Biology Chapter 4: Life Energy
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Questions and Answers

What is another name for the dark reaction in photosynthesis?

  • Light-dependent reaction
  • Calvin cycle (correct)
  • Krebs cycle
  • Oxidative phosphorylation

    • Which of the following is a raw material for the Calvin cycle?

  • Carbon dioxide (correct)
  • Glucose
  • ATP
  • Oxygen

    • Which product is generated during aerobic cellular respiration?

  • Oxygen
  • Glucose
  • Carbon monoxide
  • ATP (correct)

    • Where does the Calvin cycle take place in the plant cell?

    <p>Stroma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process does NOT require light energy?

    <p>Calvin cycle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the final byproducts of aerobic cellular respiration?

    <p>Carbon dioxide and water (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of photosynthesis captures light energy?

    <p>Light-dependent reactions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does glycolysis primarily produce?

    <p>ATP (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main organelle involved in cellular respiration?

    <p>Mitochondria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process can occur without oxygen?

    <p>Glycolysis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'bioenergetics' specifically study?

    <p>The study of energy in living systems (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of chloroplasts in plant cells?

    <p>To perform photosynthesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, which of the following molecules is produced?

    <p>Oxygen (A), ATP (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining characteristic of the Calvin Cycle?

    <p>It uses ATP and NADPH from the light reactions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes light-dependent reactions?

    <p>They harness light energy to split water molecules. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of water in photosynthesis?

    <p>It is a source of electrons for light-dependent reactions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is produced as a byproduct of the light-dependent reactions?

    <p>Oxygen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding photoautotrophs?

    <p>They convert light energy into chemical energy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do light-independent reactions primarily occur in the chloroplast?

    <p>In the stroma (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the term 'producer' in relation to plants?

    <p>They serve as primary energy sources in ecosystems. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does glycolysis occur in the cell?

    <p>Cytoplasm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the end product of glycolysis?

    <p>Pyruvic acid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following compounds is NOT produced during the Krebs cycle?

    <p>Pyruvic acid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many ATP molecules are produced per glucose molecule during the Krebs cycle?

    <p>2 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do NADH and FADH2 play in the electron transport chain?

    <p>They donate electrons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is formed at the end of the electron transport chain when electrons are transferred to oxygen?

    <p>Water (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What purpose does the proton gradient serve in cellular respiration?

    <p>It drives ATP synthesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which part of the mitochondria does the Krebs cycle take place?

    <p>Matrix (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is produced as a waste product during the Krebs cycle?

    <p>Carbon dioxide (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme complex is responsible for synthesizing ATP as protons return to the matrix?

    <p>ATP synthase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total net ATP yield from cellular respiration?

    <p>38 ATP (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which part of the cell does cellular respiration primarily occur?

    <p>Mitochondria (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary reactants required for cellular respiration?

    <p>Oxygen and Glucose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process does NOT produce ATP?

    <p>Photosynthesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the frequency of photosynthesis differ from cellular respiration?

    <p>Photosynthesis depends on light, respiration always occurs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organisms can perform cellular respiration?

    <p>Plants, animals, bacteria, and fungi (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following products is generated by cellular respiration?

    <p>Carbon Dioxide (A), Water (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main chemical equation for cellular respiration?

    <p>C6H12O6 + O2 -&gt; CO2 + H2O (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stage of cellular respiration yields the most ATP?

    <p>Electron Transport Chain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a reactant in photosynthesis?

    <p>Oxygen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Bioenergetics

    The study of energy flow in living things.

    Photosynthesis

    The process where plants create food using sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide.

    Producer

    Organism that creates its own food (like plants).

    Chloroplast

    Plant cell organelle where photosynthesis occurs.

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    Light-Dependent Reaction

    Photosynthesis stage that needs sunlight to produce energy carriers.

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    ATP

    Energy storage molecule in cells.

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    NADPH

    Electron carrier molecule in cells.

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    Light-Independent Reaction (Calvin Cycle)

    Photosynthesis stage that doesn't need sunlight; uses ATP and NADPH to make sugar.

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    Stroma

    The fluid-filled space inside the chloroplast where the Calvin cycle occurs.

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    Photoautotroph

    Organisms that use light to make their own food.

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    Calvin Cycle

    The light-independent stage of photosynthesis, where carbon dioxide is used to create glucose.

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    Cellular Respiration

    The process of breaking down food (like glucose) to release energy as ATP.

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    Aerobic respiration

    Cellular respiration that uses oxygen.

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    Glucose

    A type of sugar that is a main source of energy for cells.

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    Glycolysis

    The first stage of cellular respiration, breaking down glucose.

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    Krebs Cycle

    The second stage of cellular respiration, producing energy-carrying molecules.

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    Mitochondria

    The organelle where cellular respiration happens.

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    Pyruvate

    A 3-carbon molecule produced from glucose during glycolysis. It can be further processed in the mitochondria or fermented in the absence of oxygen.

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    Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

    A series of protein complexes in the mitochondrial membrane that use electron carriers (NADH and FADH2) to generate ATP by pumping protons across the membrane.

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    ATP Synthase

    An enzyme complex that uses the proton gradient created by the Electron Transport Chain to synthesize ATP from ADP and Pi.

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    Mitochondrial Matrix

    The space within the inner membrane of the mitochondria where the Krebs Cycle takes place.

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    NADH and FADH2

    Electron carriers that transfer electrons from glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle to the Electron Transport Chain.

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    Chemiosmosis

    The process by which ATP is synthesized using the proton gradient created across the mitochondrial membrane.

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    Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)

    The second stage of cellular respiration, where pyruvate is further broken down to produce electron carriers.

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    Electron Transport Chain

    The final stage of cellular respiration, where electrons are passed along a chain of proteins to generate ATP.

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    Net ATP yield

    The total amount of ATP produced during cellular respiration, taking into account ATP used in the process.

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    Comparison of Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

    The two processes are opposites: photosynthesis makes food and oxygen, while cellular respiration breaks down food for energy.

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    Study Notes

    Chapter 4: Life Energy

    •  Life energy encompasses bioenergetics, photosynthesis, and causes of extinction, including natural and anthropogenic factors.

    Bioenergetics

    •  Bioenergetics is the study of energy flow, transformation, and utilization in living cells.
    •  It is a field of biochemistry.
    •  The goal is to describe how organisms acquire, transform, and utilize energy to perform biological work.
    •  Eukaryotic organisms primarily use chloroplasts and mitochondria for energy.
    •  Chloroplasts capture sunlight's energy, while mitochondria extract energy from food.
    •  ATP is the energy currency of the cell (energy carrier).

    Photosynthesis

    •  Autotrophs are producers that use light energy, water, and carbon dioxide to make their own food.
    •  Heterotrophs rely on other organisms for their energy source.
    •  Photosynthesis is a process whereby light energy is captured and used to produce organic molecules (sugar/glucose) and inorganic molecules (oxygen).
    •  The process is summarized by the equation: CO2 + H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + O2.
    •  Chloroplasts are the organelles found in plant cells (and some algae) responsible for photosynthesis.

    Stages of Photosynthesis

    • Photosynthesis occurs in two stages:
      • Light-dependent reactions: Capture light energy, use water, and produce ATP and NADPH. These reactions happen in the thylakoid membrane.  - Light-independent reactions (Calvin Cycle): Use ATP and NADPH to convert carbon dioxide into glucose. These reactions Occur in the stroma.

    Causes of Extinction

    • Extinction is the complete disappearance of a species.
    • The causes of extinction can be:
      • Natural factors (e.g., natural disasters, climate change)
      • Anthropogenic factors (human-caused factors, e.g., habitat loss, pollution, overexploitation, species intrusion)

    Cellular Respiration

    • A metabolic process that breaks down biochemical energy to produce ATP, the cell's energy currency.
    • The inputs, or materials required are glucose and oxygen.
    • The outputs are ATP, carbon dioxide, and water.
    • Occurs in three stages:
      • Glycolysis: Breakdown of glucose into pyruvic acid.
      • Kreb's/Citric Acid Cycle: Further breakdown of pyruvic acid, producing ATP, NADH, FADH2, and CO2.
      • Electron Transport Chain and Chemiosmosis: Electrons from NADH and FADH2 are transferred to produce a large amount of ATP.

    Comparison of Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

    Feature Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration
    Location Chloroplast Mitochondria
    Reactants Carbon dioxide, water Oxygen, glucose
    Products Glucose, oxygen Carbon dioxide, water, ATP
    ATP Production Does not directly produce ATP Produces ATP
    Energy Source Sunlight Chemical energy from glucose

    Chemical Equations

    • Photosynthesis: CO2 + H2O + Light Energy → C6H12O6 + O2
    • Cellular Respiration: C6H12O6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O + ATP

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    Description

    Explore the vital concepts of life energy, including bioenergetics and photosynthesis. Understand how living organisms transform energy for biological functions and the roles of eukaryotic cell components like chloroplasts and mitochondria. This chapter also discusses the implications of energy transformation in ecological contexts.

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