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# International Treaties (Causes of Invalidity) The document discusses international treaties and their causes of invalidity. It categorizes these causes as defects in consent and illicit object. ## Defects in Consent **A) Coercion on the State Representative** * **Article 51:** A treaty conclud...

# International Treaties (Causes of Invalidity) The document discusses international treaties and their causes of invalidity. It categorizes these causes as defects in consent and illicit object. ## Defects in Consent **A) Coercion on the State Representative** * **Article 51:** A treaty concluded under coercion or threat against a state's representatives is void. Physical or moral coercion is included. * **Example:** Threats to the president or ministers of a country to obtain a treaty. **3) Coercion on the State** * **Article 52:** A treaty obtained through the threat or use of force against a state is void. This force needs to violate international law. Physical or moral coercion (military) that persists until the state declares its acceptance constitutes this coercion. * **Examples:** Poland's diet and the Treaty of Madrid case. ## Illicit Object * **Object Illicit:** Treaties with illicit objects are void. ## Characteristics of Ius Cogens * **Universality:** Rules of Ius Cogens are universal. * **Imperative:** Ius Cogens norms cannot be altered by other treaties. * **Ipso facto:** They have immediate effect. ## Other Significant Aspects * **Vienna Convention:** The Vienna Convention of 1969 recognizes causes of absolute treaty invalidity. * **Pre-1945 Violence:** Violence before 1945 did not always invalidate treaties. * **Treatment of Treaties Post-War:** Post-war treaties were reviewed based on the victors' interpretations of existing law. * **Coercion's Scope:** The concept of coercion needs to be understood in its totality. * **Temporal Element:** There are no retroactive effects on treaties. * **Extraneous Pressures:** Economic and political pressures might be legitimate in the realm of international law. * **Treaty Void in Whole or in Part:** A treaty can be declared void in whole or in part based on the principle of separability.