Theories of Sociology PDF

Theories of sociology: :‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ‬ ### Key Figures in Sociology ‫ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺎﺕ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ‬### - Auguste Comte (1798-1857): A French philosopher who ‫ ﻓﻴﻠﺴﻮﻑ ﻓ...

Theories of sociology: :‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ‬ ### Key Figures in Sociology ‫ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺎﺕ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ‬### - Auguste Comte (1798-1857): A French philosopher who ‫ ﻓﻴﻠﺴﻮﻑ ﻓﺮﻧﺴﻲ‬:(1857-1798) ‫ ﺃﻭﻏﺴﺖ ﻛﻮﻧﺖ‬- coined the term sociology. He defined sociology as the ‫ ﻟﻘﺪ ﻋﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ‬.‫ﺻﺎﻍ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ‬ study of social dynamics and social statics, focusing on ‫ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ‬،‫ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ the progression and development of society.. ‫ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬ - Karl Marx (1818-1883): Known as the father of conflict ‫ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺑﺄﺑﻮ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ‬:(1883-1818) ‫ ﻛﺎﺭﻝ ﻣﺎﺭﻛﺲ‬- theory, Marx viewed history as a continuous struggle ‫ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﺎﺭﻛﺲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺻﺮﺍﻉ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬،‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬ between two main classes: :‫ﺑﻴﻦ ﻓﺌﺘﻴﻦ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺘﻴﻦ‬ 1. Bourgeoisie: The capitalists who own the means of ‫ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻤﻠﻜﻮﻥ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﺶ‬:‫ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺟﻮﺍﺯﻳﺔ‬.1 production..‫ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬ 2. Proletariat: The working class..‫ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬:‫ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﻟﻴﺘﺎﺭﻳﺎ‬.2 ### Sociology and Medicine ‫ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺐ‬### 1. Sociology of Health: Also known as the sociology of ‫ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ‬:‫ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ‬.1 medicine, this area examines the medical needs and ‫ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﻳﺪﺭﺱ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﻭ‬،‫ﺍﻟﻄﺐ‬ care of society through the lens of social epidemiology..‫ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﺪﺳﺔ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﻭﺑﺌﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ 2. Sociology for Medicine: This involves applying ‫ ﻭﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ‬:‫ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﻟﻠﻄﺐ‬.2 sociological perspectives to address and solve ‫ﻭﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻭﺣﻞ‬ biomedical and public health issues..‫ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬ @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ Sociological theories are essential for understanding and ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻔﻬﻢ ﻭ‬ predicting social dynamics. The three primary theoretical ‫ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ‬.‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ perspectives in sociology are: :‫ﻭﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﻫﻲ‬ ## 1. Structural-Functionalist Theory ‫ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﻴﺔ‬.1 ## - Focus: Examines how various parts of society interact ‫ ﻳﺪﺭﺱ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬:‫ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ‬- and function, promoting stability and order..‫ ﻭﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‬،‫ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ‬ - Key Concepts: :‫ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬- - Functional Aspects: Each component has a role that ‫ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻪ ﺩﻭﺭ‬:‫ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﻴﺔ‬- can be beneficial (functional) or harmful (dysfunctional)..(‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻔﻴﺪﺓ )ﻭﻇﻴﻔﻴﺔ( ﺃﻭ ﺿﺎﺭﺓ )ﻣﺨﺘﻠﺔ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﻴﺎ‬ - Equilibrium: Society aims for balance among its parts..‫ ﻳﻬﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺋﻪ‬:‫ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ‬- - Criticism: :‫ ﻧﻘﺪ‬- - Overemphasis on stability and neglect of conflict and ‫ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﻭﺇﻫﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﻭ‬- change..‫ﻳﺘﻐﻴﺮ‬ - Suggests individuals are constrained by social forces ‫ ﻳﺸﻴﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻣﻘﻴﺪﻭﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬- and group memberships..‫ﻭﻋﻀﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ ## 2. Social Conflict Theory ‫ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‬.2 ## - Focus: Views society as characterized by class conflicts ‫ ﻳﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﺴﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﺮﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﻴﺔ‬:‫ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ‬- and struggles over scarce resources..‫ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻴﺤﺔ‬ - Key Concepts: :‫ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬- - Conflict, power, inequality, and exploitation are ‫ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻐﻼﻝ‬- central..‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻱ‬ - Criticism: :‫ ﻧﻘﺪ‬- - Overemphasizes inequality and division, neglecting ‫ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻹﻫﻤﺎﻝ‬- shared values and societal unity..‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﻴﺔ‬ - Like structural functionalism, it often overlooks micro-.‫ ﻓﺈﻧﻬﺎ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﺠﺎﻫﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ‬،‫ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻝ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﻮﻳﺔ‬- level social realities..‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‬ - Radical political economy highlights socio-economic ‫ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻜﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﺴﻠﻂ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬- inequalities affecting health disparities..‫ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺍﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ‬ ## 3. Symbolic Interactionism Theory ‫ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺰﻱ‬.3 ## - Focus: Centers on the meanings individuals attach to ‫ ﻳﺮﻛﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻌﻠﻘﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ‬:‫ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ‬- symbols, emphasizing social interactions..‫ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬،‫ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻮﺯ‬ - Key Concepts: :‫ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬- - Health and illness are social constructs shaped by ‫ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺮﺽ ﻫﻲ ﺑﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺗﺸﻜﻠﻬﺎ‬- cultural interpretations..‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬ - The individual actor is at the core of analysis..‫ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻱ ﻫﻮ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬- - Application: In medicine, this approach examines how ‫ ﻳﺒﺤﺚ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ‬،‫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﺐ‬:‫ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ‬- social and cultural contexts influence perceptions of ‫ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺼﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‬ health and illness..‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺮﺽ‬ These perspectives collectively enhance our ‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﻭﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺗﻌﺰﺯ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ‬ understanding of the complex social world, addressing ‫ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬،‫ﻓﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻘﺪ‬ both macro and micro-level dynamics..‫ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺰﺋﻲ‬ @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ ### Contemporary Sociological Theories : : ‫ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺻﺮﺓ‬### 1. Social Exchange Theory: Examines social interactions ‫ ﺗﺪﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬:‫ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‬.1 based on the costs and benefits individuals seek, ،‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻮﺍﺋﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺴﻌﻰ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ‬ including money, goods, and social status..‫ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‬ 2. Public Choice Theory: Suggests that collective ‫ ﻭﺗﻘﺘﺮﺡ ﺃﻥ ﺟﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬:‫ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‬.2 organizations, like political parties, act rationally to ‫ ﺗﺘﺼﺮﻑ ﺑﻌﻘﻼﻧﻴﺔ‬،‫ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻷﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬،‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ‬ maximize their own benefits..‫ﺗﻌﻈﻴﻢ ﻓﻮﺍﺋﺪﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ‬ 3. Feminism Theory: Focuses on the underprivileged ‫ ﺗﺮﻛﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺮﻭﻣﻴﻦ‬:‫ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻮﻳﺔ‬.3 status and exploitation of women in a patriarchal society, ،‫ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺃﺓ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻐﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻷﺑﻮﻱ‬ highlighting the oppression they face..‫ﻭﺗﺴﻠﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻮﺍﺟﻬﻮﻧﻪ‬ 4. Rational Choice Theory: Assumes individuals make ‫ ﺗﻔﺘﺮﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻳﻘﻮﻣﻮﻥ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ‬:‫ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻼﻧﻲ‬.4 rational decisions to maximize their own benefits in ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻘﻼﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻗﺪﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺍﺋﺪ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ‬ various life choices..‫ﺧﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ 5. Structuralism Theory: Argues that human ‫ ﺗﺮﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‬:‫ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﻮﻳﺔ‬.5 consciousness is not the basis of meaning; instead, it ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻋﻲ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ؛ ﺑﺪﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ‬ defines social reality through the relationships between ‫ﻳﺤﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻦ‬ events..‫ﺍﻷﺣﺪﺍﺙ‬ 6. Post-Structuralism and Post-Modernism: :‫ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﺍﺛﺔ‬.6 - Post-Structuralism: Emphasizes the power of language ‫ ﺗﺆﻛﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‬:‫ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﻮﻳﺔ‬- in shaping knowledge and identity, asserting that ‫ ﻣﺆﻛﺪﺍ ﺫﻟﻚ‬،‫ﻓﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻮﻳﺔ‬ language constructs meanings independent of the real ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺗﺒﻨﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ‬ world..‫ﻋﺎﻟﻢ‬ - Post-Modernism: Builds on post-structuralism, ،‫ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﻮﻳﺔ‬:‫ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﺍﺛﺔ‬- rejecting absolute truths and celebrating chaos, ،‫ﺭﻓﺾ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﺎﺋﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺣﺘﻔﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻮﺿﻰ‬ diversity, and fragmentation in contemporary society..‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﺫﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺻﺮ‬ ### Sociology's Study Focus ‫ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ‬### Sociology studies phenomena through: :‫ﻳﺪﺭﺱ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻈﻮﺍﻫﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ‬ 1. The structure and function of society..‫ ﻫﻴﻜﻞ ﻭﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬.1 2. The complexity of human social behavior..‫ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ‬.2 3. The fundamentals of social life..‫ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬.3 4. Human interaction with the environment..‫ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬.4 5. The impact of the social world on individuals..‫ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ‬.5