Unit 5: American and French Revolution PDF

Unit 5: American and French Revolution ​ Ancien Régime — Ancien régime, (French: “old order”) Political and social system of France prior to the French Revolution. Under the regime, everyone was a subject of the king of France as well as a member of an estate and province. ​ Battle of Leipzi...

Unit 5: American and French Revolution ​ Ancien Régime — Ancien régime, (French: “old order”) Political and social system of France prior to the French Revolution. Under the regime, everyone was a subject of the king of France as well as a member of an estate and province. ​ Battle of Leipzig— The Battle of Leipzig, also known as the Battle of the Nations, was fought from 16 to 19 October 1813 at Leipzig, Saxony. The Coalition armies of Austria, Prussia, Sweden, and Russia, led by Tsar Alexander I and Karl von Schwarzenberg, decisively defeated the Grande Armée of French EmperorNapoleon Bonaparte. ​ Battle of Waterloo — The Battle of Waterloo was fought on 18 June 1815 between Napoleon's French Army and a coalition led by the Duke of Wellington and Marshal Blücher. The decisive battle of its age, it concluded a war that had raged for 23 years, ended French attempts to dominate Europe, and destroyed Napoleon's imperial power forever. ​ Bourgeoisie— In between the very poor and the super rich. ​ Cahiers de Doléances— the lists of grievances drawn up by each of the three Estates in France, between January and April 1789, the year in which the French Revolution began. ​ Civil Constitution of the Clergy— a law passed on 12 July 1790 during the French Revolution, that sought complete control over the Catholic Church in France by the French government. ​ Continental System— The Continental System, inaugurated by the Berlin decrees of 21 November 1806, was meant to prohibit all trade, even by neutral countries, with Britain, the nation that Napoleon derisively referred to as 'an island of shopkeepers,' thereby sealing it off from continental Europe. ​ Declaration of Independence — The Declaration summarized the colonists' motivations for seeking independence. ​ Escape of Louis XVI— Dissatisfied with the course of the revolution, particularly its attacks on the Catholic church, King Louis XVI acceded to suggestions that it was time to flee the capital. ​ Estates General — a general assembly representing the French estates of the realm: the clergy (First Estate), the nobility (Second Estate), and the commoners (Third Estate). ​ Execution of Louis XVI— Louis XVI, former King of France since the abolition of the monarchy, was publicly executed on 21 January 1793 during the French Revolution at the Place de la Révolution in Paris.  Unit 5: American and French Revolution ​ First War with Austria — The war itself can be divided into three separate but connected conflicts, the first being the Silesian Wars between Prussia and Austria. In the second, Austria and Sardinia defeated Spanish attacks in Northern Italy, while the third featured an increasingly global contest between Britain and France. ​ George Danton —Georges Jacques Danton (26 October 1759 – 5 April 1794) was a leading figure in the French Revolution. During the Insurrection of 31 May – 2 June 1793, Danton changed his mind on the use of force and lost his seat in the committee afterwards, which solidified the rivalry between him and Maximilien Robespierre. ​ George III— Was King of Great Britain and Ireland from 25 October 1760 until his death in 1820. ​ George Washington — George Washington (February 22, 1732[a] – December 14, 1799) was a Founding Fatherand the first president of the United States, serving from 1789 to 1797. As commander of the Continental Army, Washington led Patriotforces to victory in the American Revolutionary War against the British Empire. He is commonly known as the Father of His Countryfor his role in bringing about American independence. ​ Invasion of Russia— The French invasion of Russia, also known as the Russian campaign, the Second Polish War, and in Russia as the Patriotic War of 1812, was initiated by Napoleon with the aim of compelling the Russian Empire to comply with the continental blockade of the United Kingdom. ​ Louis XIV—Louis XIV 5 September 1638 – 1 September 1715), also known as Louis the Great or the Sun King ,was King of France from 1643 until his death in 1715. ​ Louis XVI— Louis XVI (23 August 1754 – 21 January 1793) was the last king of France before the fall of the monarchy during the French Revolution. Louis XVI was the husband of Marie Antoinette. ​ Louis XVIII—Louis XVIII (17 November 1755 – 16 September 1824), known as the Desired, was King of France from 1814 to 1824, except for a brief interruption during the Hundred Days in 1815. Before his reign, he spent 23 years in exile from France beginning in 1791, during the French Revolution and the First French Empire. ​ Marie Antoinette—Marie Antoinette (2 November 1755 – 16 October 1793) was the last Queen of France prior to the French Revolution and the establishment of the French First Republic. Marie Antoinette was the wife of Louis XVI.  Unit 5: American and French Revolution ​ Napoleon—Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French general and statesman who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led a series of military campaigns across Europe during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars from 1796 to 1815. He led the French Republic as First Consul from 1799 to 1804, then ruled the French Empire as Emperor of the French from 1804 to 1814, and briefly again in 1815. Born on the island of Corsica to a family of Italian origin, Napoleon moved to mainland France in 1779 and was commissioned as an officer in the French Royal Army in 1785. ​ National Convention — National Convention, assembly that governed France from September 20, 1792, until October 26, 1795, during the most critical period of the French Revolution. The National Convention was elected to provide a new constitution for the country after the overthrow of the monarchy (August 10, 1792). ​ Robespierre — Maximilien François Marie Isidore de Robespierre (6 May 1758 – 28 July 1794) was a French lawyer and statesman, widely recognised as one of the most influential and controversial figures of the French Revolution. Robespierre fervently campaigned for the voting rights of all men and their unimpeded admission to the National Guard. ​ The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen— Men are born free and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions can be based only on public utility. The aim of every political association is the preservation of the natural and imprescriptible rights of man. These rights are liberty, property, security and resistance to oppression. ​ The First Estate—The First Estate was the clergy, who were people, including priests, who ran both the Catholic church and some aspects of the country. In addition to keeping registers of births, deaths and marriages, the clergy also had the power to levy a 10% tax known as the tithe. ​ The Hundred Days—marked the period between Napoleon's return from eleven months of exile on the island of Elba to Paris on 20 March 1815 and the second restoration of King Louis XVIII on. ​ The Liberal/Moderate Phase—This was the liberal, moderate phase in which the form of government switched from an absolute monarchy to constitutional monarchy. As the Third Estate demanded via the Tennis Court Oath, a constitution was written, with the preamble being the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. ​ The Napoleonic Era—The Napoleonic era is a period in the history of France and Europe.  Unit 5: American and French Revolution ​ The Radical Phase—The radical phase of the French Revolution took place from 1792 to 1794. The overthrow of the Legislative Assembly and suspension of King Louis XVI, turning France into a republic, began this radical phase. ​ The Reign of Terror —The Reign of Terror was a period of the French Revolution when, following the creation of the First Republic, a series of massacres and numerous public executions took place in response to revolutionary fervour, anticlerical sentiment, and accusations of treason by the Committee of Public Safety. While terror was never formally instituted as a legal policy by the Convention, it was more often employed as a concept. ​ The Second Estate—The Second Estate consisted of the nobility of France, including members of the royal family, except for the King. Members of the Second Estate did not have to pay any taxes. They were also awarded special priviliges, such as the wearing a sword and hunting. ​ The Tennis Court Oath —In the Tennis Court Oath, representatives of the non-clergy and non-nobles of France swore they would not disperse until a constitution was established for France. While the oath-makers were successful, the French Revolution soon tumbled out of control. ​ The Third Estate — Everyone else, pays all the taxes. ​ Thermidorian Reaction — Thermidorian Reaction, in the French Revolution, the parliamentary revolt initiated on 9 Thermidor, year II (July 27, 1794), which resulted in the fall of Maximilien Robespierre and the collapse of revolutionary fervour and the Reign of Terror in France. ​ Women’s March on Versailles—The March on Versailles. Concerned over the high price and scarcity of bread, women from the marketplaces of Paris led the March on Versailles on October 5, 1789. This became one of the most significant events of the French Revolution, eventually forcing the royals to return to Paris.  Unit 5: American and French Revolution What were the causes of the French Revolution? — In the late 18th century France was on the brink of bankruptcy due to its involvement in the American Revolution and King Louis XVI's extravagant spending. This led to a people's revolt against the inequalities of French society, the corruption of royal officials, and despair owing to widespread economic hardship. What caused the Constitutional Convention after the American Revolutionary war? — After the war Congress and the state governments continued to produce money contributing to what Madison referred to as the “mortal diseases” of the government under the Articles of Confederation and resulting in calls for a new federal constitution to strengthen the national government. What was the battle of Saratoga and why was it significant? — The Battle of Saratoga was a turning point in the Revolutionary War. The American defeat of the superior British army lifted patriot morale, furthered the hope for independence, and helped to secure the foreign support needed to win the war. What were the causes and results of the American Revolution, what impact did it have on Europe? — The Revolutionary War (1775‑1783) arose from growing tensions between residents of Great Britain's 13 North American colonies and the colonial government. The American colonists, led by General George Washington, won political independence and eventually formed the United States of America. First, many European liberal movements gained momentum from the American Declaration of Independence and the subsequent American victory. Liberal revolutionaries held many of the same ideals as the American founding fathers, and consequently associated themselves with the American cause.