Actions, Origins, and Insertions Tips PDF

# Actions, Origins and Insertion Tips ## Actions of the Head/Neck ### **Head** Most facial muscles either move the lips, the mouth, or the jaw * **Lip moving muscles:** * Levator Labii Superioris (raise superior lip) * Depressor Labii Inferioris (lowers lower lip) * Orbicular Oris (closes lips/...

# Actions, Origins and Insertion Tips ## Actions of the Head/Neck ### **Head** Most facial muscles either move the lips, the mouth, or the jaw * **Lip moving muscles:** * Levator Labii Superioris (raise superior lip) * Depressor Labii Inferioris (lowers lower lip) * Orbicular Oris (closes lips/ mouth) * **Mouth (corner) moving muscles:** * Zygomaticus (also smiling muscles) * Risorius (also smiling muscle) * Levator and Depressor Anguli Oris (raise/lower angle of the mouth) * **Jaw moving / chewing muscles:** * Masseter * Temporalis * Buccinator (holds food during chewing) ### **Neck** All neck muscle attach to the hyoid and act on it, either elevating or depressing it. Neck muscles also extend or flex the head/neck. * **Depress the hyoid:** * Thyrohyoid * Omohyoid * Sternohyoid * Sternothyroid * **Elevate the hyoid:** * Digastric * Mylohyoid * Stylohyoid ## Actions of the Trunk Muscles Muscles move the scapula or the arm (humerus), are involved in breathing or move the abdominal regions of the trunk * **Abduct the arm:** * Deltoid * Supraspinatus * **Adduct the arm:** * Pectoralis Major * Latissimus Dorsi * Teres Major * Subscapularis * **Arm Flexion/Extension:** * Pectoralis Major (flex) * Latissimus Dorsi (extend) * **Moves scapula forward:** * Pectoralis Minor * Serratus Anterior * **Lateral Rotation of the arm:** * Infraspinatus * Teres minor * **Medial rotation of the arm** * Subscapularis * Teres major * **Compress abdominal wall/ flex and rotate the trunk:** * Rectus abdominus * External Oblique * Internal Oblique * Transverse Abdominus (compresses abdominal contents) * **Breathing muscles:** * Diaphragm (inspiration) * External Intercostals (inspiration/ raise rib cage) * Internal Intercostals (forced expiration/ depresses ribcage) ## Arm Muscle Actions ### **Upper Arm** Upper arm muscles flex or extend the forearm * **Flexion of the elbow/ forearm:** * Biceps Brachii * Brachialis * Brachioradialis (synergist) * **Extension of the elbow/forearm:** * Triceps Brachii * Anconeus (synergist) ### **Lower Arm** Lower arm muscles flex or extend the hand/ wrist, pronate or supinate the forearm or move the thumb or digits * **Flex the wrist/hand:** * Flexor Carpi Radialis * Flexor Carpi Ulnaris * Palmaris Longus * Flexor Digitorum Superficialis * Flexor Digitorum Profundis * **Extends the wrist/hand:** * Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus/Brevis * Extensor Digitorum * Extensor Carpi Ulnaris * **Move the thumb:** * Abductor Pollicis Longus (abducts the thumb) * Extensor Pollicis Brevis (extends the thumb) * Flexor Pollicis Longus (Flexes the thumb) * **Pronate or supinate the forearm:** * Supinator (supinates the forearm) * Pronator Teres (pronates the forearm) * Pronator Quadratus (pronates the forearm) ## Leg Muscle Actions ### **Upper Leg** Upper leg muscles flex or extend the thigh/ hip or the knee/lower leg * **Flex/extend the thigh/hip:** * Iliacus and Psoas Major (Iliopsoas) (flex) * Sartorius (flex) * Tensor Fascia Latae (flex) * Quadriceps muscles (flex) * Hamstrings (extend) * Gluteus Maximum (extend) * **Flex/extend the knee/ lower leg:** * Quadriceps muscles (extend) * Hamstrings (flex) * **Abduct the thigh/upper leg** * Gluteal muscles * Tensor Fascia Latae * **Adduct the thigh/upper leg** * Pectineus * Adductor Longus * Gracilis * Adductor Magnus ### **Lower Leg** Lower leg muscles dorsiflex or plantar flex the foot: * **Dorsiflex the foot:** * Tibialis Anterior * Extensor Digitorum Longus * Extensor Hallucis Longus * **Plantar Flex the foot:** * Fibularis Longus/Brevis * Tibialis Posterior * Flexor Digitorum Longus * Flexor Hallucis Longus ## Origins and Insertions of the Head and Neck ### **Head** Most head muscles have origins on the zygomatic, maxilla or mandible * **Muscles with origins on the Zygomatic bone:** * Levator Labii Superioris * Levator Anguli Oris * Zygomaticus muscles * **Muscles with origins on Maxilla:** * Orbicularis Oculi and Oris * Buccinator * **Muscles with origins on Mandible:** * Depressor Labii Inferioris * Depressor Anguli Oris * Mentalis * Orbicularis Oris * **Most head muscles insert on skin** * Frontal (eyebrow) * Orbicularis Oculi (eyelids) * Zygomatics (lips) * Risoriois (lips) * Levator labii superioris and inferioris/ Anguli ori (lips) * Mentalis (lips) ### **Origins and insertions of the anterior muscle of the neck** Most anterior neck muscles have origins on the sternum/ Manubrium, or the mandible. * **Muscles with origins on the sternum/manubrium:** * Sternohyoid * Sternothyroid * Sternocleidomastoid * Platysma (chest fascia) * **Muscles with origins on the mandible** * Digastric * Mylohyoid * **Nearly all anterior neck muscles insert at the hyoid** ### **Origins of the lateral and posterior neck muscles** Most Lateral/ Posterior muscles originate on the Vertebral column projections * Semispinalis (transverse processes) * Scalenes (all the cervical transverse processes) * Splenius capitis (spinous processes) * Levator Scapulae (transverse processes) * Trapezius (spinous processes) * **Most lateral and posterior neck muscles insert in the scapula or the occipital bone** * Sternocleidomastoid (occipital bone) * Splenius capitus (occipital bone) * Semispinalis (occipital bone) * Levator Scapulae (scapula) * Trapezius (scapula) ## Origins and insertions of trunk muscles Breathing muscles have origins and insertions on the ribs * External intercostals * Internal intercostals * Diaphragm * Scalenes * **Most abdominal Muscles insert on the Linea Alba or Pubic crest** * External and internal Obliques * Transvers abdominals * **Most of the muscles that move the arm originate on the scapula** * Latissimus Dorsi (inferior angle) * Teres major (inferior angle) * Deltoid (Spine and acromion) * Suprascapularis (supraspinous fossa) * Subscapularis (Subscapular fossa) * Teres minor (lateral border) * Infraspinatus (infraspinous fossa) * Pectoralis Major (clavicle, sternum) **exception** * **All muscles that move the arm have insertions in the humerus** * Latissimus Dorsi (intertubercular sulcus) * Teres Major (intertubercular sulcus) * Pectoralis Major (intertubercular sulcus) * Subscapularis (lesser tubercle) * Supraspinatus (greater tubercle) * Teres minor (greater tubercle) * Infraspinatus (greater tubercle) * Deltoid (deltoid tuberosity) ## Origins and insertions of the muscles of the upper and lower arm All muscles of the upper arm originate in the humerus * Biceps (Coracoid process) **exception** * Triceps (radial groove) * Bracialis * Brachioradialis (lateral supracondylar ridge) * **All muscles of the upper arm insert in the ulna or radius** * Biceps (radial tuberosity) * Triceps (olecranon process) * Bracialis (ulna, coronoid process) * Brachioradialis (radius, styloid process) * **Most anterior lower arm muscles originate at the humerus (medial epicondyle)** * Flexor Carpi Radialis/ Ulnaris * Palmaris Longus * Flexor digitorum superficialis * Pronator Teres * Flexor digitorum profundus (ulna) **exception** * Pronator Quadratos (ulna) **exception** * **Most posterior lower arm muscles originate at the humerus (lateral epicondyle)** * Extensor Carpi radialis brevis / ulnaris * Extensor Digitorum * Supinator * Anconeus * Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus (lateral supercondylar ridge) **exception** * **Most anterior/ posterior lower arm thumb originate at the interosseous membrane** * Extensor Pollis longus/Brevis * Abductor pollis longus * Flexor pollis longus * **Some lower arm muscles have insertions in the radius** * Supinator * Pronator Teres/ Quadratus * **Both anterior and posterior muscles inset in metacarpals, digits or the thumb** * Flexor Carpi Radiialis/ Ulnaris (metacarpals 2, 3 and 5) * Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus/ brevis, Extensor Carpi ulnaris (Metacarpals 2, 3, 5) * Flexor digitorum superficialis (2-5 middle phalanges) * Flexor Digitorum profundus (2-5 distal phalanges) * Extensor digitiorum (2-5 distal phalanges) * Extensor pollis longus/ brevis (distal and proximal thumb/ 1st phalanx) * Flexor pollis longus (distal thumb/1st phalanx) * Abductor Pollis longus (metacarpal 1) **exception** ## Origins and insertions of the upper and lower leg * **Most anterior medial upper leg muscles have origins in the pubic ramus and insertions in the linea aspera** * Adductor longus (origin near pubic symphysis) * Gracilis (insertion on tibia) * **All anterior upper leg muscles have insertions at the patella/ Tibial tuberosity** * Tenor fascia latae/ Sartorius (anterior superior iliac spine) * Tenor fascia latae/ Iliopsoas (illac crest) * **All posterior superior muscles have origins at the gluteal lines and insertions on the femur** * Gluteus maximus (gluteal tuberosity) * Gluteus medius (greater trochanter) * **Most posterior upper leg muscles have origins at the ischial tuberosity and insertions on the tibia** * Semimembranosus (Medial condyle) * Biceps Femoris short head (Lateral condyle) * Semitendinosus * Biceps Femoris long head (fibula) * **Muscles of the anterior lower leg originate at the fibula** * Fibularis longus/brevis (fibula) * Extensor Hallucis/ digitorum longus (fibula) * Tibialis anterior (tibia) **exception** * **Muscles of the posterior lower leg originate at the fibula, tibia or femur** * Gastrocnemius (femur condyles) * Popliteus (lateral condyle) * Soleus (fibula) * Flexor hallucis longus/ brevis (fibula) * Tibialis posterior (fibula/ tibia)) * Flexor digitorum longus (tibia) * **Muscles of the posterior lower leg inset in the metacarpals, the big toe phalanx, the calcaneus or the phalanges** * Flexor digitorum longus (2-5 middle and distal phalanges) * Flexor Hallucis longus/ brevis (1st distal/ big toe phalanx) * Tibialis Posterior (metcarpal 2-4) * **Soleus/Gastrocnemius (calcaneus)** * **Muscles of the anterior lower leg inset in the metacarpals, the big toe phalanx, or the phalanges.** * Extensor digitorum longus (2-5 middle and distal phalanges) * Extensor Hallucis longus/ brevis (1st distal/big toe phalanx) * Tibialis Anterior/ Fibularis Longus (metcarpal 1) * Fibularis brevis (metcarpal 5)