Life Energy Chapter 3 and 4 PDF

**Life Energy** **Bioenergetics** - - ***Bio*** means ***Life or Living*** - ***Energetics*** means ***study of energy*** - - - **Photosynthesis** - - ***photo*** which means light ***synthesis*** which means putting together separate things to form a whole. -...

**Life Energy** **Bioenergetics** - - ***Bio*** means ***Life or Living*** - ***Energetics*** means ***study of energy*** - - - **Photosynthesis** - - ***photo*** which means light ***synthesis*** which means putting together separate things to form a whole. - *The equation summarizing the process of photosynthesis.* Plants form the basis of all life on earth and are known as **producer.** ***During photosynthesis, photoautotrophs use energy from the sun,*** ***along with carbon dioxide and water, to form glucose and oxygen.*** **Chloroplast =** is an organelle within the cells of plants and certain algae that is the site of photosynthesis. **Parts of chloroplast** that traps and absorbs light energy from the sun and uses it to power chemical reaction of photosynthesis. *to produce carbohydrates)* A. B. A. **Light-Dependent Reaction**=*This reaction takes place* within and across the membrane of the t*[hylakoid]*s[. *Water*] is used as raw material, along with *[sunlight]*. = occur during day time = at this stage the light energy needed is captured from the sun to produce or make *[**two (2) molecules** needed for the next stage of ]* *[photosynthesis.] such as.:* 1. **ATP** *the energy storage molecule and* 2. **NADPH** *the reduced electron carrie***r** B. **Light-Independent Reaction** / **Calvin Cycle** = at this stage the light energy is not necessary for the reaction to occur. = **occurs at night** = **does not require light energy from the sun**. = *occurs in the [stroma]* of the chloroplast. = *It is also called* as **["Dark *Reaction*]**" not because it *occurs at* *night* but because it does not require light energy from the sun**.** **= utilizes raw material *[carbon dioxide] to produce [glucose]* [ ]** **=** *also known **[Calvin Cycle]** in honor of **[Melvin Calvin]*** ***Melvin Calvin** scientist who discovered the stage of photosynthesis* *which does not require light (light independent Reaction)* *Stages of Photosynthesis Summary Table* --------------------------------- -------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------ **Stage** **Location** **Events** **Requires sunlight?** ***Light-dependent reactions*** Thylakoid membrane Light energy is captured by chloroplasts and stored as ATP Yes ***Calvin cycle*** Stroma ATP is used to create sugars that the plant will use to grow and live No --------------------------------- -------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------ \~\~\~\~\~\~\~\~\~\~\~\~\~\~\~\~\~\~\~\~\~\~\~\~\~\~\~\~\~\~\~\~\~\~\~\~\~\~\~\~\~\~\~\~\~\~\~\~\~\~\~\~\~\~\~  - *is a metabolic reactions occurring inside the cell to break down biochemical energy obtain from the food we eat into a chemical compound ATP (adenosine triphosphate).* - Is the process through which the nutrient we eat are converted into useful energy (ATP) -  it involves **[glucose and oxygen]** *as raw material* (inputs) and produces **[carbon dioxide, water, and energy (ATP)]** *as products (outputs). * - Can occur both **aerobically** (*[using oxygen)]* and **an-aerobically** *[(without oxygen) ]* During AEROBIC cellular, glucose reacts with oxygen to produce ATP, that can be used by the cell. *[Carbon dioxide and water]* are created as by products, - Occurs in ***mitochondria.*** ***Mitochondria** is the main cell organelle for cellular respiration* 3. **Stages of Cellular Respiration** A. **Glycolysis** B. **Krebs cycle or Citric Acid Cycle** C. **Oxidative Phosphorylation** - **Electron Transport Chain** - **Chemiosmosis** A. **Glycolysis** - an aerobic process - takes place in ***Cytoplasm*** - it breaks down a glucose molecule into two (2) pyruvic acid **Glucose** = a 6-carbon compound =a 3-carbon compound. = the end product of glycolysis. - may also takes place without oxygen in a process called In these reaction: - 2 pyruvic acid or pyruvate - 2 ATP - 2 NADH B. - Also known as ***[Citric Acid Cycle]** since the first molecule formed is citric acid* - *Takes place in **matrix** of mitochondria* - ***ATP, NADH and FADH~2~*** [are produced], and **carbon dioxide** [is released]. **[Process of Kreb's Cycle.]** **[END PRODUCTS of KREB's CYCLE]** Thus, ***Per glucose molecule, the Krebs cycle produces:*** - ***4 × CO~2~  *** - *** 2 × ATP  *** - *** 6 × NADH + H^+^  *** - *** 2 × FADH~2~*** C. - - - - - - - - 1. - - 2. - - - - - The **critical steps** of [the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis are:] 1. **Donation of electrons by electron carriers NADH and FADH~2~**: Two reduced electron carriers NADH and FADH~2~ produced during earlier stages of cellular respiration transfer their electrons to the specific complex at the start of ETC. 2. **Transfer of electrons by mobile electron carriers and proton pumping:** A electrons flow through the chain, they lose energy, which helps to pump protons (H^+^ ions) out of the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space. This process creates a proton gradient, also known as the electrochemical gradient. 3. **Splitting of oxygen to form water:** This happens at the end of ETC, where electrons are finally transferred to molecular oxygen, forming a water [[molecule]](https://www.sciencefacts.net/molecule.html) by accepting H^+ ^ions. 4. **Synthesis of ATP**: As H^+ ^returns to the matrix through the [[concentration gradient]](https://www.sciencefacts.net/concentration-gradient.html), they pass through a multi-subunit [[enzyme]](https://www.sciencefacts.net/enzyme.html) complex called ATP synthase and result in ATP synthesis. -  **Net ATP yield of Cellular Respiration** ---------------------------------- --------------- **Stages** **ATP yield** Glycolysis 2 ATP Kreb's Cycle / Citric Acid Cycle 2 ATP Electron Transport Chain 34 ATP **Total** **38 ATP** ---------------------------------- --------------- **Comparison of Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration** +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Basis** | **Photosynthesis** | **Cellular | | | | Respiration** | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Location | Choloroplast | Mitochondria | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Reactants | Carbon Dioxide and | Oxygen and Glucose | | | Water | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Products | Oxygen and Glucose | Carbon dioxide and | | | | water | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Production of ATP | ATP is not Produce | ATP is produced | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Frequency of | Depends on the | Always | | Occurrence | presence of light | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Organisms involved | Plants and some | All organisms ( | | | bacteria | plants, animals, | | | | Bacteria, fungi) | | | ( cyanobacteria; | | | | proteobacteria (known | | | | as purple bacteria) | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Chemical Equation | **CO~2~ + H~2~O +** | **C~6~ H~12~O~6~ + | | involved | | O~2~** | | | [**→ C ~6~H ~12~O~2~ | | | | + | [**→ CO~2~ + | | | O~2~**](https://www.i | H~2~O**](https://www. | | | tprotoday.com/end-use | itprotoday.com/end-us | | | r-platforms/how-type- | er-platforms/how-type | | | arrow-symbol) | -arrow-symbol) | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+