AD 1 - Prelims Reviewer PDF

Prelims Exam Coverage: light to cast unique and captivating 1. Architectural Form and Abstraction shadows. 2. Charles Pierce’s Semiotics 3. Morphological Analysis Process: 4. Importa...

Prelims Exam Coverage: light to cast unique and captivating 1. Architectural Form and Abstraction shadows. 2. Charles Pierce’s Semiotics 3. Morphological Analysis Process: 4. Importance of measurement and constraints 1. Identify important components 5. Dynamic/ Kinetic Architecture 2. Populate the matrix with good examples 6. Basic Site Planning 3. Analyze interactions 7. Required Readings 4. Generate solutions by combining examples Architectural Form and Abstraction **The method involves organizing possible solutions into a grid and then using Architecture a process called cross-consistency - Centered on the physical form. assessment (CCA) to eliminate Form combinations that don't make sense, - Originating from the Greek word “morphe’--- helping to focus on the most logical dictates the shape and structure of objects outcomes. and spaces in the tangible world. Abstraction Elements of the Visible Structure - Utilized for transformation of forms - Protective - Technique to bring out the aesthetics of the - Structure subject. selecting an element as inspiration - Circulatory varied geometry can replace - Decorative traditional straight lines, distort/enhance an element Morphological Matrix fosters harmonious coexistence - A method developed by Fritz Zwicky in the between artificial & organic 1940s - It involves creating a matrix with different ** An effective form transformation happens dimensions or categories on one axis and when the object can refer to the Signifier different values for each dimension on the and/ or the Signified. other axis. - Break down complex design challenges into Charles Pierce’s Semiotics smaller parts for easier management in architecture. - According to Peirce’s model, the connection between a symbol (Signifier) and the final ** Architects brainstorm options for each architectural form (Object) is based on how dimension, create a Morphological Matrix, people interpret it. This leaves room for and explore combinations to generate creativity, where abstraction helps represent innovative design ideas. The process the symbol or its meaning. empowers architects to explore diverse - For a building to communicate meaning, it design possibilities and find systematically should have 3 things: optimal solutions that enhance form and Signified function ○ Abstract meaning ○ The word itself may have Evaluate combinations based on: different symbols or different - Functionality interpretations - Aesthetics Signifier - Dimensional Limits ○ Representation ○ Carrier of meanings Light and Shadow Notes Object ○ Object itself Cultural and Historical Context ○ Complete expression a. Western i. Light— Clarity, Truth, Goodness Morphological Analysis ii. Shadow— Mystery, Negativity b. Eastern Morphological Analysis i. Light— - a systematic method for exploring all viable ii. Shadow— Complementary to light solutions to a complex problem - provides a powerful tool “Architecture is a composition of forms brought - By breaking down the elements of form and together in light.” exploring their configurations - Le Corbusier Shadows in Contemporary Architecture ** allows designers to experiment with how Permeability different shapes and structures interact with - It has a way for light to pass through  Sensory and Perceptual Impacts of Shadows Dynamic and Kinetic Architecture shadows in architecture can be intentionally manipulated to create specific atmospheres Movement - A change or development ** Shadows in architecture are much more - An act of changing physical location or than just a byproduct of light. They carry position or of having this changed. cultural, historical, and symbolic weight and Kinetics significantly impact our sensory and - From the Greek word: emotional experience of space. “kīnēt(ós)” meaning moving kīneîn meaning to move Measurement and Constraints ** Kinetic architecture can be used as: Architecture as Shelter an expression of paths of movement - primary function— visible elements translating rhythmic movement > geometric (protective & structural components) must form meet accurately & effectively Dynamic Architecture Importance of Accurate Drawings - Merges art, engineering, and technology to Separation of Design and Building create environments that evolve - Master builders knew their designs would - It's not just about adding moving outlive them. They had to create precise parts—rethinking the entire design process. drawings and measurements, leaving What will move? behind a legacy that others could follow to When will it move? complete the work after their death. Who will move it? Why must it be moved? a. Gothic Architecture as an International Style - Originated in France during the 12th Historical Background and Key Examples Century - Considered one of the first Previous roles of Architecture: international architectural styles a. Solid+stable - Influenced the construction of b. Unyielding cathedrals, churches, and other c. Longevity/Endurance significant buildings = Architecture as a static entity ** Not adaptable to change Sadraga Familia Basilica - This iconic structure is still being Dynamic Architecture built over 140 years after - Results of advancement of technology (new construction began, relying heavily materials, new machines, new systems of on Gaudí’s detailed drawings and construction) and experimental attitude models to ensure that his original toward design (pushing boundaries of vision is faithfully realized, even by Classical styles) those who came after him. - Incorporates elements of movement - Adapts to various conditions Realities of Building Constraints -> Creativity -> Reality Principles of Dynamic Architecture a. Constraints - Lot Size Key Principles: - Site Conditions 1. Movement and Adaptability - Building Regulations a. Physical Transformation b. Creativity - A response to varying conditions - Aesthetics - Mechanisms that rotate, fold, c. Reality expand, or contract depending on - Models help you understand the the environment importance of measurement, b. Flexibility in Use accuracy, and material handling. - Multiple functions or uses - Architecture remains relevant even if ** Constraints don’t limit creativity; they foster it needs change ** "Constraints have often been the very condition for creativity, forcing 2. Integration of Technology architects to find new and innovative a. Technological Innovation solutions within the boundaries imposed - Use of robotics and automation by materials, site, and budget.“ b. Environmental Responsiveness - William J.R. Curtis  - Response to sunlight, wind, or B. Kinetic Mechanisms temperature 1. Manual - Increased energy efficiency - Operated by human interaction, such as pushing, pulling, or cranking. 3. User Interaction and Experience 2. Hydraulic a. User-centric Design - Uses fluid pressure to move - Needs of users components, often for heavy or - Increased interaction between large-scale elements. occupant and building 3. Pneumatic b. Enhancing Human Experience - Uses compressed air or gas to create - Experiential goals movement, often for lightweight or - Enhance sensory and emotional responsive structures. experience 4. Robotic - Involves programmable robotics for 4. Artistic and Aesthetic Expression precise and automated movement. a. Artistic Integration 5. Motorized - Form of expression - Electric motors power the movement of b. Symbolism and Cultural Reflection structural elements. - Reflect symbolic meanings 6. Magnetic - Add layers of meaning - Uses magnetic fields to create movement or hover elements. 5. Sustainability and Efficiency 7. Elastic a. Resource Efficiency - Relies on tension in elastic materials to - Optimizes resources create movement, like bending or - Reduce ecological footprint snapping back. b. Sustainable Design 8. Solar-Powered - Can extend building lifespan - Uses solar energy to power kinetic - Resilient to changes components, responsive to light or temperature Relevance in the Modern World - Society has rapidly changing needs C. User Interaction - Need for flexible + responsive architecture 1. Direct (Push/Pull) - - Users physically interact with the ** Dynamic Architecture = Adaptable Architecture structure to move components. 2. Automated Movement Types, Kinetic Mechanics, and User - Movements are controlled by a Interaction pre-programmed system with little to no user input. A. Movement Types 3. Responsive Sensors 1. Rotating - Sensors detect environmental changes - Structures or elements that rotate (light, temperature, proximity) and around a fixed axis trigger movement. 2. Folding 4. Remote Control - Components that fold or unfold, altering - Users control movements through a the shape or function of the structure remote device or app. 3. Sliding 5. Gesture Control - Elements that move horizontally or - Movements are triggered by user vertically along a track. gestures, such as waving or swiping. 4. Expansion/Contraction 6. Voice Activation - Structures that expand outward or - Users command the structure using contract inward to change size or shape voice commands. 5. Tilting 7. Proximity Activation - Elements that tilt or angle to create - Movement triggered by the presence or different spatial configurations. absence of users in certain areas. 6. Swiveling 8. Touch-Sensitive - Components that pivot around a central - Interaction occurs when users touch point, allowing for dynamic reorientation specific parts of the structure, triggering 7. Inflating/Deflating movement. - Use of air or fluid to inflate or deflate structural components. **Static Architecture = solid and stable 8. Bending **Dynamic architecture = flexible and - Flexible materials or structures that can responsive spaces bend or curve to alter form. **Architecture is becoming more instinctive and adaptable  **Society is continually evolving = endless 7. To harmonize the building with opportunities for dynamic architecture environmental features like landscape and topography Basic Site Planning Space Planning (Floor Planning) - Involves the efficient and productive use of spaces, fitting living patterns to the architectural patterns of the space Site Planning - The artistic and functional arrangement of structures on the land and shaping the spaces between them - The aim is moral and aesthetics: Amihan To make places that enhance - Represents the cool northeasterly winds everyday life (dry season) Habagat 3 General Activities of the Planning-Design Process - Symbolizes the warm southwest monsoon 1. Research (rainy season) Program Development Site and Context Inventory Required Readings 2. Analysis Site Analysis Plate 1: 3. Synthesis - https://0-onlinelibrary.wiley.com.ustlib.ust.ed Conceptual Design u.ph/doi/epdf/10.1002/ad.2957 Preliminary Design - https://www.archdaily.com/998331/light-as- Site Plan/Master Plan matter-10-artists-transform-space-with-lighti ng Basic Diagram Composition - https://www.archdaily.com/597598/light-matt ers-le-corbusier-and-the-trinity-of-light Plate 2: Canvas Plate 3: - https://0-www.taylorfrancis.com.ustlib.ust.ed u.ph/books/mono/10.4324/9781003231318/ squeezing-mary-leslie?context=ubx&refId=9 6323e55-4f5f-4c0f-8940-85bcf60852d4 Plate 1 Metaphors of Light, Dark, and Shadow 1. Boundaries (roads, paths, access) Javier Corvalán, Kechê House, San Bernardino, 2. Solar Path (morning and afternoon sun) Paraguay, 2020 3. Wind Direction (amihan - habagat) 4. True North Orientation ** Comprehending buildings often without the full 5. Topography advantage of sight and instead rely on haptic 6. Traffic and Pedestrian Circulation sensations, smell, and sound. Architect and 7. Adjacent Structures researcher Javier Corvalándescribes this other 8. Views/Viewsheds world of the visceral experience of architecture. 9. Existing Vegetation 10. Others such as noise etc. ** Our perception of light and shadow is deeply intertwined with our evolutionary history, cultural Importance of Orientation in Architecture background, and personal experiences 1. To maximize daylight and shield from harsh daylight ^ Highlighted in the ff. 2. To orient certain rooms toward good views a. Humans, as diurnal beings, have an innate 3. To strategize form and function according to preference for light. wind directions - This preference stems from our 4. To integrate principles of “Swerte” or good reliance on sight and the association fortune of darkness with potential danger, 5. To ensure privacy by positioning windows reflected in our language and and spaces thoughtfully metaphors. 6. To improve energy efficiency by optimizing natural heating, cooling, and ventilation. ** Diurnal beings— active during daytime with poor vision in the dark  materials like gold leaf that reflect b. Light and darkness hold different meanings soft light in dimly lit spaces. across cultures. - Appreciation of shadow is a cultural - Western societies often associate value light with positive concepts like truth, ^^ As Tanazaki laments modern knowledge, and divinity, while Japan’s shift towards a Western darkness represents ignorance, evil, Aesthetic. and the unknown. - Eastern philosophies, such as c. Shadow as an integral part of architecture Daoism, view light and shadow as - Architects inherently understand the complementary forces, representing importance of shadow, as it defines the balance between yin and yang. form and shapes our perception of architectural spaces. c. Shadow is not always perceived negatively. - While Western cultures often d. Le Corbusier's perspective emphasize light and illumination, - The renowned architect believed other cultures, such as those in light reveals architectural forms, South America, recognize the highlighting the interplay between importance of shadow. light and shadow in creating - For example, the Chamacoco compelling structures. people of Paraguay see shadow as - Regarded light as the true material a bridge between the physical and of architecture, manipulating it in spiritual realms, representing the masterful ways for its plastic and cyclical nature of life and death.--- aesthetic qualities. the origin and end of all things, neither positive nor negative. ** There is a tendency to give vastly more **expressed in the word “osypyte” importance to the lighting of interior spaces than how shadow might define their mood d. Umbraculum - highlights the protective and The World of All the Senses (Summary) mediating qualities of shadow. Umbracula, such as parasols and ** We have other ways to apprehend the world canopies, provide shelter from the sun's intensity, creating a space of a. Heightened non-visual senses transition between light and - Darkness and shadow enhance our darkness. This resonates with our senses of touch, smell, and hearing, discussion of the penumbra, the allowing for different environmental zone of soft shadow, as a space that awareness. encourages engagement with multiple senses beyond sight. b. Designing for sensory experience - Architect Chris Downey, who lost his **Umbraculum— meaning "shade" in sight, advocates for architecture Latin, focusing on textures, temperatures, and acoustics rather than just visual ** Shadows evoke a sense of mystery and aesthetics. potential, qualities of sensitivity, subtlety, imagination, and perception, as famously c. Benefits for all expressed in the Japanese author Jun’ichiroˉ - Designing spaces with multisensory Tanizaki’s book In Praise of Shadows (1933). experiences in mind, as Downey suggests, can benefit both visually The Architecture of Light and Dark (Summary) impaired and sighted individuals. a. Western culture prioritizes light d. Example: The Jewish Museum, Berlin - This is evident in brightly lit cities - Daniel Libeskind's design uses and the association of light with darkness, sound (clattering iron progress and clarity. However, even faces), and temperature to evoke in the West, softer light sources like specific emotions and physical candles, moon, and stars are linked sensations related to the Holocaust. to romance and mystery. b. Traditional Japanese culture values shadow and subtlety - This appreciation is seen in their aesthetics, architecture, and use of Chiaroscuro, Penumbra, and the Umbraculum providing shade without completely (Summary) blocking the sun. a. Chiaroscuro Definition h. Umbraculo House embodies this balance - In Italian, "chiaroscuro" translates to - This architectural design uses the "light-dark" umbraculum concept to create a - refers to the interplay of strong space where light and shadow contrasts between light and shadow. coexist, fostering a harmonious environment. b. Architectural Application - Architects use chiaroscuro to Light as Matter: 10 Artists Transform Space enhance the three-dimensionality of with Lighting buildings and accentuate their forms. Victor Delaqua, 2023 c. Penumbra's Role ** Light has always been important in art, but - The "penumbra" is the softly 20th-century artists began using it as a primary shadowed transition zone between material for shaping space and perception. bright light and deep shadow. Penumbra ** Through light-based installations and sculptures, ○ The space of partial artists explore themes beyond aesthetics, such as illumination, of soft shadow, politics, identity, and memory. between the deepest shadow and the full light. ** These works demonstrate how light can be used to transform our experience of architecture and d. Architectural Significance space. - Consciously manipulating materials to create penumbra and control light Carlos Cruz-Diez (1923-2019) flow represents a fundamental and - He was a Venezuelan artist known ancient aspect of human for his groundbreaking work with architecture. light in the Kinetic and Op Art movements. e. Shade structures are diverse and ancient a. Chromatic Induction - Shade structures are probably as old - He developed the concept of as humanity "chromatic induction," emphasizing - From simple Aboriginal gunyahs to how light plays a crucial role in our elaborate Mediterranean arbors and perception of color. ancient Assyrian parasols– b. Cromosaturations Series umbracula, humans have long - One of his most famous works sought shelter from the sun. - Immersive installation Gunyah c. Color as Experience ○ a common type of temporary - These installations use rooms shelter used by many saturated with colored light, allowing Australian Aboriginal groups viewers to experience color as a of branches, reeds, and other physical and sensory phenomenon readily available materials beyond visual perception. Umbraculum ○ meaning "shade" in Latin Dan Flavin ○ the parasols or umbrellas - utilized fluorescent light installations to depicted on Attic-painted explore the physical and perceptual aspects vases and Assyrian of light, often in grid or linear formations that monuments dating back to interacted with their architectural before the 7th century surroundings. f. Shade as protection and power Fred Eversley - In hot climates, shade is essential - merges sculpture, optics, and science by for survival, leading to its crafting smooth, resin-based works that metaphorical association with refract light. This creates a dynamic protection, power, and authority interplay of colors and visual effects (e.g., the Pope's Umbraculum) depending on the viewer's perspective. g. Umbraculum as a symbolic "middle way" James Turrell - The umbraculum represents a - is a key figure in light-based art. He uses balance between light and dark, geometric forms and precisely controlled lighting to craft immersive environments,  manipulating light to generate frames and c. Light Play color interactions within architectural - As the day progresses, sunlight spaces. floods in through various openings, including a tall slot and deep cavities Anthony McCall in the south wall. A small horizontal - creates immersive installations using crack contrasts with the strong projected light, blurring the lines between vertical light of the southeast sculpture, film, and performance. His work brise-soleil. encourages viewer interaction within the d. Sunset Glow sculpted light environments. - The cycle ends with a warm glow emanating from an opening in a Jenny Holzer different side chapel at sunset. - utilizes impactful phrases and light manipulation in large-scale installations that 2. The Monastery of Sainte Marie de la explore themes of identity, gender, and Tourrette political violence. Her work often extends a. Diverse and Dispersed Light beyond museums into public spaces, - La Tourette uses light in a more engaging a wider audience. complex and widespread manner than Ronchamp, with corridors Kimsooja designed to offer varied light - employs mirrors and reflective filters to experiences based on their create a sense of expansive, fluid space. orientation and unique window Her installations highlight the interplay arrangements. between interior and exterior environments, b. Light as Music suggesting new possibilities within the - The interplay of light and shadow in space. La Tourette is compared to a musical composition, particularly in the Anila Quayyum Agha atrium corridor. The rhythm is - Creates visually stunning installations with irregular and "aperiodic," unlike geometric patterns, exploring themes of traditional churches, creating a identity, culture, and gender. Her work contemplative atmosphere. "Intersections" uses light and shadow c. Sunset Choreography interplay to question cultural boundaries. - La Tourette's church features a dramatic "light choreography" at Olafur Eliasson sunset. Warm light lines the walls, - Utilizes light dynamically in large-scale gradually moving upwards as the installations, encouraging viewer interaction. sun sets, culminating in a striking His art employs optical illusions, mirrors, illumination of the ceiling. lenses, and prisms to create unexpected d. Seasonal Shifts light reflections and refractions. - This sunset light effect changes with the seasons. The illuminated area Rafael Lozano-Hemmer on the ceiling varies in size, - Creates technology-driven, interactive appearing smaller in winter and installations that blend light and space to larger in summer due to the sun's connect individuals. His work "Pulse" uses changing position. heartbeats to control light, fostering a shared sensory experience among 3. The Parish Church of Saint-Pierre in Firminy participants. a. Dynamic Light Show - The church's design features small Light Matters: Le Corbusier and the Trinity windows that project changing of Light patterns of light throughout the day, Thomas Schielke, 2015 creating a dynamic visual experience. The Trinity of Light: b. Unintentional Wave Effect 1. The Pilgrimage Chapel at Ronchamp - The wave-like patterns were an a. Solar Design accidental but welcome result of the - The Chapel of Notre Dame du Haut polycarbonate cylinders used in the is designed around the movement of windows. the sun throughout the day. c. Le Corbusier's Appreciation for b. Symbolic Dawn "Accidents" - At dawn, the side chapel's alcove is - While Le Corbusier didn't live to see bathed in red light, symbolizing birth, this effect, he was known to according to Plummer. embrace unplanned elements that enhanced a building's character.  d. Cosmic Juxtaposition Summary: - The interplay of light at sunset creates a striking contrast between 1. Architecture is not static warm, focused sunlight and cool, - The article challenges the traditional diffused light from the windows, view of architecture as static, arguing evoking a sense of the cosmos. that buildings inherently possess and encourage movement. This perspective Summary of Article: aligns with our previous discussions about multi-sensory architecture, Le Corbusier's sacred architecture expanding the understanding of the built masterfully uses daylight to create kinetic, environment beyond purely visual contemplative spaces. considerations. ○ The Chapel at Ronchamp, Monastery of Sainte Marie de La 2. Movement as a System Tourette, and Church of Saint-Pierre - The author defines "movement in in Firminy each feature unique architecture" as an intricate system approaches to light manipulation. encompassing various types of motion stimulated by specific architectural Professor Henry Plummer argues Le elements. These movements extend Corbusier uses light to connect with the beyond the physical act of traversing a natural world rather than religious dogma space to include visual exploration, ○ Plummer believes this challenges mental associations, and even the traditional uses of light in religious stimulation of our senses. architecture. 3. Types of Movement— The article identifies Each building features a distinct and analyzes several distinct types of choreography of light throughout the day movement in architecture a. Ronchamp highlights the solar cycle b. La Tourette features complex light a. Kineticism patterns in its corridors and; - This refers to the actual c. Saint-Pierre projects moving waves movement inherent in a and beams of light. building's design, incorporating elements like revolving Unexpected results during construction, like structures, retractable the wave effect at Saint-Pierre, were components, and systems that embraced by Le Corbusier respond to natural forces like ○ This highlights his openness to wind or light. chance occurrences, which enhances a building's character. b. Pictorial Representation - This category encompasses the Le Corbusier recognized the "cosmic representation of movement power" of light and its influence on life through artistic elements such as ○ He expresses this in his writings and sculptures, paintings, and reliefs. architectural designs, using light to These elements can create a connect his buildings to the natural sense of motion through their rhythms of the universe. form, composition, or the stories they depict. Plate 2 c. Movement of Natural Factors The experience of movement in the built - This category focuses on how form and space: A framework for movement natural elements like light, water, evaluation in architecture and wind, inherently dynamic, Mosleh Ahmadi, 2019 can be incorporated into architectural design to create a ** The article explores the often-overlooked sense of movement and change concept of movement in architecture. Challenging within a space. The article the notion of buildings as static objects, the author provides examples of how these argues that architecture inherently embodies and elements were used in traditional stimulates various forms of movement, Iranian architecture. encompassing physical, visual, mental, and even sensory experiences. d. Visual Movement - This refers to the movement of our eyes as we explore a building's form and details. It  includes both the physical movement of our eyes and the 6. Framework for Evaluation perceptual illusions of motion - Based on these categories, the article created through techniques like proposes a framework for evaluating parallax, rhythmic patterns, and movement in architectural design. This variations in light and shadow. framework, presented as a table, encourages a more holistic and e. Circulation multi-sensory approach to design, - This encompasses the physical considering the interplay of various movement of people through a types of movement and the elements building, shaped by elements like that generate them. paths, corridors, and stairs. The article also includes the concept ** By recognizing the diverse ways buildings can of "projected bodily movement," embody and evoke motion, architects can create where we imagine the movement spaces that engage us on multiple levels, fostering of others through a space, a richer and more meaningful experience of the further enriching our experience. built environment. f. Mental Movement Transformation and movement in - This category explores how architecture: the marriage among art, architecture can stimulate our engineering, and technology minds and evoke a range of Dr. Maziar Asefi, 2012 emotions and associations. It encompasses concepts like ** Article explores the concept of transformable narrative, symbolism, and the architecture and its ability to respond to the perception of forces at play evolving needs of users and the environment. The within a structure. author emphasizes how transformability allows buildings to go beyond static structures and g. Sensational Movement become dynamic spaces that engage users and - This type of movement delves reflect cultural identities. into the less tangible ways architecture impacts us on a Summary: sensory level. It explores how specific spatial qualities can 1. Transformable architecture as a response to evoke feelings of arousal, awe, change or even a sense of time passing. - emphasizes the need for architecture to The article highlights the adapt to the changing requirements of importance of considering all users and the environment. senses, not just sight, in Transformable architecture addresses architectural design. this need by enabling buildings to reconfigure their form, geometry, and 4. Factors and Elements of Movement spatial arrangement to suit different - The article emphasizes that these needs and contexts. various types of movement are not arbitrary but are intentionally generated 2. User-centric design through specific architectural elements - emphasizes that transformability and design principles. These include empowers building users to participate factors like geometry, rhythm, light, in the design process and tailor the enclosure, openings, and even symbolic building to their needs. This interactive associations, all of which can be aspect of transformable architecture manipulated to evoke specific challenges the traditional model where experiences and guide our movement architects solely dictate the design, through space. giving users agency to shape their environment. 5. Case Studies - To illustrate these concepts, the article 3. Benefits of transformable architecture compares two bridges in Iran: the historical Khaju Bridge and the a. Functionality contemporary Tabiat Bridge. The - Transformable elements, such as analysis demonstrates how different retractable roofs and moveable architectural approaches can emphasize walls, can optimize space utilization, certain types of movement over others, adapt to various functions, and shaping the overall experience of the enhance environmental control. space.  a. Kuwait Pavilion, Seville b. Aesthetics - Designed by Calatrava, this pavilion - The source highlights how features a retractable roof inspired transformation can be aesthetically by palm trees, ships' sails, and pleasing, creating a sense of Bedouin tents, showcasing its ability dynamism and visual interest. to embody different cultural symbols. c. Cultural expression b. Ernsting Warehouse - The source showcases examples of - Calatrava's design for this transformable architecture, like the warehouse features transformable Kuwait Pavilion in Seville, that use doors that open into concave transformation to represent cultural arches, demonstrating how identity and historical narratives. movement can be incorporated into even utilitarian structures 4. Transformable architecture as a synthesis of art, engineering, and technology c. Venezuelan Pavilion, Expo 2000 - emphasizes the integration of these - This pavilion showcases a kinetic disciplines in creating transformable roof inspired by the Venezuelan buildings landscape and national flower, integrating structural design with a. Art artistic expression. - Transformation allows architects to imbue buildings with artistic d. Qizhong Tennis Stadium, China expression, creating structures that - This stadium features a retractable transcend mere functionality and roof inspired by the blooming of a become sculptural and visually Magnolia flower, demonstrating the compelling integration of technology and art in contemporary transformable b. Engineering structures. - Designing transformable structures demands sophisticated engineering e. Mini-skyscraper, MIT solutions to ensure stability, - This experimental project utilizes functionality, and safety throughout pneumatic muscles to create a the transformation process. responsive structure that can adapt to external forces and user c. Technology interactions, highlighting the - Technological advancements in potential of intelligent kinetic materials, actuators, and control architecture. systems enable the realization of complex and dynamic 7. Transformable structures and intelligent transformations. kinetic architecture - the potential of transformable 5. Human perception and experience architecture to create buildings that respond to environmental conditions a. Multi-sensory engagement and user feedback in real-time. This - Similar to our previous discussions concept aligns with the idea of about multi-sensory architecture, the "intelligent" or "responsive" source notes that transformable architecture that can adapt to create architecture can engage multiple more efficient, comfortable, and senses through movement, light, engaging spaces. and shadow play, creating a more immersive and enriching experience. ** Article advocates for a broader adoption of transformable architecture, highlighting its ability to b. Challenging conventional notions create dynamic, responsive, and engaging spaces - The source argues that that challenge conventional notions of the built transformable architecture can environment and enhance the human experience. challenge traditional perceptions of space and form, offering users new ways to experience and interact with buildings. 6. Examples of transformable architecture: Plate 3-5 When working with existing properties, particularly older, smaller homes, consider Squeezing it in these space-optimizing strategies: Mary Leslie a. Removing partition walls Introduction: - In homes with traditional layouts, like the Victorian terraced houses ** The design of living spaces in compact homes described in the sources, removing presents unique challenges, especially when the wall between the front and back multiple residents need to use the space for parlors can create a larger, brighter different purposes. living space. This approach improves flow and allows for more Designers should prioritize creating flexible furniture arrangements. adaptable and versatile spaces that can accommodate a range of activities, b. Utilizing dining rooms including eating, socializing, relaxing, - If a home has a separate dining working, studying, and playing. room, designers should explore its potential for multi-functionality. It The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the could accommodate a dining table increasing demand for flexible living spaces that extends for larger gatherings or as people adapted to working and studying be used for activities like working, from home. This shift necessitates studying, or playing. thoughtful design solutions that accommodate multiple uses within a limited Designers should consult with clients to area. understand their needs and preferences, including how they entertain, their hobbies, Open-plan layouts are common in new build and their storage requirements. This homes. While they can create a sense of information will guide the design process spaciousness, it's important to incorporate and ensure the space is tailored to the design elements that allow for privacy and specific needs of the residents. separation when needed. Incorporating bespoke joinery can maximize Designers can use various strategies to both functionality and storage in compact create distinct zones within an open-plan living spaces. For example, a window seat layout: with built-in bookcases can serve as a cozy reading nook while providing ample storage a. Solid partitions space. - While open-plan living is popular, strategically Designers should consider the client's incorporating solid partitions budget when recommending bespoke can create separate areas for joinery. If custom-built solutions are not specific purposes, such as feasible, pre-made or modular furniture can work or study, providing offer cost-effective alternatives for storage privacy and minimizing and organization. distractions. Effective lighting design is crucial for b. Furniture as room dividers enhancing both the functionality and - Using larger furniture pieces ambiance of compact living spaces. like sideboards, credenzas, Designers should consider the following or even sectional seating strategically can create visual a. Natural light and functional divisions - Maximizing natural light is essential within an open-plan space. in compact spaces. Designers should consider the orientation of Broken-plan layouts offer a balance the living space and incorporate between open space and defined areas, window treatments that allow for allowing for both interaction and privacy. natural light while minimizing glare This approach is particularly beneficial for new builds, extensions, or repurposed b. Layered lighting spaces, allowing designers to create - Layering ambient, task, and accent designated zones for different activities. lighting creates depth and visual interest while ensuring adequate illumination for different activities  c. Professional lighting designer when residents require dedicated spaces for - For more complex lighting work, study, or privacy requirements, particularly in open-plan spaces with changes in Solid partitions can be used to create level or unique architectural distinct zones within compact open-plan features, consulting a lighting design layouts, addressing the need for privacy and professional can be beneficial. dedicated spaces. Color, texture, and artwork can significantly When designing a new build or repurposing impact the perception of space and an existing space, a broken-plan approach, enhance the overall aesthetic of compact with designated zones for different activities, living areas: offers a balance of openness and privacy. a. Don't be afraid of color Vertical space should be considered in new - While neutral color palettes can builds, extensions, or repurposed spaces. make spaces feel larger, Designers can create more dynamic and incorporating well-chosen colors can adaptable areas by incorporating different add personality and visual interest to levels. compact rooms. In smaller homes, rooms like dining rooms b. Texture and layering may need to serve multiple functions. - Combining different textures through flooring, wall finishes, textiles, and When designing a compact living space, it's furniture can create a sense of depth crucial to determine its primary functions and visual richness in a small space. through client consultation to understand their specific needs and how they use the c. Artwork as a focal point space. - Artworks can become focal points in compact spaces, adding character Bespoke joinery, such as window seats with and personality to the room. built-in bookcases, can maximize both storage and functionality in a small living Designers should encourage clients to space. embrace multi-functional furniture to maximize space utilization: Adjustable shelving provides versatility in storage solutions. a. Convertible furniture - Furniture pieces that serve multiple Designers should consider structural purposes, such as coffee tables that integrity when incorporating shelves, transform into dining tables or especially for heavy items like books. banquette seating with built-in storage, can significantly enhance Pre-made furniture offers a cost-effective the flexibility of compact living alternative to bespoke joinery. spaces. Lighting plays a crucial role in enhancing b. Avoid clutter the functionality and ambiance of compact - Using fewer, larger furniture pieces spaces. Designers should consider natural rather than many small items can light sources and layer ambient, task, and create a more cohesive and accent lighting. spacious feel in a compact room. Color and texture can add visual interest Living Space Summary: and impact to compact spaces. ** The design of living spaces in compact homes Designers should avoid using too many should prioritize versatility and adaptability to small furniture pieces to prevent a cluttered accommodate the diverse needs of residents look. Instead, opt for larger, multi-functional pieces that maximize space and create a The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the sense of openness. need for even greater flexibility in living spaces. Artwork can enhance the character of a small room. Open-plan layouts are popular in new builds for their cost-effectiveness and ease of Window treatments, such as Roman blinds maintenance, but they can pose challenges hung high near the ceiling, can create an illusion of height. Heavy curtains can add a  sense of grandeur or coziness while It's important to involve the client in the minimizing drafts. design process and make sure they understand the implications of their choices. Sheer curtains or blinds are suitable options for rooms with attractive views, reducing The designer should create detailed glare without obstructing the view. designs, including CAD drawings, elevations, electrical layouts, and Checklist – have you asked the client: architectural details. If the kitchen is being hand-built, the designer needs to agree with 1. Who will be using the living areas of the house, the joinery company on the full-size shop and for what? drawings, or rods, and make sure the client understands the importance of inspecting 2. How often does the client entertain, and in what them. style? In a small kitchen, it's important to maximize 3. Could any of the intended uses, such as study every inch of space. Cabinets can be or work, be moved elsewhere? extended to the ceiling, and the designer should consider using a rail and ladder for 4. What collections, such as books or ornaments, access to high cupboards. need to be displayed in the living space? Could any of them be displayed elsewhere? The designer should also consider the "cooking triangle," which is the relationship 5. Does the client want a large TV screen, and between the sink, fridge, and cooker. The what other audiovisual requirements do they goal is to create a triangular workspace that have? Will everything stream, or will the client minimizes movement and makes cooking require an AV stack? Are there large numbers more efficient. of CDs or DVDs or a record collection to accommodate? Even if the budget only allows for factory-built kitchen units, the designer can 6. Does the space need to have a play area for still create a stylish and functional space by small children? choosing high-quality units and combining them with bespoke joinery. 7. What type of seating does the client prefer? Sleeping Space Abstract Summary 8. How will orientation and natural light affect the space? Prioritize a relaxed atmosphere ○ When discussing bedroom design, 9. Does the client already have works of art to prioritize a comfortable and open hang in the space? Can any of them be used as dialogue with the client due to the a hook for the colour scheme? personal nature of the space. 10. Will the budget allow for bespoke furnishings Combine functions strategically and storage, or does the designer need to ○ Explore with the client if and how the incorporate self-assembly, modular or vintage bedroom can serve multiple items? purposes within their lifestyle. Cooking Space Summary Get creative with bespoke solutions ○ For occasional guest rooms, When designing a small kitchen, it's consider innovative options like sofa important to ask the client many questions beds, wall beds, or truckle beds to understand their needs and preferences. The designer should ask about the client's Address underfloor heating carefully budget, who will be using the kitchen, how ○ While underfloor heating can be many people they cook for, what appliances beneficial, be prepared to discuss they need, and what style they prefer both the possibilities and limitations, especially regarding retrofitting The designer should also consider the existing structures. practicalities of the space, such as how the contractors will remove the old kitchen and Work Space Abstract Summary install the new one, and whether the existing floor structure can support the Understanding client needs is key weight of the new appliances. ○ A designer needs to fully grasp the client's requirements to determine  the best location and design for a even under-stair spaces for potential home workspace. storage solutions. Practical and aesthetically pleasing Think outside the box: solutions ○ Explore creative storage ideas and ○ The designer should aim for consider how underutilized areas solutions that are both functional and can be maximized. visually appealing, maximizing the use of space. Look beyond the interior ○ Investigate opportunities to utilize Technical considerations and regulations outdoor space for storage or other ○ The designer must address needs. practicalities like heating, lighting, plumbing, and ensure compliance All-in-One Space Summary with building regulations and planning permissions ** Designing for compact spaces requires careful consideration of the client's needs and lifestyle, Bespoke options for enhanced functionality along with creative solutions to maximize ○ If space allows, a dedicated study functionality within a limited footprint. area can be created with partitions. Bespoke designs offer opportunities Understanding Local Regulations for customized storage, unique ○ When undertaking new builds or finishes, and personalized touches. conversions, especially those involving compact living spaces like Wet Space Abstract Summary studio apartments, it's crucial to consult with experts like architects, Clients often have strong preferences for surveyors, or planning consultants. wet space design These professionals can provide ○ They may already have specific insights into local building and ideas about the layout and style. planning regulations, ensuring the project meets minimum size Limited space can be addressed with requirements and other relevant design choices standards. ○ Using contrasting wall and floor finishes can create an illusion of ** This is particularly important when spaciousness. considering low-cost housing or converting existing spaces into compact homes, where Consistent flooring materials can enhance a ensuring the physical and mental well-being sense of space of occupants is paramount. ○ Maintaining the same flooring throughout the house, especially in a Optimizing Space Utilization small home, can make the space ○ Designers need to be adept at feel larger. manipulating space to accommodate essential functions within a compact Accessories and furnishings add personality footprint. This includes: ○ Even in a small wet space, carefully chosen soft furnishings and fittings a. Efficient Circulation can add character. - Ensuring there's enough room to move around furniture comfortably The Rest of It Abstract Summary and access different areas without obstruction. Maximize every inch ○ Efficient use of space is crucial to b. Multi-Purpose Areas meet client needs. - Identifying opportunities to create areas that serve multiple functions, Account for daily activities such as a walk-in cupboard that ○ Design should incorporate storage doubles as a room divider. for coats, shoes, cleaning supplies, laundry, seasonal items, etc. c. Vertical Space - Exploiting vertical space to Don't neglect secondary spaces incorporate lofted sleeping areas, ○ Allocate time to discuss and design storage solutions, or other functions, areas like entryways, hallways, and especially in properties with sloping roofs or high ceilings.  Balancing Aesthetics and Functionality ○ While prioritizing functionality is crucial in compact spaces, designers should also strive for aesthetically pleasing designs. a. Scale and Proportion: Employing furniture and décor that are appropriately sized for the space, avoiding overly large or small pieces that can disrupt visual harmony. b. Visual Balance: Creating a sense of balance by distributing visual weight evenly throughout the space. Too much symmetry can feel formal, while excessive asymmetry can create visual clutter. c. Cohesion and Harmony: Using repeating shapes, motifs, and colors to tie the design together and create a sense of flow between spaces. However, it's important to introduce contrasting elements to prevent monotony. Client Communication ○ Open and clear communication with the client is crucial throughout the design process. a. Managing Expectations - Designers need to tactfully address unrealistic expectations and offer practical alternatives. b. Compromise and Collaboration - Working collaboratively with clients to find solutions that meet their needs and preferences while staying within the constraints of the space and budget.