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Questions and Answers
What is another name for the dark reaction in photosynthesis?
What is another name for the dark reaction in photosynthesis?
Which of the following is a raw material for the Calvin cycle?
Which of the following is a raw material for the Calvin cycle?
Which product is generated during aerobic cellular respiration?
Which product is generated during aerobic cellular respiration?
Where does the Calvin cycle take place in the plant cell?
Where does the Calvin cycle take place in the plant cell?
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Which process does NOT require light energy?
Which process does NOT require light energy?
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What are the final byproducts of aerobic cellular respiration?
What are the final byproducts of aerobic cellular respiration?
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Which stage of photosynthesis captures light energy?
Which stage of photosynthesis captures light energy?
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What does glycolysis primarily produce?
What does glycolysis primarily produce?
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What is the main organelle involved in cellular respiration?
What is the main organelle involved in cellular respiration?
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Which process can occur without oxygen?
Which process can occur without oxygen?
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What does the term 'bioenergetics' specifically study?
What does the term 'bioenergetics' specifically study?
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What is the primary function of chloroplasts in plant cells?
What is the primary function of chloroplasts in plant cells?
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During the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, which of the following molecules is produced?
During the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, which of the following molecules is produced?
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What is a defining characteristic of the Calvin Cycle?
What is a defining characteristic of the Calvin Cycle?
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Which of the following accurately describes light-dependent reactions?
Which of the following accurately describes light-dependent reactions?
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What is the role of water in photosynthesis?
What is the role of water in photosynthesis?
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What is produced as a byproduct of the light-dependent reactions?
What is produced as a byproduct of the light-dependent reactions?
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Which statement is true regarding photoautotrophs?
Which statement is true regarding photoautotrophs?
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Where do light-independent reactions primarily occur in the chloroplast?
Where do light-independent reactions primarily occur in the chloroplast?
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What is the significance of the term 'producer' in relation to plants?
What is the significance of the term 'producer' in relation to plants?
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Where does glycolysis occur in the cell?
Where does glycolysis occur in the cell?
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What is the end product of glycolysis?
What is the end product of glycolysis?
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Which of the following compounds is NOT produced during the Krebs cycle?
Which of the following compounds is NOT produced during the Krebs cycle?
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How many ATP molecules are produced per glucose molecule during the Krebs cycle?
How many ATP molecules are produced per glucose molecule during the Krebs cycle?
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What role do NADH and FADH2 play in the electron transport chain?
What role do NADH and FADH2 play in the electron transport chain?
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What is formed at the end of the electron transport chain when electrons are transferred to oxygen?
What is formed at the end of the electron transport chain when electrons are transferred to oxygen?
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What purpose does the proton gradient serve in cellular respiration?
What purpose does the proton gradient serve in cellular respiration?
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In which part of the mitochondria does the Krebs cycle take place?
In which part of the mitochondria does the Krebs cycle take place?
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What is produced as a waste product during the Krebs cycle?
What is produced as a waste product during the Krebs cycle?
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Which enzyme complex is responsible for synthesizing ATP as protons return to the matrix?
Which enzyme complex is responsible for synthesizing ATP as protons return to the matrix?
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What is the total net ATP yield from cellular respiration?
What is the total net ATP yield from cellular respiration?
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In which part of the cell does cellular respiration primarily occur?
In which part of the cell does cellular respiration primarily occur?
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What are the primary reactants required for cellular respiration?
What are the primary reactants required for cellular respiration?
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Which process does NOT produce ATP?
Which process does NOT produce ATP?
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How does the frequency of photosynthesis differ from cellular respiration?
How does the frequency of photosynthesis differ from cellular respiration?
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Which of the following organisms can perform cellular respiration?
Which of the following organisms can perform cellular respiration?
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Which of the following products is generated by cellular respiration?
Which of the following products is generated by cellular respiration?
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What is the main chemical equation for cellular respiration?
What is the main chemical equation for cellular respiration?
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What stage of cellular respiration yields the most ATP?
What stage of cellular respiration yields the most ATP?
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Which of the following is NOT a reactant in photosynthesis?
Which of the following is NOT a reactant in photosynthesis?
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Study Notes
Chapter 4: Life Energy
- Life energy encompasses bioenergetics, photosynthesis, and causes of extinction, including natural and anthropogenic factors.
Bioenergetics
- Bioenergetics is the study of energy flow, transformation, and utilization in living cells.
- It is a field of biochemistry.
- The goal is to describe how organisms acquire, transform, and utilize energy to perform biological work.
- Eukaryotic organisms primarily use chloroplasts and mitochondria for energy.
- Chloroplasts capture sunlight's energy, while mitochondria extract energy from food.
- ATP is the energy currency of the cell (energy carrier).
Photosynthesis
- Autotrophs are producers that use light energy, water, and carbon dioxide to make their own food.
- Heterotrophs rely on other organisms for their energy source.
- Photosynthesis is a process whereby light energy is captured and used to produce organic molecules (sugar/glucose) and inorganic molecules (oxygen).
- The process is summarized by the equation: CO2 + H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + O2.
- Chloroplasts are the organelles found in plant cells (and some algae) responsible for photosynthesis.
Stages of Photosynthesis
- Photosynthesis occurs in two stages:
- Light-dependent reactions: Capture light energy, use water, and produce ATP and NADPH. These reactions happen in the thylakoid membrane. - Light-independent reactions (Calvin Cycle): Use ATP and NADPH to convert carbon dioxide into glucose. These reactions Occur in the stroma.
Causes of Extinction
- Extinction is the complete disappearance of a species.
- The causes of extinction can be:
- Natural factors (e.g., natural disasters, climate change)
- Anthropogenic factors (human-caused factors, e.g., habitat loss, pollution, overexploitation, species intrusion)
Cellular Respiration
- A metabolic process that breaks down biochemical energy to produce ATP, the cell's energy currency.
- The inputs, or materials required are glucose and oxygen.
- The outputs are ATP, carbon dioxide, and water.
- Occurs in three stages:
- Glycolysis: Breakdown of glucose into pyruvic acid.
- Kreb's/Citric Acid Cycle: Further breakdown of pyruvic acid, producing ATP, NADH, FADH2, and CO2.
- Electron Transport Chain and Chemiosmosis: Electrons from NADH and FADH2 are transferred to produce a large amount of ATP.
Comparison of Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
| Feature | Photosynthesis | Cellular Respiration |
|---|---|---|
| Location | Chloroplast | Mitochondria |
| Reactants | Carbon dioxide, water | Oxygen, glucose |
| Products | Glucose, oxygen | Carbon dioxide, water, ATP |
| ATP Production | Does not directly produce ATP | Produces ATP |
| Energy Source | Sunlight | Chemical energy from glucose |
Chemical Equations
- Photosynthesis: CO2 + H2O + Light Energy → C6H12O6 + O2
- Cellular Respiration: C6H12O6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O + ATP
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Description
Explore the vital concepts of life energy, including bioenergetics and photosynthesis. Understand how living organisms transform energy for biological functions and the roles of eukaryotic cell components like chloroplasts and mitochondria. This chapter also discusses the implications of energy transformation in ecological contexts.
