Long Quiz Reviewer: Chapters 4-7 PDF

**CHAPTER 4: Human Person in their Environment** **LESSON 1:** **ENVIRONMENT** → Environment is the sum total of all surroundings of a living organism, including natural forces and other living things, which provide conditions for development and growth as well as of danger and damage. (Endriga20...

**CHAPTER 4: Human Person in their Environment** **LESSON 1:** **ENVIRONMENT** → Environment is the sum total of all surroundings of a living organism, including natural forces and other living things, which provide conditions for development and growth as well as of danger and damage. (Endriga2017) **Three Major Perspectives In Environmental Ethics** **1. Anthropocentric Model** Human beings are the central or most significant entities in the world. Believes that humans are the most important species on the planet and they are free to transform nature and use its resources. 2\. **Biocentric Model** Believes that humans are not the only significant species on the planet, and that all other organisms have inherent value and should be protected. **3. Ecocentric Model** Believes that humankind is a part of a greater biological system or community and that we have a significant role as stewards or guardians of nature. V. **PRUDENCE AND FRUGALITY** **Prudence** [Prudence is a concept that refers to the quality or virtue of being cautious, careful, and wise in one\'s decisions and actions.] It involves making thoughtful and responsible choices based on a consideration of potential consequences, risks, and benefits. **Frugality**- [the quality of being thrifty. It is the careful supervision of one's resources.] **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** **CHAPTER 5** "**Freedom of the Human Person"** **Lesson 1:** What is Freedom ? \- The ability to make choices and perform those choices. \- The ability to be what we want and to decide and create oneself. Two concepts that will help us fully understand freedom: 1\. Freedom itself According to Merriam Dictionary, it is the quality or state of being free. It is our capacity to choose of what we wanted and an inner awareness of what is right and wrong that is traced to our free will according to Aristotle. It is also an intrinsic and an essential property of a human person which basically means, it is a part of our human nature. What is Freedom ? \- The ability to make choices and perform those choices. \- The ability to be what we want and to decide and create oneself. Two concepts that will help us fully understand freedom: 1\. Freedom itself According to Merriam Dictionary, it is the quality or state of being free. It is our capacity to choose of what we wanted and an inner awareness of what is right and wrong that is traced to our free will according to Aristotle. It is also an intrinsic and an essential property of a human person which basically means, it is a part of our human nature. **FREEDOM** -The power to act, speak or think as one wants without hindrance or restraint. \- Freedom is being defined as the intrinsic and essential property of the person. -Is the ability to choose two between two alternative option. **Norms** **-**These are actions or ideals that are considered important by society, specific rules/standards to guide appropriate behavior. **I. FREE WILL** is a more specific philosophical concept that pertains to the capacity of individuals to make choices and decisions that are not entirely determined by external influences or pre-existing conditions. **DETERMINISM** -Behavior is predictable and controllable. -behaviour controlled by forces outside your control **II. "ARISTOTLE POWER OF VOLITION"** **Volition** The power to make your own choice or decisions using imperative quality of a judgement or practical intellect. **\"Man is a rational animal\"- Aristotle** **IV St. Thomas Aquinas-** He was the one to establish the existence of God as first cause. **"Love is Freedom"** The unity of spiritual and body elements help us to understand our complexity as human being. **LAW** -Law is a system of rules and guidelines that are created and enforced through social or governmental institutions to regulate behavior within a society. **The fourfold classifications of law by St. Aquinas** 1. **ETERNAL LAW** \- It is the decree of God that governs all creation. **2. DIVINE LAW** **-** The analysis of this law is the function of Theology. **3. NATURAL LAW** \- Is the human "participation" in the eternal law and is discovered by reason. **4. HUMAN LAW** \- It is derived from natural law and serves to promote the common good. **Supernatural transcendental destiny** -This means that he can rise above his ordinary being or self to highest being or self.Morality, as Aquinas viewed it, is not an arbitrary set of rules for behavior. Rather**[, the basis of]** [**moral obligation is found, first of all, in human nature itself**.] **[The basic moral truth is simply to "do good and avoid ]** **[evil."]** **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** **CHAPTER 5** "**Freedom of the Human Person"** **Lesson 2:** **I. Social Contract Theory** **A. Thomas Hobbes** **B. Jean Jacque Rousseau** ­­ What is Freedom ? \- The ability to make choices and perform those choices. \- The ability to be what we want and to decide and create oneself. Two concepts that will help us fully understand freedom: 1\. Freedom itself According to Merriam Dictionary, it is the quality or state of being free. It is our capacity to choose of what we wanted and an inner awareness of what is right and wrong that is traced to our free will according to Aristotle. It is also an intrinsic and an essential property of a human person which basically means, it is a part of our human nature. What is Freedom ? \- The ability to make choices and perform those choices. \- The ability to be what we want and to decide and create oneself. Two concepts that will help us fully understand freedom: 1\. Freedom itself According to Merriam Dictionary, it is the quality or state of being free. It is our capacity to choose of what we wanted and an inner awareness of what is right and wrong that is traced to our free will according to Aristotle. It is also an intrinsic and an essential property of a human person which basically means, it is a part of our human nature. **What Is a Social Contract?** **SOCIAL CONTRACT** is simple: [it\'s when a group of people agree to give up certain rights and accept a central authority in order to protect their other rights]. **GOVERNMENT** - It is the distribution system of power and authority which is maintain social order. **Origin of social contract** **THOMAS HOBBES** April 1588 -- 4/14 December 1679) was an English philosopher, considered to be one of the founders of modern political philosophy Hobbes is best known for his 1651 book Leviathan, in which he expounds an influential formulation of social contract theory.\[7\] In addition to political philosophy, Hobbes contributed to a diverse array of other fields, including history, jurisprudence, geometry, theology, and ethics, as well as philosophy in general. Social contract according to Hobbes: - Hobbes compared the English Revolution to the "state of nature", which was brutal, and his negative view of the revolution led him to conclude that society needed a strong king. - Hobbes presents the \"State of Nature\"--- i.e. Where we would all be if government did not exist. Hobbes invites us to consider what the state of nature would be like. Hobbes has a negative view toward human **nature "nasty, brutal....";** - [Individuals need to surrender some of their freedoms to a sovereign authority to escape the brutality of the State of Nature] - The absolute monarch (king or queen) - Hobbes: a **contract exists between the king** and the people; but once the king becomes king, he cannot be overthrown and obtains **absolute power.** - People will live in peace, without rights - [We need to control the people. The absolute monarch (king or queen)No question at all and no right to replace. So that government will protect us.] - purpose of government **provides protection and order.** **Jean-Jacques Rousseau** (28 June 1712 -- 2 July 1778) was a Genevan philosopher, writer, and composer. His political philosophy influenced the progress of the Age of Enlightenment throughout Europe, as well as aspects of the French Revolution and the development of modern political, economic, and educational thought.His Discourse on Inequality and **The Social Contract** are cornerstones in modern political and social thought. Social contract according to \- [Humans are good and compassionate by nature, but can be corrupted by civilization.] \- The people vote on all matters; the people are the Sovereign \- People had the right to overthrow the government \- Life will be fair if we follow \"general will" and set aside personal preferences [- purpose of government to **enforce order to enforce Social contract and *GENERAL WILL.***] CHAPTER 6 "**Intersubjectivity of the Human Person"** **Lesson 1:** **I. Intersubjectivity as an ontology: Social Dimension of the Self** What is Freedom ? \- The ability to make choices and perform those choices. \- The ability to be what we want and to decide and create oneself. Two concepts that will help us fully understand freedom: 1\. Freedom itself According to Merriam Dictionary, it is the quality or state of being free. It is our capacity to choose of what we wanted and an inner awareness of what is right and wrong that is traced to our free will according to Aristotle. It is also an intrinsic and an essential property of a human person which basically means, it is a part of our human nature. What is Freedom ? \- The ability to make choices and perform those choices. \- The ability to be what we want and to decide and create oneself. Two concepts that will help us fully understand freedom: 1\. Freedom itself According to Merriam Dictionary, it is the quality or state of being free. It is our capacity to choose of what we wanted and an inner awareness of what is right and wrong that is traced to our free will according to Aristotle. It is also an intrinsic and an essential property of a human person which basically means, it is a part of our human nature. **Intersubjectivity** It is the condition of man, a subject, among other men, who are also subjects also it refers to the shared awareness and understanding among persons. **inter-"**among or between **subject-**conscious being Intersubjectivity as Ontology: The Social Dimension Of the self **Empathy**- is the ability to understand and share the feelings of another person. It involves putting oneself in someone else\'s shoes, recognizing and resonating with their emotions, and responding in a compassionate and supportive manner. **Ontology** -- is concerned with understanding the nature of being, existence, and reality, and it addresses fundamental questions about what truly exists and how different entities relate to each other. **Karol Wojtyla or Saint Pope John Paul II** Focus of Karol Wojtyla is **Participation** explains the essence of the human person. Through participation, the person is able to fulfill one's self. The human person is oriented toward relation and sharing in the communal life for the common good.\ In his book Love and Responsibility,\" explores the ethics of: Friendship love, Familial relationships **Martin Buber** ▪ His work "I and thou" (Ich and Du) (1923), he characterizes the I-Thou relationship person **mutual sharing and connection.** - Buber's I-thou philosophy is about the human person as a subject, who is a being different from things or from objects. The human person experience his wholeness not in virtue of his relation to one's self, but in virtue of his relation to another self. **Explain the Authentic Dialog That is Accepting Others Regardless of Individual Differences** **Martin Heidegger** German Philosopher (Known for text Being and Time) Dasein-Being there **▪ Conversation** --is more than an idle talk but a dialog. Dialog is a conversation that is attuned to each other and to whatever they are talking about. Humanity is progressively attuned to communication about Being. **▪ Dialogue --** It is a genuine interaction between two individuals where there is acknowledgment of the individual differences while talking listening and discussing with one another in the spirit of respect and mutual understanding. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- **OBSTACLE TO DIALOG** **CONSTRASTED WITH** ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- **1. Seeming-**\ **Being**---It is a process of fully opening to oneself to the others. It is a way of approaching the other governed by the image one desires to impress on the other. It involves deliberately playing up or hiding aspects of yourself to appear more desirable or impressive. **2. Speechifying**\ Personal making present It refers to one's talking past another.\ It is hearing without listening to what one says. **3. Imposition**\ **Unfolding** It involves seeing the other as a unique singular individual. in dialogue refers to the process of allowing thoughts, feelings, and perspectives to naturally emerge and evolve without forcing them. It constitutes holding one's own opinion, values, attitudes and oneself without regard for those of another.\ It is telling the other how he or she should act, behave and respond to things. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- **Ethics of Care-**It is an ethical theory that emphasizes the moral dimension of relationships and interactions. **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** **CHAPTER 7** "**HUMAN PERSON IN THE SOCIETY"** **Lesson 1** ­­ What is Freedom ? \- The ability to make choices and perform those choices. \- The ability to be what we want and to decide and create oneself. Two concepts that will help us fully understand freedom: 1\. Freedom itself According to Merriam Dictionary, it is the quality or state of being free. It is our capacity to choose of what we wanted and an inner awareness of what is right and wrong that is traced to our free will according to Aristotle. It is also an intrinsic and an essential property of a human person which basically means, it is a part of our human nature. What is Freedom ? \- The ability to make choices and perform those choices. \- The ability to be what we want and to decide and create oneself. Two concepts that will help us fully understand freedom: 1\. Freedom itself According to Merriam Dictionary, it is the quality or state of being free. It is our capacity to choose of what we wanted and an inner awareness of what is right and wrong that is traced to our free will according to Aristotle. It is also an intrinsic and an essential property of a human person which basically means, it is a part of our human nature. **Society** -[it is an organized group of people whose numbers interact frequently and have common territory and culture.] A society is a group of individuals involved in persistent social interaction, or a large social group sharing the same geographical or social territory, typically subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations. A. **Agricultural form of society** \- A type of society which is the further evolution of pastoral and horticultural society. - **Agrarian-** [ A society based on the ownership of land.] - **Horticultural-** [which focuses on the intensive cultivation of fruits, vegetables, flowers, and other plants in smaller plots, developed later as an offshoot of agriculture] **B. Industrial society** [- It is based on the used of specialized machinery in the production of goods and services]. **Post-industrial society:** emerged by the establishment of societies based on knowledge, information, and the sale of services. **C. Virtual society** refers to a community or social interaction that takes place primarily through digital or online means. It involves people connecting, communicating, and engaging with each other in virtual spaces, often facilitated by technology. CHAPTER 7 "**HUMAN PERSON IN THE SOCIETY" Lesson 2** **I. Theories of Society** **A. St. Aquinas Natural Institution** He believed that the family is a natural institution that is essential for the preservation of the human race and the promotion of virtue. Aquinas believed that the family is founded on the bond of marriage, which is a sacred and indissoluble union between one man and one woman. Family- the basic unit of society **B. Machiavellianism: Absolutism and Society** Niccolò Machiavelli (1469--1527) was an Italian Renaissance political philosopher, historian, diplomat, and writer. Born in Florence, Italy, Machiavelli is best known for his political treatise \"Il Principe\" (\"**The Prince**\"), which remains one of the most influential works in political theory which is the focused of the book **is Leadership and political power.** **Criminal virtue**- to be cruel in the name of state and yet still good as a leader. **Absolutism** is a political theory and system of governance where a single, central authority holds absolute power and authority over the state and its subjects. In an absolute monarchy, for example, the monarch (king or queen) possesses unlimited and centralized power, often claimed to be divinely ordained. Absolutist rulers have the authority to make laws, levy taxes, administer justice, and control the military **without being bound by a constitution or significant checks and balances.** **Social Group** **-** [It is an organized patterned set of relationship among individuals and groups that compose a society.] -A social group is a collection of individuals who interact with each other, share common characteristics, and identify themselves as part of the same social entity. **Modern Society: Three types of Social Groups** 1. **Primary group** this is typically a small social group whose members share close, personal and enduring relationships. Ex. Family, close friends, Siblings and etc. 2. **Secondary Group** this group can be small or large and they are mostly impersonal and usually short-term. groups are typically found at work and school. Ex. Classmates, co-workers 3. **Tertiary Group** called a reference group can be the one which is recognized as a model or ideal for defining an individual\'s attitude, behaviour and evaluations. Ex. Actors, organization, political parties **Social Institutions** - [These are groups that perform vital function in society.]