ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEWER.docx

**ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY** Study of abnormal behavior to undertaken describe, predict, explain and change abnormal patterns of functioning 4D's of Abnormal Behavior - DEVIANT Deviance from normality (different, extreme, unusual, bizarre, etc.) - DISTRESSING Behaviors, thoughts, and em...

**ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY** Study of abnormal behavior to undertaken describe, predict, explain and change abnormal patterns of functioning 4D's of Abnormal Behavior - DEVIANT Deviance from normality (different, extreme, unusual, bizarre, etc.) - DISTRESSING Behaviors, thoughts, and emotions that cause suffering to the individual - DYSFUNCTIONAL Interference with an individual's proper daily functioning - DANGEROUS Harm towards the self and others Cultural Relativism There are no universal standards or rules for labeling a behavior as abnormal as there are different cultures and norms in different parts of the world Treatment and Therapy Procedures designed by the therapist to change abnormal behaviors of a client into normal through a series of contact - Ancient Views and Treatments - Trephination Using a stone instrument to cut away a circular part of the skull to release evil spirits - Exorcism - Hydrotherapy Application of ice-cold water to shock patients back to their senses - Greek and Roman Views of Treatments - Humors Hippocrates assumed that normal brain functioning was related to four bodily fluids or humors: 1. Blood (Heart) (Sanguine) - Lively, carefree, and talkative - Friendly, optimistic, full of ideas - Struggles with following tasks all the way, late and forgetful, susceptible to insomnia 2. Black Bile (Spleen) (Melancholic) - Serious, cautious, suspicious, sensitive, moody, introvert, quiet - susceptible to depression; prefers to work alone to meet their own standards 3. Phlegm (Brain) (Phlegmatic) - Private, thoughtful, reasonable, calm, patient, caring, and tolerant - speech tends to be slow and low, appears to be hesitant, ponderous, and clumsy - indicates apathy and sluggishness 4. Yellow Bile (Liver) (Choleric) - task oriented, workaholic, perfectionist has some strong leadership skills, very systematic and good to work with - like to take in charge; hard headed, short- tempered, impatient, impulsive, and with a reserve of aggression - Regulate the environment depending on which humor is out of balance - Rest - Good Nutrition - Exercise - Induce vomiting - Witchcraft Unexplainable behavior was caused by witches - Witch Dunking - Sink = Innocent - Float = Witch - Tarantism (Saint Vitus' Dance) - Groups of people would jump, dance, and go into convulsions. - Some are oddly dressed. Some tore their clothes off - Bitten and possessed by a wolf spider (tarantula) and performed tarantella (a dance) to be cured - Emotion Contagion Emotions of individuals are spread to others through assumptions of their reactions having the same source. - Mass Hysteria - Lycanthropy Possession of wolves or other animals causing wolf-like behavior - Paracelsus - The belief that the moon and stars had effects on people's psychological functioning - Astrology - Asylums Institutions whose primary purpose was to care for mentally ill people - Treated patients with inhumane methods - Moral Treatment 19^th^ century approach to treat people with mental dysfunction that emphasized the moral guidance and humane and respectful treatment - Philippe Pinel - Father of Modern Psychiatry) - Argued that sympathy and kindness should be used to treat patients - William Tuke (1732-1819) - Northern England - 30 patients lived as guests in quiet country houses and were treated with a combination of rest, talk, prayer, and manual work - Benjamin Rush (1745-1813) - Father of American Psychiatry - Required hospitals to hire intelligent and sensitive attendants for the patients - Suggested doctors to give small gifts to their patients - Dorothea Dix (1802-1887) - Endless campaigns for reformation of treatment on insanity - Mental hygiene movement - Substantial increase in the number of patients - How are people with Severe Disturbances Cared for? - Antipsychotic drugs - Antidepressant drugs - Antianxiety drugs - Deinstitutionalization - Hospitals almost immediately discharged patients who were showing signs of improvement - How are people with Less Severe Disturbances Treated - Private Psychotherapy - Outpatient Therapy MODELS OF ABNORMALITY Basic assumptions, gives order to the field understudy, sets guidelines for its investigation - Demonological - Behavior is caused by evil entities and forces - Treatment involved prayers, whippings, starvation, torture, "driving foreign spirits away from the body - Biological Model - Genetic Inheritance - Inherited genes at birth can sometimes be faulty - Many psychological disorders occur more in identical (MZ) twins than they do in non-identical (DZ) twins - Inherited disorders may be that of schizophrenia, autism, addiction, and depression - Chemical Imbalance Neurotransmitters that have been implicated in abnormal functioning include: - Serotonin Mania, anxiety, and OCD (H) Depression (L) - Dopamine Schizophrenia (H) Parkinson's Disease (L) - Cortisol Chronic Stress (H) - GABA Hypersomnia (H) Anxiety, Mood Disorders (L) - Acetylcholine Alzheimer's, Parkinson's (L) - Glutamate Insomnia (H) Anxiety, memory issues (L) - Viral Infections Causes biological differences in the brain resulting in abnormality - Schizophrenia caused by influenza in the womb - Syphilis causing brain disorders - Brain Injury and Brain Damage - Hippocampus Works to create memories Remembering and Forgetting - Pituitary Gland Secretes a hormone that regulates our growth Hypopituitarism - Frontal Lobe Cognitive functions Control of voluntary movement Broca's Aphasia (inability to express language) - Occipital Lobe Vision Color Agnosia (problem identifying colors) - Parietal Lobe - Temporal Lobe Processes memories to integrate them with taste, sound, sight, and touch Prosopagnosia (problem recognizing faces) Wernicke's Aphasia (problem understanding spoken words) - Coup Vs Contrecoup - Coup Occurs on the brain directly after the impact - Contrecoup Occurs on the opposite side of the brain from where the impact occurred - Coup contrecoup Occurs when the damage is to the side under the impact - Psychotropic Medication Drug Therapy - Antianxiety Drugs Reduces anxiety Anxiolytics Minor Tranquilizers - Antidepressant Drugs Improves mood - Antibipolar Drugs Mood stabilizers - Antipsychotic Drugs Corrects confusion, hallucinations, and delusion - Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) - Two electrodes are attached to a patient\'s forehead, and an electrical current of 65 to 140 volts is passed briefly through the brain - After seven to nine ECT sessions, spaced two or three days apart, many patients feel considerably less depressed. - Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) - Uses a cellphone-sized device that stimulates the cranium and brain with a current that cannot usually be sensed by the consumer (below four milliamps) - Mild side effects may include headache, nausea, and dizziness - Psychosurgery - Developed in the late 1930s - Antonio Egas Moniz - Walter Freeman believed that cutting certain nerves in the brain could eliminate excess emotion and stabilize personality - Psychodynamic Model Oldest and most famous of the modern psychological models - Theorists believe that a person's behavior is caused by underlying psychological forces or the unconscious. - Theories rest on the deterministic assumption that no symptom or behavior is "accidental": all behavior is determined by past experiences. - Psychodynamic Therapies Therapists seek to uncover past traumas and the inner conflicts that have resulted from them 1. Free Association - Patient starts and lead the discussion - Patient is asked to describe any though, feeling or image that comes to mind 2. Therapist Interpretation - Resistance Patients are showing refusal and changing subjects - Transference They behave as if they're conversing with someone important in their life - Dreams Defense mechanisms operate less completely during sleep, and that dreams can reveal needs and wishes when properly interpreted 3. Catharsis Reliving of past repressed feelings to reduce internal conflicts and overcome their problems - Working Through Patient and therapist must examine the same issues over and over again in the course of many sessions, each time with greater clarity, usually takes years Freud Facts: - \$20 per session - 40 years, 10 hours per day, 5 or 6 days per week - Nominated but did not win in 12 different years - Behavioral Perspective - Reinforced normal behavior = repeated - Punished abnormal behavior = stopped - **CLASSICAL CONDITIONING** - Phase 1: Before Conditioning UCS/UCR/NS - Phase 2: During Conditioning - Extinction/Spontaneous Recovery - **OPERANT CONDITIONING** - Positive Reinforcement Is encouraging a behavior with a stimulus that makes it seem pleasant or acceptable - Negative Reinforcement Strengthening a behavior by stopping, removing, or avoiding a stimulus - Positive Punishment Adding of a negative consequence to an undesired behavior to avoid repeating it in the future - Negative Punishment Taking away a certain desired item after - **SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY** - Observation - Vicarious Learning - **BEHAVIORAL THERAPIES** - Exposure Therapy 1. In Vivo 2. Imaginal 3. Virtual-reality 4. Interoceptive 5. Gradual 6. Flooding - Systematic Desensitization 1. Identification of an anxiety inducing stimulus 2. Learning of relaxation or coping techniques 3. Confronting hierarchy of fears - Cognitive Perspective The root of abnormality is the faulty thought process Negative thoughts about oneself, negative expectations of the future, and distorted/unrealistic perception of the world - Illogical Thinking - Over-generalization Assumptions on everything based on a single event - Magnification Magnify small events - Minimization Devaluing or making something insignificant - All-or-nothing Thinking Viewing things on absolute terms, things are black and white - Humanistic Perspective - Human Perspective Human beings born to socialize, cooperate, and be constructive - Driven to self-actualize Recognize strengths and weaknesses and establish satisfying values to live by - Carl Rogers - For a person to grow, they need an environment that provides them with 1. Genuineness Openness and self-disclosure 2. Acceptance Being seen with unconditional positive regard 3. Empathy Listened to and understood - Positive Regard Valued, respected, treated with affection and loved - Unconditional Positive Regard - Existentialist Perspective - Humans must be accurately self-aware and live authentic lives to be psychologically well-adjusted - Humans have total freedom to live and give meaning to life or shrink from that responsibility - Those who hide view themselves as helpless and may live inauthentic and dysfunctional lives - Gestalt Therapy Guidance towards self-recognition and self-acceptance - Frederick "Fritz" Perls 1. Role Playing 2. Self-discovery exercise - Empty Chair Technique - Drum Therapy - Socio-cultural Perspective Concentrates on those broad forces that directly influences the individual - Family Relationships - Social Interactions - Community Events - Explanation of Abnormal Functioning - Social Labels and Roles People assign themselves, accept and play the roles they are called - Social Networks and Family People are more likely to become depressed when they grew up with no social support or intimacy - Family Structure and Communication Family is a system of interacting parts 1. Enmeshed Overinvolvement causes dependency 2. Disengagement Rigid boundaries cause difficulty in requesting/giving support - Family Treatment - Group Therapy - Self-Help Group - Family Therapy - Couple/Marital Therapy - Multicultural Perspective Understanding of culture, race, ethnicity, and gender on their effects on behavior and thought - Culture-sensitive Therapies Designed to help address issues faced by members of cultural minority groups - Gender-Sensitive - Feminist-Therapy - Cultural Concepts of Distress - Ataque de Nervous Latino Descent, emotional upset - Dhat Syndrome South Asia, semen loss of young males - Koro Shrinkage of penis, acute anxiety - Khyal Cap Cambodians, panic attacks - Kufungsisa Overthinking, Shona of Zimbabwe - Maladi Moun Haiti, sending illness, envy - Nervios Latinos, state of vulnerability - Shenjing Shuairuo Weakness, memory loss, sleep disturbance - Susto Latinos in US, soul leaves the body, unhappiness, and sickness - Taijin Kyufusho Intense fear of appearance