Introduction To Reading and Writing PDF

Introduction To Reading and Writing I. The Four Macro Skills A. Reading (16%) B. Listening (45%) C. Writing (9%) D. Speaking (30%) E. *viewing II. “Reasons why students don’t like to read” People require you to...

Introduction To Reading and Writing I. The Four Macro Skills A. Reading (16%) B. Listening (45%) C. Writing (9%) D. Speaking (30%) E. *viewing II. “Reasons why students don’t like to read” People require you to read It’s not a habit Reading is intimidating Books make you anti-social No pictures Movie is usually better Not interesting Many other things to do III. “Reasons why students don’t like to write” Do not see relevance of writing Feel pressure to write perfectly Slow, bad, no feedback = demotivating Reading is the ability to draw meaning from a printed page and interpret this information appropriately. Word recognition + language comprehension = reading comprehension IV. 5 Components of Reading A. Phonemic awareness B. Phonics C. Fluency D. Vocabulary E. Comprehension V. Big 5 of Reading Comprehension - Ability to identify main idea/s and key details - Ability to sequence a passage into an ordinal series - Ability to answer direct recall questions - Ability to make inferences/predictions - Identify familiar vocabulary VI. Principles of Reading and Writing  1. Understand biases, assumptions, and perspectives in the text 2. Writing = process of invention… structures discussion and process of revision 3. All written texts have 3 authors (human, imagined, reader) 4. To write better, read better (..reading is primary) 5. How we read is reflected in how we discuss VII. The Reading Process A. Bottom-Up Theory: - material to brain - Looking at individual meanings of basic units of text to decipher whole text - Basics! Phonics, vocabulary, comprehension B. Top Down Theory: Use of background knowledge (schema) to predict what they are reading (acception and rejection of prediction) C. Interactive Compensatory Theory: As you read… Simultaneous processing of information from both previous theories Text as a Connected Discourse I. Discourse A. A formal and often lengthy discussion B. Concepts and insights: organized, logical C. A way language is used to convey meanings or provoke a specific response D. Often speech, can be written II. Purpose of Discourse A. Inform: describe, comprehend B. Persuade: convince C. Entertain: amuse III. Context of Discourse A. Culture: beliefs, customs, attitudes, language. Influences author’s thinking and perspective B. Social Environment: physical surroundings, culture of the time C. Experiences: personal accounts, first-hand experiences IV. Types of Discourse A. Claim…? B. Argumentation: persuades audience/readers. Valid claims, counterclaims, evidence C. Description: impression of the author about a topic, observations  D. Exposition: inform, clarify, explain phenomenon. Definition… E. Narration: Storytelling V. Categories of Discourse A. Poetic: language forms themes, idealogies, commonly found in creative works B. Expressive: personal narratives, commonly first person POV, found in blogs, diaries, letters C. Transactional: focuses on getting something done, such as motivating a customer to buy D. Literary: creative works, including nonfiction E. Academic: formal language, third person POV, objective tone Selecting and Organizing Information I. Organizing Technique A. LATCH 1. L - location 2. A - alphabet 3. T - time 4. C - category 5. H - hierarchy II. Techniques in Selecting and Organizing Information A. Brainstorming: taking a specific problem and creates as many ideas as possible - Coined by Alex Faickney Osborn (1888-1966) in his book, “Your Creative Power”, published in 1948 The Four Rules of Brainstorming 1. No criticism is allowed 2. Quantity is important 3. Wildness is good. Crazy ideas are welcome 4. Combining together ideas will create new ideas Brainstorming Methods 1. Idea list: main topic, then list down ideas 2. Idea map: visual representation of ideas… shapes and lines B. Graphic Organizer: uses visual symbols to express knowledge, concepts, thoughts, or ideas, and the relationships between them. Visual aid. 1. Concept Map:  a. Central idea, characteristics b. Activation of prior knowledge c. Synonyms d. Hierarchical relationships (important concepts are the ones at top) 2. Flow Diagram/Sequence Chart a. Series of steps, events in order b. Used for ordering 3. Compare, Contrast (Venn Diagram) a. Identify similarities and differences 4. Cause-and-Effect Diagram a. Direct relationships between events and concepts b. Most beneficial C. Outline: summary or plan before writing a project or speech. A list divided into headings and subheadings. 1. Topic outline: words and phrases, hierarchical list 2. Sentence outline: complete sentences, similar to a mini-thesis statement. Expresses specific ideas Properties of Well-written Text What is a paragraph? A basic unit of a composition that consists of a group of related sentences that develop one main idea. A. Three Main Parts of a Paragraph 1. Introduction: main idea, topic sentence 2. Body: supporting details 3. Conclusion: concluding sentence B. Other Key Concepts Unity is achieved when a composition contains one focused idea Coherence and Cohesion: the way a text is organized to hold together meaning a. Coherence: occurs when the ideas are connected at the conceptual level b. Cohesion: connection of ideas at sentence level  How do we achieve coherence? By ordering their support according to basic organizational pattern (time order, space order, order of importance) Organization is achieved when ideas are logically and accurately arranged Language use– observation of the time-tested principles in writing *Use clear and concise sentences. *Use precise vocabulary *Avoid redundancies, wordiness, clichés, and highfalutin language. *Use other forms of sentence *Be consistent with pronouns *Avoid sexist language. You may use nonbinary pronouns (they, them, their) Effective Language is FACCS: Familiar, Appropriate, Concise, Correct, Specific Mechanics - conventions on how to spell, abbreviate, punctuate, and capitalize *Avoid contractions and exclamation points (unless part of a direct quotation) *Mention the full name before the abbreviation. *Numbers from 0-10 must be spelled out. *Check the spelling, punctuation marks, capitalization before submitting the output *Apply discourse in writing