Sampling Techniques Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following sampling techniques is characterized as a non-probability sampling method?

  • Snowball sampling (correct)
  • Cluster sampling
  • Systematic sampling
  • Stratified sampling

    • If a study used convenience sampling, what limitation might it face?

  • It allows for random selection.
  • It accurately represents the population.
  • It ensures equal probability of selection.
  • It may introduce bias in sample selection. (correct)

    • What is the maximum score possible in the given sampling evaluation scheme?

  • 2
  • 5
  • 4 (correct)
  • 3

    • Which of the following is not considered a type of probability sampling?

    <p>Convenience sampling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What outcome is impossible if a study reports a probability less than 0?

    <p>Negative probability for events.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is snowball sampling primarily characterized by?

    <p>It builds upon existing subjects to gather further subjects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is not accurate regarding data collection techniques?

    <p>Likert scale has an even number of response alternatives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining characteristic of a structured interview?

    <p>It is commonly utilized for quantitative research.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes a subset of a population chosen for analysis?

    <p>Sample.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does deductive thematic analysis primarily rely on?

    <p>Pre-existing theories or concepts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of quantitative research, what is a primary focus of systematic sampling?

    <p>It uses a pre-determined interval to select samples.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does statistical inference allow researchers to do?

    <p>Generalize findings from a sample to the entire population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best defines a population in research terms?

    <p>The entire group of individuals relevant to a study.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does snowball sampling rely on?

    <p>Participants referring other participants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the structure of a structured interview?

    <p>It includes an interview guide with fixed questions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT true regarding the identity of respondents in a questionnaire?

    <p>The questionnaire reveals personal information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method would likely require the most resources for data collection?

    <p>Semi-structured interviews</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which data collection technique uses a protocol for recording responses?

    <p>Measurement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of a Likert scale in data collection?

    <p>To assess people's attitudes or opinions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is correct about secondary data in document studies?

    <p>They are already collected data used for analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes structured observation from other forms of observation?

    <p>It uses predetermined criteria for observation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sampling technique is particularly useful when the population is difficult to access?

    <p>Snowball sampling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what context would direct observation be most effective?

    <p>When firsthand information is needed about behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of triangulation in research?

    <p>To use multiple sources, methods, or researchers to compare data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following actions is NOT focused on improving internal validity in research?

    <p>Conducting source triangulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately defines a double-blind test?

    <p>An experimental design where neither the participants nor the researchers knows who is receiving treatment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect does respondent validation primarily address?

    <p>Allowing participants to review and confirm findings from the study.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following options best describes internal validity?

    <p>The degree to which a study accurately measures what it claims to measure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which practice does not play a role in enhancing the credibility of research results?

    <p>Relying solely on a single research method.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a well-documented research practice?

    <p>To allow for replication and verification of the study's findings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is the flexible research process considered most suitable?

    <p>When researchers require adaptability during data collection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of validation in computational mechanics?

    <p>Evaluating the ability of a simulation to accurately predict real-world behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between a citation and an in-text citation?

    <p>A citation is an account of or a summary of the original text, while an in-text citation is identical to the original text.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a consideration during a critical review of a master's thesis?

    <p>The personal experiences of the author in the subject matter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is qualitative data analysis primarily concerned with?

    <p>Understanding meanings, themes, and patterns within the data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In qualitative data analysis, how is a 'theme' typically defined?

    <p>A recurring element that emerges from the data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about research quality in interviews is true?

    <p>Research quality assesses the thoroughness of data collection methods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes the function of a code in qualitative analysis?

    <p>It groups similar pieces of data together for analysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scenario best illustrates effective in-text citation usage?

    <p>Summarizing a chapter's content and providing the author's name and year of publication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Sampling Techniques

    • Snowball Sampling: A non-probability sampling method where individuals are selected based on their knowledge of other potential participants.
    • Convenience Sampling: A non-probability sampling method where participants are chosen based on their easy accessibility to the researcher.
    • Criteria-Based Sampling: A non-probability method where participants are selected based on predefined criteria.
    • Stratified Sampling: A probability sampling method where the population is divided into subgroups (strata) based on a specific characteristic, and a random sample is then selected from each stratum.
    • Cluster Sampling: A probability sampling method where the population is divided into clusters, and a random sample of clusters is selected. Then, either all individuals within the selected clusters or a random sample within each cluster are selected.
    • Systematic Sampling: A probability samping method where every nth individual in a population is selected.

    Data Collection Techniques

    • Structured Observation: A method where the researcher uses a guide with both planned and unplanned questions for observing a specific situation.
    • Measurement: Involves using various instruments to measure and record data.
    • Document Studies: Uses pre-existing documents as data sources to understand a phenomena.
    • Structured Interviews: Uses a pre-determined set of questions to collect data from participants.
    • Semi-structured Interviews: Uses a guide with both planned and unplanned questions for collecting data from participants.
    • Indirect Observation: Observing a situation through a secondary source or a different medium rather than being directly present.
    • Direct Observation: Using your senses to collect data from a situation being observed.
    • Complete Participant Observation: Observing a situation where you are already part of it.

    Quantitative Data Analysis

    • Issues that impact the quality of quantitative studies:
      • Sample size: Having too small a sample size can lead to unreliable statistical inferences
      • Measurement errors: Inaccuracies in measuring variables can skew results
      • Data quality: Unreliable data can produce flawed conclusions.

    Qualitative Data Analysis

    • Qualitative data: Data that is primarily descriptive in nature and often relies on subjective experiences.
    • Quantitative data: Data that is numerical and measured objectively.
    • Qualitative data analysis process:
      • Transcribe: Converting audio or video recordings of interviews into written text.
      • Coding: Identifying key concepts and themes within the transcribed data.
      • Develop themes: Categorizing and organizing codes into broader themes that capture the essence of the data.
      • Interpretation: Analyzing the identified themes to draw conclusions and provide insights.
    • Code: A label assigned to a specific piece of data that represents a key concept or idea.
    • Theme: A broader category that encompasses several related codes and represents a significant recurring pattern or idea within the data.

    Research Validation

    • Validation in computational mechanics: Focuses on ensuring the accuracy and reliability of a simulation in predicting real-world behavior by:
      • Evaluating simulation accuracy: Comparing simulation results with real-world observations.
      • Checking consistency with mathematical model: Verifying that the simulation aligns with the underlying mathematical model.
      • Ensuring correct implementation: Confirming proper implementation of mathematical and computational models in the simulation.

    Citing and Quoting

    • In-text citation: A brief reference to the source of information within the text.
    • Quotation: A verbatim reproduction of text from another source.

    Master Thesis Review

    • Aspects to consider during a critical review of a master thesis:
      • Research question: The clarity, specificity, and relevance of the research question.
      • Methodology: The appropriateness and rigor of the research methods used.
      • Data analysis: The quality and thoroughness of the data analysis.
      • Results and discussion: The clarity and significance of the findings and discussion.
      • Theoretical contribution: The extent to which the research contributes to existing knowledge.
      • Structure and presentation: The organization, clarity, and flow of the thesis.
    • Scenario 1: A thesis where the data analysis is not thoroughly explained, leading to ambiguity and difficulty in understanding the findings. The potential problem is the lack of transparency and rigor in the data analysis process.
    • Scenario 2: A thesis that lacks a clear connection between the research question, methodology, and findings, resulting in a disjointed and unconvincing argument. This scenario highlights the issue of coherence and logical flow within the thesis.

    Internal Validity

    • Internal validity: The extent to which a research study's findings can be attributed to the independent variable and not other factors.
    • Strengthening internal validity:
      • Well documented practices: Ensuring a transparent and thorough methodology helps to minimize external influences.
      • Respondent validation: Involving participants in reviewing the findings to ensure accuracy and credibility.
      • Double-blind test: A procedure where neither the researcher nor the participant knows the treatment or condition being tested.

    Research Process

    • Flexible research process: An approach where the research design evolves and adapts based on emerging data and insights. It's flexible and iterative, allowing for changes in the approach based on new discoveries.
    • Using a flexible research process is suitable: When research questions are exploratory in nature, the research topic is complex or ill-defined, or when unexpected findings occur during the study.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on various sampling techniques such as snowball, convenience, and stratified sampling. This quiz covers both probability and non-probability sampling methods used in research. Ideal for students of statistics and research methodology.

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