Research Methodology in Product Realisation Re-exam PDF

 Information about the exam Hi and welcome to the reexam in "Research methodology in product realisation"! The exam cover all parts of the course book and other course literature. No aids are allowed during the exam. There are several essay-questions. There is no word-limit, but...

 Information about the exam Hi and welcome to the reexam in "Research methodology in product realisation"! The exam cover all parts of the course book and other course literature. No aids are allowed during the exam. There are several essay-questions. There is no word-limit, but we would like to emphasize that we prefer quality before quantity, i.e., make sure that you answer the question without too many extra words. Total number of points you can achieve is 60. As stated in the study guide the following grading scale will be applied: Grade % of points Points 5 83- 50- 4 67-82 40-49 3 50-66 30-39 F -49 -29 Course coordinator will be available via phone 036-101003 and email: [email protected]. The course coordinator will not visit the exam. We hope that the course have prepared you for the exam in a good way, and wish you good luck! The course team 1 Deduction Which of the following statements matches with deduction? Chose one alternative: Suitable when we have limited knowledge in an area. Also known as the path of discovery. ✔ A way of reasoning starting with existing theory (rule). A way to secure the quality of research. Totalpoäng: 1 1/11 2 Theory Theories are....(1 p) Choose one alternative: Abstract concepts ✔ Groups of concepts that explain phenomena Not expressed as formulas or mathematical relationships Predictions about the future Totalpoäng: 1 3 Study design An important part of an investigation is the problem formulation, including purpose and research questions. This question focus on problem formulation and design a study based on the problem formulation The attached pdf document includes two different problem formulations (one focus on industry and supply chain and one focus on product development). Choose the alternative that you think is most interesting for a future study. The question is divided into three parts: a) First, you should determine whether the research questions are "good". Clearly state the criteria you use to determine the "goodness". Provide clear arguments for your standpoints. If you not consider the questions possible to answer in its current form, reformulate them. (2p) b) Second, suggest appropriate research method to answer the purpose and research questions. Describe why this method is most appropriate for the problem formulation. (2 p) c) Design the study. Give a detailed description of your suggested techniques for data collection and analysis. Provide clear arguments supporting your suggestions. (4 p) Write your answers here Totalpoäng: 8 2/13 2 Type of knowledge What type of knowledge is searched for when the research question is why? (1p) Choose one alternative: ✔ Explanatory why Exogen Exploratory what or how Experimental how Totalpoäng: 1 3 Induction and deduction a) What is induction? Describe induction and give one example of inductive approach for a study. (2 p) b) What is deduction? Describe deduction give one example of deductive approach for a study. (2 p) Write your answers here Totalpoäng: 4 2/9 5 Literature review What is the purpose with a literature review? (1p) Choose one alternative: To demonstrate that you can use the scientific databases To provide reliable findings ✔ To provide a theoretical background to the study To identify a research problem Totalpoäng: 1 6 Literature review A literature review helps to: (1p) Choose one alternative All of the alternatives Bring clarity and focus to a research problem Broaden the knowledge base in the area of the study Improve the research methodology Totalpoäng: 1 3/9 5 Literature review What is the purpose with a literature review? (1p) Choose one alternative: To demonstrate that you can use the scientific databases To provide reliable findings To provide a theoretical background to the study To identify a research problem Totalpoäng: 1 6 Literature review A literature review helps to: (1p) Choose one alternative ✔ All of the alternatives Bring clarity and focus to a research problem Broaden the knowledge base in the area of the study Improve the research methodology Totalpoäng: 1 3/9 7 Forward snowballing Which of the following alternatives best describes the literature-review concept of forward snowballing? (1p) Choose one alternative: Using a suitable search tool, we identify and scan the articles citing the initially selected article Based on the reference list in the initially selected article, we scan the articles cited in that article When conducting the literature review, we formulate search strings using operations, such as AND, OR, NOT to indicate which words need to be included or not When defining the inclusion and exclusion criteria meanwhile (i.e., during) conducting the literature review Totalpoäng: 1 8 Literature review The main sources of literature for most students are: (1p) Choose one alternative Google and Wikipedia Newspapers and articles Books, dissertations and your supervisor ✔ Books and journal articles Totalpoäng: 1 4/9 9 Rank order of steps in carrying out general LR Match the number of each step to the actual short description of the general step involved in carrying out literature reviews. (Total 5 p. 0,5 p per correct answer) Match the numbers with descriptions 5 8 7 6 1 9 3 10 2 4 Do a summary review of the ✔ identified literature Identify suitable keywords ✔ Perform an in- depth review of the ✔ identified literature Formulate a search strategy and ✔ perform searches Extract data from the selected ✔ publications and create summaries Present the results – as the literature ✔ overview Analyse the content retrieved ✔ and retained Formulate criteria for including and ✔ excluding literature Select search tools and database ✔ Specify the purpose of the ✔ literature review Totalpoäng: 5 5/11 7 Matching categories of LR with description Match the kind of literature review to the most fitting description. One point for correct answer and -1 for wrong answer. (5 p) Scoping Narrative Rapid Systematic Structured literature literature literature literature literature review review review review review it aims to provide a ✔ summary of the most impactful, innovative, and recent research on a specified topic using systematic procedures for identifying and synthesizing studies (e.g. snowballing – forward and backward) typically, the time frame of this kind of literature ✔ review is less than 5 weeks; time frame of the review depends on factors pertaining to the searching team and the knowledge area it aims to comprehensively identify ✔ all relevant studies on a specific topic, and to select appropriate studies based on explicit criteria; also known as mapping review, could take more than a year a comprehensive, critical and objective analysis of ✔ the current knowledge on a topic; literature overview is presented as a chronicle or account. a preliminary assessment of potential size and scope ✔ of available research literature; aims to identify nature and extent of research evidence (usually including ongoing research) 5/13 7 Forward snowballing Which of the following alternatives best describes the literature-review concept of forward snowballing? (1p) Choose one alternative: ✔ Using article a suitable search tool, we identify and scan the articles citing the initially selected Based on the reference list in the initially selected article, we scan the articles cited in that article When conducting the literature review, we formulate search strings using operations, such as AND, OR, NOT to indicate which words need to be included or not When defining the inclusion and exclusion criteria meanwhile (i.e., during) conducting the literature review Totalpoäng: 1 8 Literature review The main sources of literature for most students are: (1p) Choose one alternative Google and Wikipedia Newspapers and articles Books, dissertations and your supervisor Books and journal articles Totalpoäng: 1 4/9  Totalpoäng: 5 8 Dealing with the unexpected in a literature review How would you deal with the sudden realization that your literature search has yielded far more results requiring much longer time to read exhaustively, than the time you have allocated in the planning of your project for reading the literature? What would you do if the opposite happened, i.e. the amount of research papers retrieved in a literature search is much smaller than expected and you have planned much more time for reading? Please include the research team perspective, as well as the use of any IT tools in dealing with the unexpected surge of results of the search. (5 p) Write your answer here Totalpoäng: 5 9 Primary data Primary data can be gathered through..... (1p) Choose one alternative: ✔ Both questionnaire and measurement None of the two options Questionnaire Measurement Totalpoäng: 1 6/13 9 Data collection techniques Match data collection technique with related statement (Maximum 3 p. 0,5 p for each correct answer). You use a You use guide with What is various both studied Consist You use a instruments planned is of fixed protocol for and assigned Use of questions specifying measuring unplanned a secondary and what is and questions symbol data answers recorded recording Structured observation ✔ Measurement ✔ Document studies ✔ Semi- structured ✔ interviews Structured interview ✔ Indirect ✔ observation Totalpoäng: 3 direct observation = use your sense to collect data complete participant observation = you study a situation that you are already part of 5/9 10 Sampling Snowball sampling is: (1p) Choose one alternative: A type of systematic sampling A type of simple random sampling When the responsible of the sampling select the elements Without claiming to be representative for a population Totalpoäng: 1 11 Data collection techniques Which statement is not true or incorrect from the following: (1p) Choose one alternative: Likert scale has an odd number of response alternatives Interviews are costly and resource-intensive ✔ The identity is known of the respondent in the case of the questionnaire All of the above None of the above Secondary data are used in document studies Totalpoäng: 1 7/13  TFPR22 - Research Methodology in Product Realisation - 2201 (4 hp) - 20221019 6 Sampling Match the different sampling techniques with appropriate sampling procedures. Correct answer: 0.5 Faulty answer: -0.5 (not possible to get less than 0) All answers correct: 4 Probability sampling Non-probability sampling Criteria-based sampling ✔ Convenience sampling ✔ Cluster sampling ✔ Stratified sampling ✔ Systematic sampling ✔ Snowball sampling ✔ Maximum marks: 4 7/18 12 Sampling What sampling technique is the figure an example of? (1 p) Choose one alternative: Snowball sampling Stratified sampling Quota sampling ✔Convenience sampling Totalpoäng: 1 13 Quantitative data analysis Name three things that can affect the quality of a quantitative study. What effects there will be on the statistical inferences from those three things if they are neglected. (3 p) Write your answer here Totalpoäng: 3 8/11 10 Sampling Snowball sampling is: (1p) Choose one alternative: A type of systematic sampling A type of simple random sampling When the responsible of the sampling select the elements ✔ Without claiming to be representative for a population Totalpoäng: 1 11 Data collection techniques Which statement is not true or incorrect from the following: (1p) Choose one alternative: Likert scale has an odd number of response alternatives Interviews are costly and resource-intensive The identity is known of the respondent in the case of the questionnaire All of the above None of the above Secondary data are used in document studies Totalpoäng: 1 7/13 12 Structured interview A structured interview..... (1p) Choose one alternative means that respondents can raise topics that reflects their way of seeing things means that the interviewer are free to ask additional questions feels more like a conversation than an interview ✔ can be used for quantitative research Totalpoäng: 1 8/13 13 Terms and relationship a. Describe briefly each term: population, sample, sampling and statistical inference. (4 p. Maximum 1 p per term). b. Describe and illustrate the relationship between population, sample, sampling and statistical inference. ( 2p ) Write your answers here Totalpoäng: 6 14 Qualitative data analysis a) Thematic analysis can be inductive or deductive. What are the differences between inductive thematic analysis and deductive thematic analysis? (2 p) b) When are the different types mentioned above appropriate? (1 p) c) Describe the procedure for inductive thematic analysis of qualitative data. Give a detailed description of each step and use the appended text to provide a practical example. (3 p) Write your answers here: Totalpoäng: 6 15 Research quality Please match the statements with the correct quality measure. (3 p. 1 per correct answer). Match correct comment with criteria External Internal validity Reliability validity In which contexts the results are valid (where or in ✔ which contexts are the results generalisable?) The extent to which what is measured/observed corresponds to what was intended to be studied ✔ The ability to repeat an observation and get the same results (if conducting the same study under the same ✔ conditions, will that lead to the same results?) Totalpoäng: 0 7/9 19 Ethical consideration From beginning to end, the degree project covers a number of ethical considerations, both in terms of engineering ethics and research ethics. Describe and exemplify two ethical considerations you need to consider in a degree project. (3 p) Write your answer here: Totalpoäng: 3 20 Consequences of retrofitting quality into research Please discuss the following statement: "Quality in a scientific study is not something that may be fixed after the fact but is determined already in when planning and carrying out the study.” Do you agree or disagree with the above quoted statement? Please present at least two reasons to support your position in relation to the aforementioned statement. (3 p) Write your answer here: Totalpoäng: 3 21 Ways of addressing quality in research Please match the quality criteria on the top to the most suitable ways of ensuring each particular quality criterion from the rows. One point for correct answer and -1 for wrong answer. (3 p) internal external validity validity reliability in-depth methodological description to allow study to be repeated ✔ use of triangulation of multiple researchers ✔ use replication logic in multiple-case studies ✔ Totalpoäng: 3 12/13  TFPR22 - Research Methodology in Product Realisation - 2201 (4 hp) - 20221019 16 Triangulation Which of the following statements best matches the concept of triangulation? Select one alternative: The extent to which what is measured/observed corresponds to what was intended to be studied ✔ More than one data source, method and/or researcher is used to compare data/results between the sources, methods and/or researchers, respectively To let single individuals read results and conclusions from a study to see whether they recognize themselves The ability to repeat an observation and get the same results Maximum marks: 1 17 Internal validity Which of the following actions/procedures is NOT used for strengthening the internal validity of a study? Select one alternative: Well documented practices at all steps of the study Use of respondent validation (also known as member checking) Double-blind test Use source triangulation Maximum marks: 1 17/18  TFPR22 - Research Methodology in Product Realisation - 2201 (4 hp) - 20221019 16 Triangulation Which of the following statements best matches the concept of triangulation? Select one alternative: The extent to which what is measured/observed corresponds to what was intended to be studied More than one data source, method and/or researcher is used to compare data/results between the sources, methods and/or researchers, respectively To let single individuals read results and conclusions from a study to see whether they recognize themselves The ability to repeat an observation and get the same results Maximum marks: 1 17 Internal validity Which of the following actions/procedures is NOT used for strengthening the internal validity of a study? Select one alternative: Well documented practices at all steps of the study Use of respondent validation (also known as member checking) Double-blind test ✔ Use source triangulation Maximum marks: 1 17/18 4 Research process a) What is Flexible research process? Describe and illustrate this research process. (2p) b) When is this research process suitable? (1p) Write your answers here Totalpoäng: 3 5 DRM DRM aims at improving the design research process. In which DRM stage is the developed support evaluated: (1p) Choose one alternative: Action research stage ✔ Descriptive study 2 Research Clarification Stage Deduction stage 2 Impact model 1 Descriptive study 1 Totalpoäng: 1 3/13 6 DRM What is the purpose of the DRM tool "Impact model "? (1p) Choose one alternative: To describe the current situation ✔ To describe the expected/future situation To describe expected/desired research areas To describe expected/desired challenges To describe current influencing factors Totalpoäng: 1 4/13  TFPR22 - Research Methodology in Product Realisation - 2201 (4 hp) - 20221019 9 DRM In which DRM stage is the tool "Areas of Relevance and Contribution" used? Chose the correct alternative. Select one alternative: Research clarification Descriptive study II Prescriptive study ✔ Descriptive study I Maximum marks: 1 10/18 16 Plagiarism Plagiarism is a common cause of scientific misconduct. Which of the following statements is true? (1 p) Select one alternative: If you have written and published a text yourself you do not have to cite. If you rewrite a text with your own words you do not have to cite the original author. It is OK to use ideas from someone as long as it is not written in text. ✔ Even if you completely rewrite the text from an another author with your own words you have to cite the author. Totalpoäng: 1 17 Plagiarism Why are references cited? More than one answer can be correct (1 p) (- 0,5 p for wrong alternatives- minimum points for questions is 0). Choose one or several alternatives To increase the credibility of the cited author As it is a tradition in scientific studies The reader should be able to check what is mentioned in an assignment or thesis To give credit to the cited author Totalpoäng: 1 8/9 16 Plagiarism Plagiarism is a common cause of scientific misconduct. Which of the following statements is true? (1 p) Select one alternative: If you have written and published a text yourself you do not have to cite. If you rewrite a text with your own words you do not have to cite the original author. It is OK to use ideas from someone as long as it is not written in text. Even if you completely rewrite the text from an another author with your own words you have to cite the author. Totalpoäng: 1 17 Plagiarism Why are references cited? More than one answer can be correct (1 p) (- 0,5 p for wrong alternatives- minimum points for questions is 0). Choose one or several alternatives To increase the credibility of the cited author As it is a tradition in scientific studies ✔ The reader should be able to check what is mentioned in an assignment or thesis ✔ To give credit to the cited author Totalpoäng: 1 8/9 20 Plagiarism Why are references cited? More than one answer can be correct (1 p) (- 0,5 p for wrong alternatives- minimum points for questions is 0). Choose one or several alternatives To give credit to the cited author The reader should be able to check what is mentioned in an assignment or thesis As it is a tradition in scientific studies To increase the credibility of the cited author Totalpoäng: 1 21 Plagiarism Is this plagiarism? To construct a paragraph by using sentences from an original source, but omitting one or two sentences and placing some sentences in a different order. There is a citation of a reference in the text, (Anderson, 2019), and the original source is included in the reference list. Choose one alternative ✔ Yes No Totalpoäng: 1 11/11 22 Academic writing Academic writing is an important skills for students at universities. Academic writing consists of several feature. Please describe two features for academic writing and give examples of rules for each feature. (4 p) Write your answer here: Totalpoäng: 4 23 Plagiarism Is this plagiarism or not? (1p) "In 1922 when all components had to be assembled by the buyer and tubes came separately, radio set prices ranged from $18 to $350. By 1927 all radio components (including power supply and speakers) were sold in one box, and even then the buyer had to string an outdoor antenna when installing the radio. Tubes were still unreliable and prone to failure. It was quite possible for the novice installer to make a mistake in hooking up a radio that would knock down a whole set of tubes. A power surge, common to early power systems, could knock out the radios of a whole neighborhood. In 1927 radios began to look less like physics experiments and more like attractive pieces of furniture, with prices ranging from $82.75 to a luxurious $2,000 (at a time when Fords and Chevrolets sold for as little as $600).” (Extract from Graham, M. (2000). The threshold of the information age. In Chandler, A. D. & Cortada, J. W. A nation transformed by information: How information has shaped the United States from colonial times to the present. Oxford University Press, New York.) Example: By 1927 all radio components (including power supply and speakers) were sold in one box, and even then the buyer had to string an outdoor antenna when installing the radio. Tubes were still unreliable and prone to failure. It was quite possible for the novice installer to make a mistake in hooking up a radio that would knock down a whole set of tubes. A power surge, common to early power systems, could knock out the radios of a whole neighborhood. Choose one alternative: ✔ This is plagiarism. The text has been copied verbatim without citing references. This is not plagiarism. This is the correct way of citing quotations. This is not plagiarism. The text has been reproduced in your own words and references have been cited. This is not plagiarism. Facts about radio components are known to everybody. Totalpoäng: 1 13/13 17 Validation What is the main focus of validation in computational mechanics? Choose one alternative: Evaluating the ability of a simulation to accurately predict real-world behavior. Checking the consistency of simulation results with mathematical model. Ensuring the mathematical and computational models used in a simulation are implemented correctly. Totalpoäng: 1 18 Cite and quote What is the difference between an in-text citation and a quotation? (1 p) Välj ett alternativ: A citation is a reference written according to a certain pattern, while an in-text citation is an identical reproduction of a text. A citation is an account of or a summary of the original text, while an in-text citation is identical to the original text. ✔ Asummary citation is identical to the original text, while an in-text citation is an account of or a of the original text. Totalpoäng: 1 19 Review of thesis a. What aspects do you need to consider during a critical review of a master thesis? Formulate your answer based on the appended Figure (2 p) b) See the appended Figure. Describe Scenario 1 and Scenario 2. Also describe what the problems are with Scenario 1 and Scenario 2 respectively? (2 p) Write your answer here Totalpoäng: 4 10/11 14 Qualitative data analysis a. What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative data? (1 p) b. Describe the process of analysing qualitative data. (2 p) c) What is the difference between a code and a theme? (1 p) Write your answers here Totalpoäng: 4 15 Research quality You are about to conduct an interview study. Please give practical suggestions for how you intend to improve: (a) internal validity, (b) external validity, and (c) reliability. Your answer should describe and explain how your suggestions improves the internal validity, external validity and reliability. (3 p) Write your answer here Totalpoäng: 3 16 Verification What is the main focus of verification in computational mechanics? Choose one alternative: Checking the consistency of simulation results with physical testing. Evaluating the ability of a simulation to accurately predict real-world behavior. ✔ Ensuring the mathematical and computational models used in a simulation are implemented correctly. Totalpoäng: 1 9/11 17 Validation What is the main focus of validation in computational mechanics? Choose one alternative: ✔ Evaluating the ability of a simulation to accurately predict real-world behavior. Checking the consistency of simulation results with mathematical model. Ensuring the mathematical and computational models used in a simulation are implemented correctly. Totalpoäng: 1 18 Cite and quote What is the difference between an in-text citation and a quotation? (1 p) Välj ett alternativ: A citation is a reference written according to a certain pattern, while an in-text citation is an identical reproduction of a text. A citation is an account of or a summary of the original text, while an in-text citation is identical to the original text. A citation is identical to the original text, while an in-text citation is an account of or a summary of the original text. Totalpoäng: 1 19 Review of thesis a. What aspects do you need to consider during a critical review of a master thesis? Formulate your answer based on the appended Figure (2 p) b) See the appended Figure. Describe Scenario 1 and Scenario 2. Also describe what the problems are with Scenario 1 and Scenario 2 respectively? (2 p) Write your answer here Totalpoäng: 4 10/11 13 Scale/level of measurement Different scales/levels of measurement are used. What level of measurement are used in the following example? Which work position do you have? clerical custodial manager sales operator Choose one alternative: Interval None ✔ Nominal Ordinal Ratio Totalpoäng: 1 9/13 14 Scale/level of measurement Different scales/levels of measurement are used. What level of measurement are used in the following example? In which age group did you get your first employment? 14-16 17-19 20-22 23-25 26-28 Välj ett alternativ: Interval None Nominal Ratio ✔ Ordinal Totalpoäng: 1 15 Sample size in qualitative data analysis a) If the sample size is small in a quantitative study, what will happen with the standard deviation? (2p) b) What impact does this have for the statistical inferences that can be drawn from the study? (1p) Write your answer here: Totalpoäng: 3 10/13 16 Box plot Extra Can you make a box plot of variables consisting of ordinal data measures? Answering correct gives 1p, answering incorrect gives -1p. Välj ett alternativ: ✔ False True Totalpoäng: 1 17 Qualitative data analysis a) Thematic analysis can be inductive or deductive. What are the differences between inductive thematic analysis and deductive thematic analysis? When are the different types appropriate? (2 p) b) Describe the procedure for inductive thematic analysis of qualitative data. Give a detailed description of each step and use the appended text to provide a practical example. (4 p) Write your answers here: Totalpoäng: 6 18 Ethical consideration What is informed consent and how do you know whether consent is informed? (2 p) Write your answer here: Totalpoäng: 2 11/13