from the personal authority of kings (emergence of state as powerful legal entity)
    • Treaties of Westphalia (1648): established principles of state sovereignty and non-interference
    • Emergence of States with National Armies
    • Emergence of Dominant European States: consolidation of power by some European states in specific periods
    • Wars Ignored People's Wishes: Conflicts often waged for ruling class interests, not for public input

    Period: 1750-1815

    • Enlightenment: A cultural and intellectual movement emphasizing reason, individualism, and skepticism of authority.
    • American Revolution (1776): A pivotal moment emphasizing self-determination and the rights of individuals.
    • Separation of State Sovereignty from Mortal Sovereign

    Period: 1815-1918

    • Congress of Vienna: A conference aiming to restore order and balance of power in Europe after the Napoleonic Wars.
    • Emergence of a New International Political System: development of diplomatic relations and international law.
    • Emergence of Small to Middle-Sized States: proliferation of new states following the collapse of empires.
    • Industrial Revolution: transformative changes in the economic and social structure.
    • Gilded Age: Era of wealth accumulation following industrialization
    • Rise of Colonialism and Imperialism: expansion of European empires.
    • World War I: catastrophic global conflict that reshaped international relations.
    • Russian Revolution: establishment of a communist government.

    Period: 1918-1945

    • Treaty of Versailles: peace treaty imposed on Germany after WWI, heavy reparations.
    • Disintegration of Empires: collapse of Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empires.
    • The Great Depression: global economic depression.
    • World War II: global conflict with significant political consequences.
    • League of Nations: intergovernmental organization dedicated to peace.
    • Communism: a political and economic ideology emphasizing classlessness and collective ownership.
    • National-Socialism: the Nazi Party's ideology emphasizing nationalism and dictatorial power.
    • Parliamentary Democracies: a system of governance where the executive derives its authority from the legislature.

    Period: 1945-1990

    • Emergence of Bipolar System: division of global power between the USA and USSR.
    • Cold War: period of heightened tension and conflict between the USA and USSR
    • Cuban Missile Crisis: critical moment during the Cold War, nearly triggered nuclear war.
    • Decolonization of Latin America, Africa, the Middle East, and Asia: process of colonies gaining independence.
    • Vietnam War: highlighted cold war tensions and anti-colonial struggles

    Period: 1990-Today

    • Fall of the Berlin Wall: symbolic end of the Cold War and division of Europe.
    • Bipolar System: global distribution of power dominated by two superpowers.
    • Decolonization: process of colonies gaining independence and sovereignty
    • Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait: conflict leading to the Gulf War and highlighting issues of sovereignty and international law.
    • Disintegration of Yugoslavia: ethnic conflicts and wars leading to the breakup of Yugoslavia.
    • Ethnic Conflicts: ongoing tensions and conflicts with historical roots
    • 9/11 Attacks: terrorist attacks that transformed global security and foreign policy.
    • Financial Crisis: 2008 crisis with massive global effects
    • Arab Spring: series of anti-government protests.
    • Rise of Populism: political trend characterized by support for leaders who represent the "common people".
    • Russia-Ukraine Conflict: conflict highlighting issues of territorial integrity and sovereignty.
    • Israel-Palestine Conflict: long-standing geopolitical issue rooted in territorial and national identity disputes.
    • Globalization: increasing interconnection and interdependence among countries

    International Relations Theories

    • Realism: emphasizes power and self-interest, views the international system as anarchic.
    • Liberalism: highlights the potential for cooperation, importance of institutions, economic interdependence.
    • Constructivism: emphasizes the role of norms, identities, social construction in shaping state behavior.

    Levels of Analysis

    • International System Level: examines the broader characteristics of the global system.
    • State Level: examines individual states, their characteristics, and how they affect international relations.
    • Individual Level: focuses on individuals, decision-makers, beliefs, experiences.

    Tools of Statecraft

    • Diplomacy: engagement with other states through dialogue.
    • Economic Statecraft: using economic tools to influence states (incentives, sanctions)
    • Use of Force: military action or the threat of force to influence others

    Foreign Policy Decision-Making

    • Realist Models: rational models (cost-benefit analysis)
    • Liberal Models: considers multiple actors, organizations, processes within bureaucracies
    • Bureaucratic Model
    • Pluralist Model: highlights the influence of societal groups (public opinion)
    • Constructivist Models: the role of historical experiences and strategic culture.

    International Cooperation

    • Definition of International Cooperation: states aligning behaviors to achieve common goals.
    • Examples: trade tariffs, military exercises, environmental protocols

    International Law

    • Nature of International Law: comparison with domestic law.
    • The United Nations: structure, and bodies.
    • Sources of International Law: conventions, customary laws, and principles of jus cogens.
    • Actors in International Law: states, international organizations, and sometimes other actors.
    • Peace of Westphalia (1648): Established principles of sovereignty and equality among states, marking the beginning of modern international law.
    • Comparison with Domestic Law: Domestic law governs interactions within a state. International Law governs interactions between sovereign states, with broader implications.
    • Ongoing Cases: Examples include international disputes over war crimes and genocide, showcasing the role of international courts in upholding international law.
    • International Court of Justice (ICJ): Settles legal disputes between states.Provides advisory opinions..
    • UN Security Council Role: Responsible for assessing threats to peace and recommending actions, including military interventions if necessary

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