Practical Research PDF

Practical Research Nature of Inquiry and Research Research - a systematic inquiry that is designed to collect, analyze, and interpret data to understand, describe, or predict phenomenon -​ Carried out for a specific purpose to answer specific question to solve a particular problem or iss...

Practical Research Nature of Inquiry and Research Research - a systematic inquiry that is designed to collect, analyze, and interpret data to understand, describe, or predict phenomenon -​ Carried out for a specific purpose to answer specific question to solve a particular problem or issue -​ It seeks new knowledge and provides useful information in the form of verifiable data Research is derived from the words RE (again) + SEARCH (examine closely or carefully) Importance of Research Think - develop critical thinking skills Understand - understand situation Explain - explain series of observation Discover - expand our knowledge Improve - improve certain processes Accuracy - it must give correct or accurate data, which the footnotes, notes, and bibliographical entries should honestly and appropriately documented or acknowledge Objectiveness - it must deal with facts, note with mere opinions, arising from assumption, generalizations, predictions, or conclusions Timeliness - it must work on a topic that is fresh, new and interesting to present society Relevance - its topic must be instrumental in improving society or in solving problems affecting the lives of people in community Clarity - it must succeed in expressing its central point or discoveries by using simple, direct and correct knowledge Systematic - it must take place in an organized or orderly manner Research is realistic, it requires you to gather data and obtain as much information about the area of the study Research is analytical as process is conducted in a scientific, systematic and structured manner using standard method Research provides possible solutions to real-world problems and offers potential technological advancements and developments Research offers practical, innovative, and novel solutions and contributions to different bodies of knowledge Research is scholarly work as it follows the highest ethical standard Purpose of Research To learn how to work independently To learn how to work scientifically or systematically To have in-depth knowledge of something To elevate your mental abilities by letting you think in higher order thinking skills (HOTS) of inferring, evaluating, synthesizing, appreciating, applying, and creating To improve your reading and writing skills To be familiar with the basic tools of research and the various techniques of gathering data and of presenting research findings To free yourself, to certain extent, from domination or strong influence of a single textbook or of the professor’s name Types of Research BASED ON APPLICATION OF RESEARCH METHOD Pure Research - deals with concepts, principle, abstract things. It aims to increase your knowledge about something Applied Research - the intention is to apply your chosen research to societal problem or issue. Finding ways to make positive change in society BASED ON PURPOSE OF RESEARCH Descriptive Research - aims at defining or giving a verbal portrayal or picture of a person, thing, event, group situation or etc. Correlational Research - shows relationships or connectedness of two factors, circumstances or agents call Explanatory Research - elaborates or explain not just the reason behind the relationship of two factors but also the ways by which such relationships exists Exploratory Research - to find out how reasonable or possible it is to conduct a research study on a certain topic Action Research - a type of research studies an ongoing practice of a school, organization, community, or institution for the purpose of obtaining results that will bring improvements in system BASED ON TYPES OF DATA NEEDED Qualitative Research - requires non-numerical data, which means that the research uses words than numbers to express the results, inquiry, or investigation about people’s thoughts, beliefs, feelings , view, and lifestyle regarding the objective of the study Quantitative Research -involves measurement of data. It presents research finding referring to the number or frequency of something in a numerical forms THE DATA YOU DEAL WITHIN THE RESEARCH Primary Data - obtained through direct observation or contact with people, objects, artifacts, paintings, etc. Secondary Data - have already been written about or reported on and are available for reading purposes Qualitative -​ Less Participants -​ Experiences -​ Long contact time with participants -​ Interview (semi-structured, unstructured, FGD or focused group discussion) -​ More Words -​ Assumptions -​ Open-ended Questions -​ Exploring, Interpreting, Understanding Quantitative -​ More Respondents -​ Opinions, Perceptions -​ Short contact time with respondents -​ Survey Questionnaire (structured) -​ More numbers -​ Hypothesis -​ Close-ended Questions -​ Testing Participants - they participate during interview, they can give many insights on what you need in your research Respondents - they only respond to the questions in the survey, their answers are limited Ethics in Research -​ Refers to the moral principle and guideline that govern the conduct of research, ensuring that it is carried out responsibly with integrity and respect for participants, environment and societies -​ Encourages truth, knowledge, and credibility. It also instill collaborative qualities -​ Holds researchers accountable for their own actions -​ It requires public knowledge Ethical Codes and Policies for Research 1.​ Honesty - data should not be faked 2.​ Objectivity - avoid biases in experimental designs, data, and analysis, interpretation, expert testimony and other aspects of research 3.​ Integrity - keep your promises and agreement on your paper and your respondents 4.​ Carefulness - avoid careless errors and negligence 5.​ Openness - share data, results, and ideas and tools -​ Be open to criticism and new ideas 6.​ Confidentiality - protect confidential communication 7.​ Respect of Intellectual Properties - give paper acknowledgement or credit to all researchers 8.​ Non-Discrimination - avoid discrimination against colleagues or students on the basis to say race, ethnicity or other factors related to scientific competence and integrity Misconception Falsification - manipulation of altering research data results or methods to misinterpret the truth Examples: Altering data to support hypothesis -​ Selectively reporting data -​ Manipulating statistical analysis Consequences - Invalid research findings -​ Loss of credibility -​ Harm to participants Fabrication - creating fake research data, results or an information Examples: Making up survey responses -​ Creating fictional research participants -​ Falsifying research settings or contexts Plagiarism - passing off someone’s work, ideas, as one’s own a.​ Direct Plagiarism - verbatim copying b.​ Indirect Plagiarism - Paraphrasing without citation c.​ Self-Plagiarism - Reusing one’s own work without citation Ethnography Ethnographic Research - is a qualitative research methodthat aims to gain holistic understanding of a specific group, society, institution, or culture -​ Studying the culture of a certain group by immersing themselves in the group -​ Personally interacts with them on daily basis for a certain period of time and documents their everyday actions, behavior, and experience Ethnographic Researchers requires three important thing -​ Detailed description of the group being studied -​ Analysis of the group based on collected data  -​ Characterization of the group based on the interpretations processed data Phenomenology - refers to the study of phenomena involving human events, situation, concepts, experiences, or needs -​ It explore the world of the research participants by learning the meaning of thie feelings, thoughts, insights, and perception regarding a particular phenomena -​ Aims to investigate the personal experiences of individuals and then attempts to find a common ground between personal experiences of all his or her participant’s responses Narrative Research - this approach narrates the life experiences of an individuals as told to the researchers or gathered by the researchers from the available documents or materials Grounded Theory - defined grounded theory as a qualitative research design in which the researchers generates theory that are grounded in data from the field arising from the actions, interactions and social processes undertaken by the participants Case Study - a documented study of a particular person, group, institution or event, intended to analyze constructs or themes