Additional Reviewers in Philosophy PDF

## ADDITIONAL REVIEWERS IN PHILOSOPHY ### CHAPTER 5: FREEDOM * **ARISTOTLE** - human beings are rational; He stated that our will is an instrument of our free choice, reason, will and action drive each other. * **DIVINE LAW** - analysis of this law is a function of theology; one of the fourfold cl...

## ADDITIONAL REVIEWERS IN PHILOSOPHY ### CHAPTER 5: FREEDOM * **ARISTOTLE** - human beings are rational; He stated that our will is an instrument of our free choice, reason, will and action drive each other. * **DIVINE LAW** - analysis of this law is a function of theology; one of the fourfold classification of law by Aquinas * **ETERNAL LAW** - decree of God hat governs all creation * **FREEDOM** - power to act, speak or think as one wants without hindrance or restraint * **THOMAS HOBBES** - absolute monarchy and individualism, human beings give up their freedoms to avoid living in the state of nature * **LOVE IS FREEDOM** - the unity of spiritual and body elements help us to understand our complexity as human being * **ST THOMAS AQUINAS** - established the existence of God as a first cause * **Free will:** Power to make a choice * **Determinism:** Actions we take are predetermined * **Sartre:** Existing without any predetermined state of nature * **Social Contract theory:** the view that persons' moral and/or political obligations are dependent upon a contract or agreement among them to form the society in which they live. ### CHAPTER 6: INTERSUBJECTIVITY * **SPEECHIFYING:** Hearing without listening to what one says * **SEEMING:** Presents our self in a certain way in dealing with others * **BEING:** Process of fully opening oneself to the others * **EMPATHY:** Ability to share emotions * **INTERSUBJECTIVITY:** relationship between distinct subjects or a mutual recognition with others * **ETHICS OF CARE:** It is an ethical theory that emphasizes the moral dimension of relationships and interactions * **DIALOGUE:** A deeper and more genuine interaction * **AVAILABILITY:** Willingness of a person to be present and be at the disposal of another * **UNFOLDING** - involves seeing the other as unique singular individual * **Martin Buber:** at all times, engage with other individuals, I-We relation, on the other hand, involves a sense of nature and God either in an I-You belonging to a collective group. ### CHAPTER 7: SOCIETY * **AGRICULTURAL:** Further evolution of pastoral and horticultural society * **AGRARIAN:** Society based on the ownership of land; This society produces the following: aggregation, fertilization, metallurgy and animal drawn plow * **HORTICULTURAL:** Engages in the small-scale cultivation of plants, fruits and vegetables * **SOCIETY:** It is a structured community with individuals who regularly interact and share a shared culture and territory * **NORMS** - actions or ideals that are considered important by society * **GOVERNMENT:** Distribution of power and authority which is used to maintain social order * **FOLKWAYS:** Less formal norms that arise from tradition and do not result in punishment when violated * **SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS:** Groups that perform vital functions in society * **INDUSTRIAL:** Use of specialized machinery in the productions of goods and services, great concentration of population in the urban areas * **SOCIAL GROUP:** Organized or patterned set of relationships among individuals and groups that compose a society * **FEUDALISM:** Way of life during Middle Ages * **MORES:** Set of traits and behavior that society considerers acceptable and are encouraged to pass on to other members * **Virtual societies** have emerged alongside the internet since the late 20th century, fundamentally transforming how people connect and interact. ### CHAPTER 8 * **FACTICITY:** A person is not pure possibility but factical possibility * **DEATH:** End of bodily functions which signals the end of a person's life * **HOMICIDE:** When another person intentionally takes a person's life * **TERMINUS:** It means full stop or end of a line * **SOCRATIC METHOD:** Dialogue that used a short question and answers * **KARL JASPER:** He addresses the question of guilt ### Development of Society - CH 7 * **Hunter-Gatherers:** Nomadic, food-finding. Small groups. * **Agricultural Revolution:** Farming, villages, more people. * **Industrial-Revolution:** Machines, cities, technology boom. ### CH 8 - LIFE "Meaning of life" refers to the purpose, significance, or value of human existence. * **Religious/Theistic:** Divine purpose, God's plan. * **Existentialism:** No inherent meaning, individual creation. * **Humanism:** Relationships, growth, contribution.