NATS 1650 Final Practice Questions PDF

Alright, let's get you ready for your NATS 1650 final! Here are 100 multiple-choice questions covering the Nervous, Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary, and Reproductive systems, similar to the ones you provided, and with their corresponding answers. Nervous System 1. The primary fun...

Alright, let's get you ready for your NATS 1650 final! Here are 100 multiple-choice questions covering the Nervous, Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary, and Reproductive systems, similar to the ones you provided, and with their corresponding answers. Nervous System 1. The primary functional unit of the nervous system is the: A) Neuroglia B) Neuron C) Meninges D) Ventricle Answer: B) 2. The myelin sheath that insulates axons in the peripheral nervous system is formed by: A) Astrocytes B) Oligodendrocytes C) Schwann cells D) Microglia Answer: C) 3. A synapse is a junction between two neurons where communication occurs. The chemical messengers involved in this communication are called: A) Ions B) Neurotransmitters C) Hormones D) Action potentials Answer: B) 4. The part of the brain responsible for regulating basic life functions such as breathing and heart rate is the: A) Cerebrum B) Cerebellum C) Brainstem D) Diencephalon Answer: C) 5. The outermost layer of the meninges, which is tough and fibrous, is the: A) Pia mater B) Arachnoid mater C) Dura mater D) Subarachnoid space Answer: C) 6. The lobes of the cerebrum are named after the overlying cranial bones. Which lobe is primarily responsible for processing visual information? A) Frontal lobe B) Parietal lobe C) Temporal lobe D) Occipital lobe1 Answer: D) 7. The central sulcus separates which two lobes of the cerebrum? A) Frontal and temporal B) Parietal and occipital C) Frontal and parietal D) Temporal and occipital Answer: C) 8. The part of the diencephalon that acts as a major relay center for sensory information going to the cerebrum is the: A) Thalamus B) Hypothalamus C) Epithalamus D) Subthalamus Answer: A) 9. Which part of the brain is crucial for balance, coordination, and motor learning? A) Cerebrum B) Cerebellum C) Brainstem D) Diencephalon Answer: B) 10. The autonomic nervous system is divided into two main branches with opposing effects. These are the: A) Somatic and enteric B) Central and peripheral C) Sympathetic and parasympathetic D) Sensory and motor Answer: C) 11. The "fight-or-flight" response is primarily mediated by the: A) Parasympathetic nervous system B) Sympathetic nervous system C) Somatic nervous system D) Enteric nervous system Answer: B) 12. The "rest-and-digest" response is primarily mediated by the: A) Sympathetic nervous system B) Parasympathetic nervous system C) Somatic nervous system D) Central nervous system Answer: B) 13. A reflex arc typically involves which of the following components in order? A) Effector, sensory neuron, integration center, motor neuron, receptor B) Receptor, motor neuron, integration center, sensory neuron, effector C) Receptor, sensory neuron, integration center, motor neuron, effector2 D) Sensory neuron, receptor, integration center, effector, motor neuron Answer: C) 14. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is produced by the: A) Arachnoid villi B) Dura mater C) Choroid plexus D) Pia mater Answer: C) 15. Which of the following cranial nerves is responsible for transmitting olfactory (smell) information? A) Optic nerve (II) B) Oculomotor nerve (III) C) Olfactory nerve (I) D) Trigeminal nerve (V) Answer: C) 16. Which of the following cranial nerves controls muscles of facial expression? A) Trigeminal nerve (V) B) Facial nerve (VII) C) Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) D) Vagus nerve (X) Answer: B) 17. The spinal cord extends from the medulla oblongata to approximately which vertebral level? A) Cervical vertebrae (C1-C7) B) Thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12) C) Lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5) D) Second lumbar vertebra (L2) Answer: D)  18. Gray matter in the spinal cord is primarily composed of: A) Myelinated axons B) Unmyelinated axons and cell bodies C) Connective tissue D) Cerebrospinal fluid Answer: B) 19. White matter in the spinal cord is primarily composed of: A) Unmyelinated axons and cell bodies B) Myelinated axons C) Neuroglia D) Blood vessels Answer: B) 20. A dermatome is an area of skin innervated by the sensory fibers of a: A) Cranial nerve B) Spinal nerve C) Autonomic nerve D) Plexus Answer: B) Cardiovascular System 21. The layer of the heart wall responsible for its contraction is the: A) Epicardium B) Myocardium C) Endocardium D) Pericardium Answer: B) 22. The valve located between the right atrium and the right ventricle is the: A) Tricuspid valve B) Bicuspid (mitral) valve C) Pulmonary valve D) Aortic valve Answer: A) 23. Oxygenated blood returns to the heart via the: A) Superior vena cava B) Inferior vena cava C) Pulmonary arteries D) Pulmonary veins Answer: D) 24. The largest artery in the body is the: A) Pulmonary artery B) Aorta C) Carotid artery D) Femoral artery Answer: B) 25. The smallest blood vessels, where exchange of gases, nutrients, and wastes occurs, are the: A) Arteries B) Veins C) Capillaries D) Arterioles Answer: C) 26. Blood pressure is typically measured in the: A) Arteries B) Veins C) Capillaries D) Lymphatic vessels Answer: A) 27. The liquid component of blood is called: A) Formed elements B) Plasma C) Serum D) Lymph Answer: B) 28. Red blood cells (erythrocytes) primarily function in: A) Blood clotting B) Fighting infection C) Oxygen transport D) Nutrient transport Answer: C) 29. White blood cells (leukocytes) primarily function in: A) Oxygen transport B) Carbon dioxide transport C) Immune defense D) Blood clotting Answer: C) 30. Platelets (thrombocytes) are involved in: A) Oxygen transport  B) Carbon dioxide transport C) Fighting infection D) Blood clotting Answer: D) 31. The pacemaker of the heart, which initiates the heartbeat, is the: A) Atrioventricular (AV) node B) Sinoatrial (SA) node C) Bundle of His D) Purkinje fibers Answer: B) 32. The electrocardiogram (ECG) measures the: A) Mechanical contraction of the heart B) Electrical activity of the heart C) Blood flow through the heart D) Oxygen saturation of the blood Answer: B) 33. The pressure in the arteries during ventricular contraction is called: A) Diastolic pressure B) Systolic pressure C) Mean arterial pressure D) Pulse pressure Answer: B) 34. The pressure in the arteries during ventricular relaxation is called: A) Systolic pressure B) Diastolic pressure C) Pulse pressure D) Mean arterial pressure Answer: B) 35. The lymphatic system plays a crucial role in: A) Oxygen transport B) Carbon dioxide removal C) Fluid balance and immunity D) Nutrient absorption Answer: C) 36. Lymph fluid is similar to blood plasma but lacks significant amounts of: A) Water B) Ions C) Proteins D) Nutrients  Answer: C) 37. Lymph nodes are important for: A) Producing red blood cells B) Filtering lymph and housing immune cells C) Storing excess glucose D) Synthesizing clotting factors Answer: B) 38. The spleen is an organ of the lymphatic system that also: A) Produces lymph fluid B) Filters blood and removes old red blood cells C) Secretes digestive enzymes D) Regulates blood pressure Answer: B) 39. The hepatic portal system carries blood from the digestive organs to the: A) Heart B) Lungs C) Liver D) Kidneys Answer: C) 40. Which of the following blood vessels carries deoxygenated blood away from the right ventricle? A) Aorta B) Pulmonary artery C) Pulmonary vein D) Superior vena cava Answer: B) Respiratory System 41. The primary function of the respiratory system is: A) Transporting nutrients B) Exchanging gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) C) Filtering blood D) Producing hormones Answer: B) 42. Air enters the respiratory system through the: A) Esophagus B) Trachea C) Larynx  D) Nose and mouth Answer: D) 43. The structure that prevents food from entering the trachea during swallowing is the: A) Pharynx B) Larynx C) Epiglottis D) Glottis Answer: C) 44. The voice box, which contains the vocal cords, is also known as the: A) Pharynx B) Larynx C) Trachea D) Bronchus Answer: B) 45. The trachea is reinforced by rings of: A) Bone B) Cartilage C) Smooth muscle D) Connective tissue Answer: B) 46. The trachea branches into two main: A) Bronchioles B) Alveoli C) Bronchi D) Larynges Answer: C) 47. Within the lungs, the bronchi further subdivide into smaller tubes called: A) Alveoli B) Bronchioles C) Pleurae D) Diaphragm Answer: B) 48. The tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs are called: A) Bronchi B) Bronchioles C) Alveoli D) Pleurae  Answer: C) 49. The process of breathing in is called: A) Expiration B) Ventilation C) Inspiration D) Respiration Answer: C) 50. The primary muscle responsible for breathing is the: A) Intercostal muscles B) Sternocleidomastoid C) Diaphragm D) Abdominal muscles Answer: C) 51. The membrane that surrounds each lung is the: A) Pericardium B) Peritoneum C) Pleura D) Meninges Answer: C) 52. Gas exchange in the alveoli occurs via: A) Active transport B) Facilitated diffusion C) Simple diffusion D) Osmosis Answer: C) 53. Oxygen is transported in the blood primarily bound to: A) Plasma proteins B) Hemoglobin in red blood cells C) Dissolved in plasma D) White blood cells Answer: B) 54. Carbon dioxide is transported in the blood in several ways, including: A) Bound to hemoglobin, dissolved in plasma, and as bicarbonate ions B) Primarily bound to hemoglobin C) Only dissolved in plasma D) Only as bicarbonate ions Answer: A) 55. The rate and depth of breathing are primarily regulated by the: A) Cerebrum B) Cerebellum C) Brainstem D) Spinal cord Answer: C) 56. Chemoreceptors in the body monitor the levels of: A) Nutrients and hormones B) Oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH C) Blood pressure and heart rate D) Glucose and insulin Answer: B) 57. The volume of air inhaled or exhaled during a normal breath is called the: A) Tidal volume B) Inspiratory reserve volume C) Expiratory reserve volume D) Residual volume Answer: A) 58. The maximum volume of air that can be inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation is the: A) Tidal volume B) Inspiratory reserve volume C) Expiratory reserve volume D) Vital capacity Answer: B) 59. The maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after a normal tidal volume exhalation is the: A) Tidal volume B) Inspiratory reserve volume C) Expiratory reserve volume D) Residual volume Answer: C) 60. The volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal exhalation is the: A) Tidal volume B) Vital capacity C) Residual volume D) Total lung capacity Answer: C) Digestive System 61. The process by which food is broken down into smaller molecules is called: A) Absorption B) Ingestion C) Digestion D) Elimination Answer: C) 62. The physical breakdown of food begins in the: A) Stomach B) Small intestine C) Mouth D) Esophagus Answer: C) 63. Saliva contains an enzyme called amylase, which begins the digestion of: A) Proteins B) Lipids (fats) C) Carbohydrates (starches) D) Nucleic acids Answer: C) 64. The muscular tube that transports food from the pharynx to the stomach is the: A) Trachea B) Esophagus C) Larynx D) Small intestine Answer: B) 65. The wavelike contractions of smooth muscle that propel food through the digestive tract are called: A) Segmentation B) Peristalsis C) Mastication D) Deglutition Answer: B) 66. The stomach primarily digests: A) Carbohydrates B) Lipids C) Proteins D) Nucleic acids Answer: C) 67. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) in the stomach: A) Neutralizes chyme B) Emulsifies fats C) Activates pepsinogen D) Digests carbohydrates Answer: C) 68. The enzyme pepsin in the stomach breaks down: A) Carbohydrates B) Lipids C) Proteins D) Nucleic acids Answer: C) 69. The semifluid mixture of digested food and secretions in the stomach is called: A) Bolus B) Chyme C) Bile D) Lymph Answer: B) 70. Most nutrient absorption occurs in the: A) Stomach B) Small intestine C) Large intestine D) Esophagus Answer: B) 71. The three main parts of the small intestine are the: A) Cecum, colon, rectum B) Duodenum, jejunum, ileum C) Fundus, body, pylorus D) Cardia, fundus, body Answer: B) 72. Bile, produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder, aids in the digestion of: A) Proteins B) Carbohydrates C) Lipids D) Nucleic acids Answer: C) 73. The pancreas secretes enzymes that digest: A) Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins B) Only carbohydrates and proteins  C) Only lipids D) Only proteins Answer: A) 74. Villi and microvilli in the small intestine increase the: A) Rate of peristalsis B) Surface area for absorption C) Production of digestive enzymes D) Storage capacity for chyme Answer: B) 75. The primary function of the large intestine is to: A) Absorb most nutrients B) Digest proteins C) Absorb water and electrolytes D) Produce digestive enzymes Answer: C) 76. The appendix is a small pouch attached to the: A) Okay, I can definitely transform those multiple-choice answers into factual statements. Here are the first 60 answers rephrased as facts: Nervous System Facts 1. The neuron is the primary functional unit of the nervous system. 2. Schwann cells form the myelin sheath that insulates axons in the peripheral nervous system. 3. Neurotransmitters are the chemical messengers involved in communication at a synapse between two neurons. 4. The brainstem is the part of the brain responsible for regulating basic life functions such as breathing and heart rate. 5. The dura mater is the outermost, tough, and fibrous layer of the meninges. 6. The occipital lobe of the cerebrum is primarily responsible for processing visual information. 7. The central sulcus separates the frontal and parietal lobes of the cerebrum. 8. The thalamus, part of the diencephalon, acts as a major relay center for sensory information going to the cerebrum. 9. The cerebellum is crucial for balance, coordination, and motor learning. 10. The autonomic nervous system is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches, which often have opposing effects. 11. The sympathetic nervous system primarily mediates the "fight-or-flight" response. 12. The parasympathetic nervous system primarily mediates the "rest-and-digest" response. 13. A reflex arc typically involves a receptor, sensory neuron, integration center, motor neuron, and effector in that order.  14. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is produced by the choroid plexus. 15. The olfactory nerve (cranial nerve I) is responsible for transmitting olfactory (smell) information. 16. The facial nerve (cranial nerve VII) controls muscles of facial expression. 17. The spinal cord extends from the medulla oblongata to approximately the second lumbar vertebra (L2). 18. Gray matter in the spinal cord is primarily composed of unmyelinated axons and cell bodies. 19. White matter in the spinal cord is primarily composed of myelinated axons. 20. A dermatome is an area of skin innervated by the sensory fibers of a spinal nerve. Cardiovascular System Facts 21. The myocardium is the layer of the heart wall responsible for its contraction. 22. The tricuspid valve is located between the right atrium and the right ventricle. 23. Oxygenated blood returns to the heart via the pulmonary veins. 24. The aorta is the largest artery in the body. 25. Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels, where exchange of gases, nutrients, and wastes occurs. 26. Blood pressure is typically measured in the arteries. 27. Plasma is the liquid component of blood. 28. Red blood cells (erythrocytes) primarily function in oxygen transport. 29. White blood cells (leukocytes) primarily function in immune defense. 30. Platelets (thrombocytes) are involved in blood clotting. 31. The sinoatrial (SA) node is the pacemaker of the heart, initiating the heartbeat. 32. The electrocardiogram (ECG) measures the electrical activity of the heart. 33. Systolic pressure is the pressure in the arteries during ventricular contraction. 34. Diastolic pressure is the pressure in the arteries during ventricular relaxation. 35. The lymphatic system plays a crucial role in fluid balance and immunity. 36. Lymph fluid is similar to blood plasma but lacks significant amounts of proteins. 37. Lymph nodes are important for filtering lymph and housing immune cells. 38. The spleen, an organ of the lymphatic system, also filters blood and removes old red blood cells. 39. The hepatic portal system carries blood from the digestive organs to the liver. 40. The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood away from the right ventricle. Respiratory System Facts 41. The primary function of the respiratory system is exchanging gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide). 42. Air enters the respiratory system through the nose and mouth. 43. The epiglottis is the structure that prevents food from entering the trachea during swallowing. 44. The larynx, also known as the voice box, contains the vocal cords. 45. The trachea is reinforced by rings of cartilage. 46. The trachea branches into two main bronchi. 47. Within the lungs, the bronchi further subdivide into smaller tubes called bronchioles. 48. Alveoli are the tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs. 49. Inspiration is the process of breathing in.  50. The diaphragm is the primary muscle responsible for breathing. 51. The pleura is the membrane that surrounds each lung. 52. Gas exchange in the alveoli occurs via simple diffusion. 53. Oxygen is transported in the blood primarily bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells. 54. Carbon dioxide is transported in the blood bound to hemoglobin, dissolved in plasma, and as bicarbonate ions. 55. The rate and depth of breathing are primarily regulated by the brainstem. 56. Chemoreceptors in the body monitor the levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH. 57. Tidal volume is the volume of air inhaled or exhaled during a normal breath. 58. Inspiratory reserve volume is the maximum volume of air that can be inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation. 59. Expiratory reserve volume is the maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after a normal tidal volume exhalation. 60. Residual volume is the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal exhalation. Okay, here are the remaining answers from the Digestive, Urinary, and Reproductive Systems transformed into factual statements: Digestive System Facts (Continued) 61. Digestion is the process by which food is broken down into smaller molecules. 62. The physical breakdown of food begins in the mouth. 63. Saliva contains amylase, an enzyme that begins the digestion of carbohydrates (starches). 64. The esophagus is the muscular tube that transports food from the pharynx to the stomach. 65. Peristalsis refers to the wavelike contractions of smooth muscle that propel food through the digestive tract. 66. The stomach primarily digests proteins. 67. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) in the stomach activates pepsinogen. 68. The enzyme pepsin in the stomach breaks down proteins. 69. Chyme is the semifluid mixture of digested food and secretions in the stomach. 70. Most nutrient absorption occurs in the small intestine. 71. The three main parts of the small intestine are the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. 72. Bile, produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder, aids in the digestion of lipids. 73. The pancreas secretes enzymes that digest carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. 74. Villi and microvilli in the small intestine increase the surface area for absorption. 75. The primary function of the large intestine is to absorb water and electrolytes. 76. The appendix is a small pouch attached to the cecum, the beginning of the large intestine. 77. The colon is the major part of the large intestine, responsible for water absorption and waste compaction. 78. The rectum is the final section of the large intestine, storing feces before elimination. 79. The anus is the opening at the end of the digestive tract through which feces are eliminated. 80. The liver produces bile, detoxifies blood, and performs many other metabolic functions. 81. The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver. 82. Pancreatic juice, released into the small intestine, contains enzymes and bicarbonate ions.  83. Enzymes in the small intestine, along with pancreatic enzymes, complete the digestion of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. 84. Absorption in the small intestine occurs through the lining, with nutrients passing into the blood and lymph. 85. The enteric nervous system is a network of nerves within the walls of the digestive tract that regulates its function. 86. Gastrin is a hormone released by the stomach that stimulates the secretion of gastric acid and pepsinogen. 87. Secretin is a hormone released by the small intestine that stimulates the release of bicarbonate-rich pancreatic juice. 88. Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a hormone released by the small intestine that stimulates the release of bile and pancreatic enzymes. 89. Glucose is absorbed into the blood from the small intestine via active transport and facilitated diffusion. 90. Fatty acids and monoglycerides, resulting from lipid digestion, are absorbed into lymphatic vessels called lacteals. Urinary System Facts 91. The primary function of the urinary system is to filter blood and produce urine to remove waste products. 92. The kidneys are the main organs of the urinary system, responsible for filtering blood. 93. The ureters are tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. 94. The urinary bladder is a muscular sac that stores urine. 95. The urethra is the tube that carries urine from the bladder out of the body. 96. The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney, responsible for filtering blood and forming urine. 97. The glomerulus is a capillary network within the nephron where blood is filtered. 98. Bowman's capsule is a cup-like structure surrounding the glomerulus that collects the filtrate. 99. The renal tubule, consisting of the proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, and distal convoluted tubule, modifies the filtrate. 100. Filtration in the kidney is the process by which water and small solutes move from the glomerulus into Bowman's capsule. Okay, I can generate another 100 multiple-choice questions covering the Nervous, Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary, and Reproductive systems. Here they are: Nervous System (Continued) 1. Which type of neuroglial cell forms the blood-brain barrier? A) Ependymal cells B) Astrocytes C) Microglia D) Oligodendrocytes Answer: B) 2. The resting membrane potential of a neuron is primarily established by the concentration gradients of: A) Sodium and potassium ions B) Calcium and chloride ions C) Glucose and amino acids D) Oxygen and carbon dioxide Answer: A) 3. An action potential is a rapid change in membrane potential that occurs when a neuron is stimulated. This depolarization is primarily due to the influx of: A) Potassium ions B) Sodium ions C) Chloride ions D) Calcium ions Answer: B) 4. Repolarization of a neuron during an action potential is primarily due to the efflux of: A) Sodium ions B) Potassium ions C) Chloride ions D) Calcium ions Answer: B) 5. The speed of nerve impulse conduction is increased by: A) Decreased axon diameter B) The presence of nodes of Ranvier C) The absence of myelin D) Continuous propagation Answer: B) 6. Which neurotransmitter is primarily involved in muscle contraction at the neuromuscular junction? A) Norepinephrine B) Serotonin C) Acetylcholine D) Dopamine Answer: C) 7. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an example of a(n) ________ neurotransmitter. A) Excitatory B) Inhibitory C) Modulatory D) Cholinergic  Answer: B) 8. The part of the brain involved in conscious thought, memory, and reasoning is the: A) Cerebellum B) Brainstem C) Cerebrum D) Diencephalon Answer: C) 9. The limbic system is a group of brain structures involved in: A) Motor control B) Sensory processing C) Emotions and memory D) Language comprehension Answer: C) 10. The area of the brain responsible for language comprehension is primarily located in the: A) Frontal lobe (Broca's area) B) Temporal lobe (Wernicke's area) C) Parietal lobe (sensory cortex) D) Occipital lobe (visual cortex) Answer: B) 11. The area of the brain responsible for speech production is primarily located in the: A) Temporal lobe (Wernicke's area) B) Parietal lobe (sensory cortex) C) Frontal lobe (Broca's area) D) Occipital lobe (visual cortex) Answer: C) 12. The vagus nerve (cranial nerve X) has widespread parasympathetic effects on the: A) Skeletal muscles B) Skin C) Visceral organs D) Special senses Answer: C) 13. The dorsal root ganglia of spinal nerves contain the cell bodies of: A) Motor neurons B) Sensory neurons C) Interneurons  D) Autonomic neurons Answer: B) 14. A group of nerve cell bodies located in the peripheral nervous system is called a: A) Nucleus B) Ganglion C) Tract D) Nerve Answer: B) 15. A bundle of axons in the central nervous system is called a: A) Nerve B) Ganglion C) Tract D) Plexus Answer: C) 16. The blood-brain barrier is primarily formed by tight junctions between the endothelial cells of brain capillaries and the processes of: A) Microglia B) Ependymal cells C) Astrocytes D) Oligodendrocytes Answer: C) 17. Which of the following is a mechanoreceptor involved in sensing light touch? A) Nociceptor B) Thermoreceptor C) Merkel disc D) Proprioceptor Answer: C) 18. Which of the following is a photoreceptor found in the retina of the eye? A) Hair cell B) Olfactory receptor C) Taste bud D) Rod Answer: D) 19. The sense of taste (gustation) is detected by chemoreceptors located in: A) Nasal cavity B) Inner ear C) Taste buds on the tongue D) Retina  Answer: C) 20. The sense of smell (olfaction) is detected by chemoreceptors located in the: A) Oral cavity B) Nasal cavity C) Middle ear D) Outer ear Answer: B) Cardiovascular System (Continued) 21. The layer of an artery wall that contains smooth muscle and elastic fibers is the: A) Tunica intima B) Tunica media C) Tunica externa D) Vasa vasorum Answer: B) 22. Veins differ from arteries in that veins: A) Always carry oxygenated blood B) Have thicker walls C) Possess valves to prevent backflow D) Have higher blood pressure Answer: C) 23. The force exerted by blood against the walls of blood vessels is called: A) Pulse B) Blood pressure C) Blood flow D) Resistance Answer: B) 24. Peripheral resistance, which affects blood pressure, is primarily influenced by the diameter of: A) Arteries B) Veins C) Capillaries D) Arterioles Answer: D) 25. The viscosity of blood is mainly determined by the concentration of: A) Water B) Glucose C) Plasma proteins and formed elements  D) Electrolytes Answer: C) 26. Cardiac output is the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle per: A) Minute B) Second C) Heartbeat D) Respiratory cycle Answer: A) 27. Stroke volume is the volume of blood ejected by each ventricle during: A) Diastole B) Systole C) A cardiac cycle D) Pulmonary circulation Answer: B) 28. The Frank-Starling law of the heart states that: A) Increased afterload increases stroke volume B) Increased preload increases stroke volume C) Increased heart rate increases stroke volume D) Increased contractility decreases stroke volume Answer: B) 29. Baroreceptors, which monitor blood pressure, are located in the: A) Kidneys B) Lungs C) Aortic arch and carotid sinuses D) Brainstem Answer: C) 30. The hormone released by the adrenal medulla that increases heart rate and blood pressure is: A) Insulin B) Aldosterone C) Epinephrine D) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Answer: C) 31. The function of the foramen ovale in a fetus is to allow blood to bypass the: A) Liver B) Kidneys C) Lungs D) Brain  Answer: C) 32. The ductus arteriosus in a fetus connects the: A) Right and left atria B) Pulmonary artery and aorta C) Superior and inferior vena cava D) Mother's and fetal circulation Answer: B) 33. The process of blood cell formation is called: A) Hemostasis B) Hematopoiesis C) Hemolysis D) Hemagglutination Answer: B) 34. Erythropoietin (EPO), a hormone that stimulates red blood cell production, is primarily produced by the: A) Liver B) Kidneys C) Spleen D) Bone marrow Answer: B) 35. The clumping of red blood cells following a blood transfusion reaction is called: A) Hemostasis B) Hematopoiesis C) Hemolysis D) Agglutination Answer: D) 36. The universal blood donor type is: A) A positive (A+) B) B negative (B-) C) AB positive (AB+) D) O negative (O-) Answer: D) 37. The universal blood recipient type is: A) A negative (A-) B) B positive (B+) C) AB positive (AB+) D) O negative (O-) Answer: C)  38. Edema, the accumulation of excess fluid in tissues, can be caused by increased: A) Blood pressure B) Plasma protein concentration C) Lymphatic drainage D) Red blood cell count Answer: A) 39. Atherosclerosis is a condition characterized by the buildup of plaque in the: A) Veins B) Arteries C) Capillaries D) Lymphatic vessels Answer: B) 40. An embolus is a: A) Stationary blood clot B) Traveling blood clot C) Weakened area in a blood vessel wall D) Deficiency of red blood cells Answer: B) Respiratory System (Continued) 41. The nasal cavity is lined with a mucous membrane that functions to: A) Cool and dry the incoming air B) Filter, warm, and humidify the incoming air C) Facilitate gas exchange D) Produce surfactant Answer: B) 42. The pharynx is commonly known as the: A) Voice box B) Windpipe C) Throat D) Adam's apple Answer: C) 43. The surfactant produced by type II alveolar cells functions to: A) Increase the surface tension of the alveoli B) Decrease the surface tension of the alveoli C) Facilitate gas diffusion D) Trap pathogens Answer: B) 44. The pressure within the alveoli is called the: A) Atmospheric pressure B) Intrapleural pressure C) Intrapulmonary pressure D) Transpulmonary pressure Answer: C) 45. The pressure in the pleural cavity is called the: A) Atmospheric pressure B) Intrapleural pressure C) Intrapulmonary pressure D) Transpulmonary pressure Answer: B) 46. Airflow into the lungs during inspiration occurs because: A) Intrapulmonary pressure increases above atmospheric pressure B) Intrapulmonary pressure decreases below atmospheric pressure C) Intrapleural pressure increases above intrapulmonary pressure D) Intrapleural pressure decreases below atmospheric pressure Answer: B) 47. Airflow out of the lungs during expiration occurs because: A) Intrapulmonary pressure decreases below atmospheric pressure B) Intrapulmonary pressure increases above atmospheric pressure C) Intrapleural pressure decreases below intrapulmonary pressure D) Atmospheric pressure increases above intrapulmonary pressure Answer: B) 48. The partial pressure of oxygen is highest in the: A) Systemic veins B) Pulmonary arteries C) Alveoli D) Systemic capillaries Answer: C) 49. The partial pressure of carbon dioxide is highest in the: A) Alveoli B) Pulmonary veins C) Systemic arteries D) Systemic veins Answer: D) 50. The affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen is increased by: A) Decreased pH B) Increased temperature  C) Decreased partial pressure of carbon dioxide D) Increased levels of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (BPG) Answer: C) Digestive System (Continued) 51. The process of chewing food is called: A) Deglutition B) Mastication C) Peristalsis D) Segmentation Answer: B) 52. The swallowing of food is called: A) Mastication B) Peristalsis C) Deglutition D) Segmentation Answer: C) 53. Segmentation in the small intestine primarily functions to: A) Propel food forward B) Mix chyme with digestive juices C) Absorb nutrients D) Eliminate waste Answer: B) 54. The brush border enzymes of the small intestine are located on the: A) Smooth muscle layer B) Submucosa C) Microvilli of the enterocytes D) Lamina propria Answer: C) 55. Lacteals in the villi of the small intestine absorb: A) Glucose and amino acids B) Fatty acids and glycerol C) Water-soluble vitamins D) Electrolytes Answer: B) 56. The teniae coli are longitudinal bands of smooth muscle found in the wall of the: A) Stomach B) Small intestine  C) Large intestine D) Esophagus Answer: C) 57. Haustra are pouches in the wall of the: A) Stomach B) Small intestine C) Large intestine D) Gallbladder Answer: C) 58. The bacteria in the large intestine primarily function to: A) Absorb vitamins B) Produce vitamins and ferment indigestible materials C) Secrete digestive enzymes D) Digest proteins Answer: B) 59. Defecation is the elimination of feces from the: A) Stomach B) Small intestine C) Large intestine D) Liver Answer: C) 60. Bile salts emulsify fats by: A) Hydrolyzing triglycerides B) Increasing the surface area of fat globules C) Activating lipases D) Transporting fats into the bloodstream Answer: B) Urinary System (Continued) 61. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is influenced by: A) Blood pressure in the afferent arteriole B) Plasma protein concentration C) Capsular hydrostatic pressure D) All of the above Answer: D) 62. Most of the water, glucose, and amino acids filtered in the glomerulus are reabsorbed in the: A) Loop of Henle  B) Distal convoluted tubule C) Collecting duct D) Proximal convoluted tubule Answer: D) 63. The descending limb of the loop of Henle is primarily permeable to: A) Sodium ions B) Chloride ions C) Water D) Urea Answer: C) 64. The ascending limb of the loop of Henle actively transports: A) Water B) Glucose C) Sodium and chloride ions D) Urea Answer: C) 65. Aldosterone, secreted by the adrenal cortex, promotes the reabsorption of ________ and excretion of ________ in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. A) Water, sodium B) Sodium, potassium C) Potassium, sodium D) Glucose, water Answer: B) 66. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), secreted by the posterior pituitary gland, increases water reabsorption in the: A) Proximal convoluted tubule B) Loop of Henle C) Distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct D) Glomerulus Answer: C) 67. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is released by the heart in response to high blood volume and functions to: A) Increase sodium reabsorption B) Decrease sodium reabsorption C) Increase water reabsorption D) Decrease potassium excretion Answer: B)  68. The juxtaglomerular apparatus in the kidney secretes renin in response to: A) Increased blood pressure B) Decreased blood flow to the kidney C) Increased sodium concentration in the distal tubule D) Increased plasma protein concentration Answer: B) 69. Renin initiates a cascade that leads to the production of angiotensin II, which causes: A) Vasodilation and decreased blood pressure B) Vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure C) Increased sodium excretion D) Decreased aldosterone secretion Answer: B) 70. The normal pH of urine is slightly: A) Acidic B) Basic (alkaline) C) Neutral D) Variable, with no typical range Answer: A) Reproductive System 71. The primary reproductive organs (gonads) in males are the: A) Prostate gland B) Testes C) Epididymis D) Vas deferens Answer: B) 72. Sperm production (spermatogenesis) occurs in the: A) Epididymis B) Vas deferens C) Seminiferous tubules D) Interstitial cells Answer: C) 73. The interstitial cells (Leydig cells) in the testes produce: A) Sperm B) Testosterone C) Seminal fluid D) Inhibin  Answer: B) 74. Sperm mature and are stored in the: Okay, here are the answers to the second set of 100 questions, now presented as factual statements: Nervous System Facts (Continued) 1. Astrocytes are the neuroglial cells that form the blood-brain barrier. 2. The resting membrane potential of a neuron is primarily established by the concentration gradients of sodium and potassium ions. 3. The depolarization phase of an action potential is primarily due to the influx of sodium ions into the neuron. 4. The repolarization phase of an action potential is primarily due to the efflux of potassium ions out of the neuron. 5. The speed of nerve impulse conduction is increased by the presence of nodes of Ranvier, which allow for saltatory conduction. 6. Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter primarily involved in muscle contraction at the neuromuscular junction. 7. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an example of an inhibitory neurotransmitter. 8. The cerebrum is the part of the brain involved in conscious thought, memory, and reasoning. 9. The limbic system is a group of brain structures involved in emotions and memory. 10. Wernicke's area, primarily located in the temporal lobe, is the area of the brain responsible for language comprehension. 11. Broca's area, primarily located in the frontal lobe, is the area of the brain responsible for speech production. 12. The vagus nerve (cranial nerve X) has widespread parasympathetic effects on the visceral organs. 13. The dorsal root ganglia of spinal nerves contain the cell bodies of sensory neurons. 14. A ganglion is a group of nerve cell bodies located in the peripheral nervous system. 15. A tract is a bundle of axons in the central nervous system. 16. The blood-brain barrier is primarily formed by tight junctions between the endothelial cells of brain capillaries and the processes of astrocytes. 17. A Merkel disc is a mechanoreceptor involved in sensing light touch. 18. A rod is a photoreceptor found in the retina of the eye, responsible for vision in low light conditions. 19. The sense of taste (gustation) is detected by chemoreceptors located in taste buds on the tongue. 20. The sense of smell (olfaction) is detected by chemoreceptors located in the nasal cavity. Cardiovascular System Facts (Continued) 21. The tunica media is the layer of an artery wall that contains smooth muscle and elastic fibers. 22. Veins possess valves to prevent the backflow of blood.  23. Blood pressure is the force exerted by blood against the walls of blood vessels. 24. Peripheral resistance, which affects blood pressure, is primarily influenced by the diameter of arterioles. 25. The viscosity of blood is mainly determined by the concentration of plasma proteins and formed elements. 26. Cardiac output is the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute. 27. Stroke volume is the volume of blood ejected by each ventricle during systole. 28. The Frank-Starling law of the heart states that increased preload (venous return) increases stroke volume. 29. Baroreceptors, which monitor blood pressure, are located in the aortic arch and carotid sinuses. 30. Epinephrine, released by the adrenal medulla, increases heart rate and blood pressure. 31. The foramen ovale in a fetus allows blood to bypass the non-functional lungs. 32. The ductus arteriosus in a fetus connects the pulmonary artery and the aorta, allowing blood to bypass the lungs. 33. Hematopoiesis is the process of blood cell formation. 34. Erythropoietin (EPO), the hormone that stimulates red blood cell production, is primarily produced by the kidneys. 35. Agglutination is the clumping of red blood cells following a blood transfusion reaction due to antibody-antigen interactions. 36. O negative (O-) is considered the universal blood donor type because its red blood cells lack A, B, and Rh antigens. 37. AB positive (AB+) is considered the universal blood recipient type because its blood contains no antibodies against A, B, or Rh antigens. 38. Edema, the accumulation of excess fluid in tissues, can be caused by increased blood pressure, forcing more fluid out of capillaries. 39. Atherosclerosis is a condition characterized by the buildup of plaque in the walls of arteries. 40. An embolus is a traveling blood clot or other debris that can obstruct blood flow. Respiratory System Facts (Continued) 41. The mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity filters, warms, and humidifies incoming air. 42. The pharynx is commonly known as the throat. 43. Surfactant, produced by type II alveolar cells, decreases the surface tension of the alveoli, preventing their collapse. 44. Intrapulmonary pressure is the pressure within the alveoli. 45. Intrapleural pressure is the pressure in the pleural cavity, which is normally subatmospheric. 46. Airflow into the lungs during inspiration occurs because intrapulmonary pressure decreases below atmospheric pressure. 47. Airflow out of the lungs during expiration occurs because intrapulmonary pressure increases above atmospheric pressure. 48. The partial pressure of oxygen is highest in the alveoli, where gas exchange with the blood occurs. 49. The partial pressure of carbon dioxide is highest in the systemic veins, as blood returns from tissues.  50. The affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen is increased by decreased partial pressure of carbon dioxide, increased pH, and decreased temperature. Digestive System Facts (Continued) 51. Mastication is the process of chewing food. 52. Deglutition is the act of swallowing food. 53. Segmentation in the small intestine primarily functions to mix chyme with digestive juices, facilitating digestion and absorption. 54. The brush border enzymes of the small intestine are located on the microvilli of the enterocytes, the absorptive cells lining the small intestine. 55. Lacteals in the villi of the small intestine absorb digested fats (fatty acids and glycerol) into the lymphatic system. 56. The teniae coli are longitudinal bands of smooth muscle found in the wall of the large intestine, responsible for its haustrated appearance. 57. Haustra are pouches in the wall of the large intestine formed by the contraction of the teniae coli. 58. The bacteria in the large intestine primarily function to produce vitamins (like vitamin K and some B vitamins) and ferment indigestible materials, releasing gases. 59. Defecation is the elimination of feces from the large intestine through the anus. 60. Bile salts emulsify fats by increasing the surface area of fat globules, allowing lipases to digest them more effectively. Urinary System Facts (Continued) 61. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is influenced by blood pressure in the afferent arteriole, plasma protein concentration, and capsular hydrostatic pressure. 62. Most of the water, glucose, and amino acids filtered in the glomerulus are reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule. 63. The descending limb of the loop of Henle is primarily permeable to water, allowing for its reabsorption. 64. The ascending limb of the loop of Henle actively transports sodium and chloride ions out of the tubular fluid, contributing to the osmotic gradient in the renal medulla. 65. Aldosterone promotes the reabsorption of sodium and the excretion of potassium in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. 66. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) increases water reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct by increasing the permeability to water. 67. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is released by the heart in response to high blood volume and functions to decrease sodium reabsorption in the kidneys, leading to increased water excretion. 68. The juxtaglomerular apparatus in the kidney secretes renin in response to decreased blood flow to the kidney. 69. Angiotensin II, produced as a result of renin release, causes vasoconstriction and increased aldosterone secretion, leading to increased blood pressure. 70. The normal pH of urine is slightly acidic, typically ranging from 4.5 to 8.0. Reproductive System Facts 71. The testes are the primary reproductive organs (gonads) in males. 72. Sperm production (spermatogenesis) occurs in the seminiferous tubules within the testes. 73. The interstitial cells (Leydig cells) in the testes produce testosterone, the primary male sex hormone. 74. Sperm mature and are stored in the epididymis, a coiled tube located on the posterior surface of the testis.