Adik 2.docx PDF

**Norvasc (Amlodipine)** - **Uses**: Treats high blood pressure (hypertension) and angina (chest pain). - **Side Effects**: Swelling (edema), dizziness, fatigue, palpitations, nausea. - **Contraindications**: Hypersensitivity to amlodipine, severe hypotension, shock. - **Impo...

**Norvasc (Amlodipine)** - **Uses**: Treats high blood pressure (hypertension) and angina (chest pain). - **Side Effects**: Swelling (edema), dizziness, fatigue, palpitations, nausea. - **Contraindications**: Hypersensitivity to amlodipine, severe hypotension, shock. - **Important Info**: Can interact with other blood pressure medications and increase the risk of low blood pressure. **Toradol (Ketorolac)** - **Uses**: Short-term treatment of moderate to severe pain (post-surgery, injury). - **Side Effects**: Gastrointestinal bleeding, ulcers, renal impairment, dizziness, headache. - **Contraindications**: Active peptic ulcer, GI bleeding, severe renal impairment. - **Important Info**: Not recommended for long-term use due to risk of gastrointestinal and kidney problems. **Tegretol (Carbamazepine)** - **Uses**: Seizure disorders, trigeminal neuralgia, bipolar disorder. - **Side Effects**: Drowsiness, dizziness, nausea, blurred vision, blood dyscrasias. - **Contraindications**: Hypersensitivity to carbamazepine, bone marrow suppression, MAO inhibitors use. - **Important Info**: Can interact with many medications, monitor blood levels. **Phenytoin** - **Uses**: Seizure management. - **Side Effects**: Gum overgrowth, dizziness, drowsiness, rash, neuropathy. - **Contraindications**: Hypersensitivity to phenytoin, heart block. - **Important Info**: Requires regular blood tests for therapeutic levels, can interact with several drugs. **Elavil (Amitriptyline)** - **Uses**: Depression, chronic pain, migraine prevention. - **Side Effects**: Drowsiness, weight gain, dry mouth, constipation, blurred vision. - **Contraindications**: Recent heart attack, MAO inhibitors. - **Important Info**: Anticholinergic effects can be problematic for older adults. **Ativan (Lorazepam)** - **Uses**: Anxiety, insomnia, seizure management, pre-surgery sedation. - **Side Effects**: Drowsiness, dizziness, confusion, memory problems. - **Contraindications**: Severe respiratory insufficiency, sleep apnea, myasthenia gravis. - **Important Info**: Risk of dependence and withdrawal, avoid alcohol. **Irbesartan** - **Uses**: Hypertension, diabetic nephropathy (kidney protection in diabetes). - **Side Effects**: Dizziness, hyperkalemia, hypotension, fatigue. - **Contraindications**: Pregnancy, bilateral renal artery stenosis. - **Important Info**: ACE inhibitors and ARBs should not be used together due to the risk of kidney damage. **Percocet (Oxycodone/Acetaminophen)** - **Uses**: Moderate to severe pain relief. - **Side Effects**: Drowsiness, constipation, nausea, respiratory depression. - **Contraindications**: Respiratory depression, acute or severe asthma. - **Important Info**: Risk of addiction and overdose; monitor for signs of misuse. **Naprosyn (Naproxen)** - **Uses**: Pain relief (inflammation, arthritis, menstrual cramps). - **Side Effects**: Gastrointestinal irritation, ulcers, bleeding, headache. - **Contraindications**: Active GI bleeding, peptic ulcer, renal impairment. - **Important Info**: Can increase the risk of heart attack or stroke with long-term use. **Vasotec (Enalapril)** - **Uses**: Hypertension, heart failure, chronic kidney disease. - **Side Effects**: Dizziness, cough, hyperkalemia, hypotension. - **Contraindications**: Pregnancy, history of angioedema with ACE inhibitors. - **Important Info**: Monitor kidney function and blood pressure. **NSAID (Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs)** - **Uses**: Pain relief, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic (fever-reducing). - **Side Effects**: GI bleeding, ulcers, kidney damage, cardiovascular risks. - **Contraindications**: Peptic ulcers, GI bleeding, kidney disease. - **Important Info**: Includes ibuprofen, aspirin, naproxen, and others. Long-term use should be monitored closely. **Neurontin (Gabapentin)** - **Uses**: Seizures, neuropathic pain, restless leg syndrome. - **Side Effects**: Dizziness, fatigue, weight gain, peripheral edema. - **Contraindications**: Hypersensitivity to gabapentin. - **Important Info**: Can cause sedation, and use with caution in patients with kidney problems. **Zyloprim (Allopurinol)** - **Uses**: Gout, kidney stones, and hyperuricemia management. - **Side Effects**: Rash, nausea, liver enzyme changes, hypersensitivity. - **Contraindications**: Acute gout flare, hypersensitivity to allopurinol. - **Important Info**: May interact with warfarin and other medications; drink plenty of fluids to avoid kidney stones. **Sinemet (Carbidopa/Levodopa)** - **Uses**: Parkinson\'s disease, managing motor symptoms. - **Side Effects**: Nausea, dizziness, dyskinesia, hypotension. - **Contraindications**: Narrow-angle glaucoma, melanoma. - **Important Info**: Taper dose to avoid sudden motor complications. **Celebrex (Celecoxib)** - **Uses**: Osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, acute pain. - **Side Effects**: GI distress, heart attack, stroke, hypertension. - **Contraindications**: History of heart disease, GI bleeding, sulfonamide allergy. - **Important Info**: Selective COX-2 inhibitor with a lower risk of GI bleeding than traditional NSAIDs. **Clarithromycin** - **Uses**: Bacterial infections (e.g., pneumonia, skin infections). - **Side Effects**: Nausea, diarrhea, taste disturbance, QT prolongation. - **Contraindications**: Liver disease, macrolide allergy, QT prolongation. - **Important Info**: Can interact with other medications (e.g., statins, warfarin). **Keflex (Cephalexin)** - **Uses**: Bacterial infections (skin, respiratory, urinary tract). - **Side Effects**: Diarrhea, nausea, rash, allergic reactions. - **Contraindications**: Penicillin allergy (cross-sensitivity), renal dysfunction. - **Important Info**: Broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic. **Imdur (Isosorbide Mononitrate)** - **Uses**: Prevents angina (chest pain). - **Side Effects**: Headache, dizziness, hypotension. - **Contraindications**: Hypotension, recent use of PDE5 inhibitors (e.g., sildenafil). - **Important Info**: Can cause tolerance with prolonged use. **Lasix (Furosemide)** - **Uses**: Edema, hypertension, heart failure. - **Side Effects**: Dehydration, electrolyte imbalance (hypokalemia), dizziness. - **Contraindications**: Anuria, severe dehydration, electrolyte imbalance. - **Important Info**: Monitor electrolytes and kidney function. **Prisolec (Omeprazole)** - **Uses**: GERD, peptic ulcers, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. - **Side Effects**: Headache, nausea, diarrhea, long-term bone fractures. - **Contraindications**: Hypersensitivity to omeprazole, use with clopidogrel. - **Important Info**: Proton pump inhibitor; avoid long-term use due to risks of nutrient malabsorption. **Lisinopril** - **Uses**: Hypertension, heart failure, post-heart attack. - **Side Effects**: Dizziness, dry cough, hyperkalemia, hypotension. - **Contraindications**: Pregnancy, renal artery stenosis. - **Important Info**: ACE inhibitor; monitor kidney function and electrolytes. **Acyclovir** - **Uses**: Herpes simplex virus (HSV), varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infections. - **Side Effects**: Nausea, diarrhea, headache, renal toxicity (IV form). - **Contraindications**: Hypersensitivity to acyclovir. - **Important Info**: Monitor renal function with IV use. **Antifungal** - **Uses**: Fungal infections (e.g., candidiasis, dermatophytes). - **Side Effects**: Nausea, liver toxicity, skin rash. - **Contraindications**: Hepatic impairment, drug interactions (e.g., with statins). - **Important Info**: Includes drugs like fluconazole, ketoconazole, and terbinafine. **Antibiotic** - **Uses**: Bacterial infections. - **Side Effects**: Diarrhea, allergic reactions, gastrointestinal upset. - **Contraindications**: Known allergies to specific antibiotics (e.g., penicillin). - **Important Info**: Broad or narrow-spectrum; important to complete the full course to avoid resistance. **Antimicrobial** - **Uses**: Treats infections caused by bacteria, viruses **CNS Stimulants** **Uses**: - Treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) - Narcolepsy - Short-term treatment of obesity (e.g., amphetamines, methamphetamine) **Side Effects**: - Increased heart rate, blood pressure - Insomnia - Nervousness, anxiety - Decreased appetite - Headache - Potential for abuse and addiction **Contraindications**: - History of substance use disorder - Cardiovascular disease (e.g., arrhythmias, hypertension) - Hyperthyroidism - Glaucoma - Pregnancy (e.g., avoid stimulant use during pregnancy) **Important Info**: - Common CNS stimulants include amphetamines (Adderall), methylphenidate (Ritalin), and modafinil (Provigil). - Risk of dependency and abuse is high with long-term use. - Should be used cautiously in patients with psychiatric conditions (e.g., bipolar disorder). - Dosage should be carefully managed to minimize side effects and reduce risk of misuse. **CNS Depressants** **Uses**: - Anxiety, panic disorders (e.g., benzodiazepines like diazepam, lorazepam) - Insomnia (e.g., zolpidem, eszopiclone) - Seizure disorders (e.g., barbiturates, benzodiazepines) - Muscle relaxants (e.g., cyclobenzaprine, baclofen) **Side Effects**: - Drowsiness, dizziness, confusion - Respiratory depression (especially with overdose or in combination with other CNS depressants) - Dependence and withdrawal symptoms - Memory impairment or amnesia - Hypotension - Risk of overdose, particularly in combination with alcohol or opioids **Contraindications**: - Alcohol or opioid use (risk of fatal respiratory depression) - Severe respiratory or hepatic impairment - History of substance abuse or dependence - Pregnant or breastfeeding women (depending on the drug) **Important Info**: - Benzodiazepines (e.g., lorazepam, alprazolam) are generally first-line for short-term treatment of anxiety but carry a risk of tolerance and dependence. - Non-benzodiazepine sleep aids (e.g., zolpidem) are preferred for insomnia to reduce dependence risk. - Barbiturates (e.g., phenobarbital) are less commonly used due to the high risk of overdose and dependence. - Withdrawal from long-term use of CNS depressants must be managed carefully (e.g., tapering schedule) to avoid withdrawal symptoms. **Hallucinogens** **Uses**: - Recreational use (e.g., LSD, psilocybin mushrooms, MDMA, mescaline) - Potential therapeutic use (e.g., psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression, MDMA for PTSD, under clinical supervision) **Side Effects**: - Hallucinations, altered perceptions of reality - Anxiety, paranoia, confusion - Increased heart rate, blood pressure - Dilated pupils, sweating - Risk of \"bad trips,\" psychological distress - Potential for flashbacks (Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder) **Contraindications**: - Personal or family history of psychiatric disorders (e.g., schizophrenia, bipolar disorder) - Cardiovascular conditions (due to risk of increased heart rate and blood pressure) - Pregnancy or breastfeeding (limited data on safety) - History of substance abuse **Important Info**: - Hallucinogens are typically classified as **psychedelics**, **dissociatives**, or **entheogens**. - The effects are highly dose-dependent, and they can vary significantly based on the individual\'s environment, mental state, and expectations. - Psilocybin and MDMA are being studied in clinical settings for their potential therapeutic effects in mood and anxiety disorders. - Hallucinogens can impair judgment, and users should be monitored carefully, especially in the context of recreational use.