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RULERS OF EVIL Useful Knowledge About Governing Bodies F. TUPPER SAUSSY OSPRAY BOOKMAKERS Copyright © 1 9 9 9 by Frederick Tupper Saussy All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or trans- mitted in any form or by a...

RULERS OF EVIL Useful Knowledge About Governing Bodies F. TUPPER SAUSSY OSPRAY BOOKMAKERS Copyright © 1 9 9 9 by Frederick Tupper Saussy All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or trans- mitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Published by Ospray Bookmakers, Reno, Nevada Further information: Pastoral Business 1 2 2 3 Wilshire Boulevard, N o. 8 5 5 Santa Monica, California 90403 World rights inquiries: The Peter Fleming Agency [email protected] 15200 Sunset Boulevard, Suite 204 Pacific Palisades, California 90272 ISBN 0-9673768-0-7 First Edition O S P R A Y B O O K M A K E R S IS AN IMPRIMATUR OF T H E ORDER OF SIMON PETER, LAS VEGAS, NEVADA “The worst thing you can do in life is underestimate your adversary.” — P R E S I D E N T W I L L I A M J. C L I N T O N , C B S News, March 3 1 , 1 9 9 9 xx T h e Capitol dome* 1 Time Magazine Cover* 6 Fasces* 8 T h e Washington Nunciature* 11 Emperor Constantine* 12 Mithras & David† 14 Pope Gregory IX Excommunicating the Holy Roman Emperor* 18 Pope Clement VII & the Holy Roman Emperor* 21 Martin Luther* 26 Ignatius de Loyola* 34 T h e Baphomet* 36 Map of Troyes* 42 Fingerstroke of G o d * 46 Giulia Farnese* 54 T h e Spirit of Trent (after Sebastiano Ricci)* 62 Ignatius in Heaven† 96 Lorenzo Ricci† 114 Castel Sant’Angelo* 116 Washington in Masonic Regalia*  ILLUSTRATIONS 124 Charles Thomson* 128 Cardinal Robert Bellarmine* 134 John Stuart, Lord Bute* 146 Bishop John Carroll* 154 Archbishop von Hontheim* 166 King George III* 186 East India Company Flag† 202 American Graffiti† 204 The Mosaic Seal† 226 L’Enfant’s Plan of Washington* 228 Congressional Medal of Honor† 232 Seal of Georgetown University‡ 234 Persephone, Goddess of the Capitol‡ 246 “Apotheosis of Washington”§ 248 Constantino Brumidi* 252 Rev. Charles Chiniquy* 257 T h e States§ / T h e Virgin pursues evildoers§ 258 Young America§ 259 Jehu worshiping Shalmaneser II† 261 Mercury 6k Morris§ 293-5 The A n n u Signature*, †, ‡ * sketch by the author † author’s collection ‡ photographed by the author § Architect of the Capitol  Introduction: ix Preface ix Foreword xi Orientation xiii 1: Subliminal Rome 1 2: Missionary Adaptation 9 3: Marginalizing the Bible 15 4: Medici Learning 19 5: Appointment at Cyprus 27 6: T h e Epitome of Christian Values 35 7: T h e Fingerstroke of G o d 43 8: Moving In 55 9: Securing Confidence 63 10: Definitions 77 1 1 : T h e Thirteen Articles Concerning Military A r t 85 12: Lorenzo Ricci’s War 97 1 3 : T h e Secret Bridge 117 14: T h e Dogma of Independence 129  CONTENTS 1 5 : T h e Madness of King George III 135 1 6 : Tweaking the Religious Right 147 1 7 : A Timely Grand Tour 155 18: T h e Stimulating Effects of Tea 167 1 9 : Death and Resurrection of Lorenzo Ricci 187 20: American Grafitti 203 2 1 : Jupiter’s Earthly Abode 227 22: T h e Immaculate Conception 235 23: T h e Dome of the Great Sky 247 24: T h e Mark of Cain 265 2 5 : T h e Two Ministries 279 Appendix 293 A: Fifty Centuries of the A n n u Signature 293 B: Superior Generals of the Society of Jesus 296 c: Glossary 298 D: Notes 303 E: Bibliography 313 F: Index 318 RULERS OF E V I L  Introduction PREFACE T HE O N L Y P E O P L E in the world, it seems, w h o believe in the conspiracy theory of history are those of us w h o h a v e stud- ied it. W h i l e F r a n k l i n D. R o o s e v e l t m i g h t h a v e exaggerat- ed w h e n he said “ N o t h i n g h a p p e n s in p o l i t i c s by a c c i d e n t ; if it happens, it was planned that way,” C a r r o l l Q u i g l e y – Bill C l i n t o n ’ s favorite professor at G e o r g e t o w n U n i v e r s i t y – b o l d l y a d m i t t e d in his Tragedy & Hope ( 1 9 6 6 ) t h a t (a) t h e m u l t i t u d e s w e r e already u n d e r t h e c o n t r o l of a small b u t p o w e r f u l group b e n t on w o r l d d o m i n a t i o n and (b) Q u i g l e y himself was a part of that group. I n t e r n e t c o n s p i r a c y sites strive to identify t h e c o n s p i r a t o r i a l factions. We get pieces here and pieces there. T h e world is run by Freemasons, some say. O t h e r say S k u l l & B o n e s , and a loose c o n - f e d e r a t i o n o f secret s o c i e t i e s. C I A gets lots o f v o t e s , a l o n g w i t h Mossad ( t h o u g h I suspect these f a c t i o n s are merely tools) a n d , of course, “ t h e British.” A major f r o n t r u n n e r is t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l B a n k i n g C a r t e l. W h e n V i c t o r M a r s d e n published The Protocols of the Elders of Zion in 1 9 0 6 , w h i c h purported to be a Jewish p l a n to ix  RULERS OF E V I L take o v e r the world, Jewish writers d e n i e d responsibility, charging a C a t h o l i c plot to defame Jewry. W h o s e side was M a r s d e n on? You c a n get so deep into conspiracies t h a t t h e suspects start c a n c e l i n g e a c h other out. It c a n b e c o m e frustrating. I’m happy to report that F. Tupper Saussy has c o m e to our e m o - t i o n a l rescue. D u r i n g his t e n years as a f u g i t i v e from t h e D e p a r t - m e n t of Justice ( c o n v i c t e d of a c r i m e t h a t c a n n o t be found in t h e l a w b o o k s ) , Saussy o c c u p i e d himself w i t h an investigation into the powers that be. It was an i n v e s t i g a t i o n the likes of w h i c h , as far as I k n o w , has n e v e r before b e e n u n d e r t a k e n. T h e fruit of his amaz- ing l e g w o r k is Rulers of Evil, a p o w e r f u l b o o k t h a t in less l o v i n g hands m i g h t h a v e b e e n angry and judgmental. Saussy’s thesis: T h e r e is i n d e e d a small group t h a t runs the w o r l d , but we c a n ’ t c a l l it a c o n s p i r a c y b e c a u s e it identifies itself w i t h signs, m o t t o e s , a n d m o n u m e n t s. S i g n s , m o t t o e s , a n d m o n u - ments? y o u ask. Quick: w h a t o c c u p i e s t h e h i g h e s t p o i n t o n t h e U. S. C a p i t o l b u i l d i n g ? It’s p r o b a b l y t h e m o s t oft-published statue on earth, and you can’t n a m e it? As l o n g as y o u don’t k n o w whose feet are firmly p l a n t e d a t o p y o u r country’s l e g i s l a t i v e c e n t e r , or h o w she got t h e r e , o r w h e n c e she c a m e , t h e group t h a t c o n t r o l s A m e r i c a r e m a i n s i n v i s i b l e. O n c e y o u k n o w these t h i n g s , t h e fog begins lifting. Saussy has analyzed hundreds of signatory clues left by the true rulers of the world, clues t h a t we h a v e perhaps b e e n trained to ig- nore. He’s traced t h e m to their origins, and m a t c h e d t h e m to facts of history g o i n g b a c k six thousand years – all b a l a n c e d against the most reliable h u m a n reference work there is, the Bible. T h e result: an u n a v o i d a b l e t o u c h s t o n e for all future works on the subject. Rulers of Evil is an indispensable study b o o k t h a t you’ll proba- bly d e f a c e from c o v e r t o c o v e r w i t h h i g h l i g h t i n g. B y all m e a n s k e e p i t o n your l o w e r library shelf, w i t h i n close r e a c h o f inquisi- tive children. — Pat Shannon Journalist-at-Large, M E D I A BYPASS X  Introduction FOREWORD W H E T H E R O R N O T it’s appropriate for a literary a g e n t t o write his client’s Foreword, I don’t know. If I’m breaking t h e rules h e r e , w e l l , this is a rule-breaking b o o k. E x a m - p l e. D u r i n g last spring’s B o o k e x p o in Los A n g e l e s , I a g e n t l y i n t r o d u c e d m y c l i e n t , T u p p e r Saussy, t o o n e o f N e w York’s most u n s h o c k a b l e p u b l i s h i n g e x e c u t i v e s. A s T u p p e r a r t i c u l a t e l y sum- marized Rulers of Evil for h i m , I p e r s o n a l l y w i t n e s s e d t h e b r o w of this fearless e x e c u t i v e d e v e l o p a t w i t c h. I saw h i m a c t u a l l y gulp. W i t h my o w n ears I h e a r d h i m say, “ T h i s is a little t o o extreme for us.” T h e t w i t c h developed as Tupper was saying “the R o m a n C a t h o l i c C h u r c h really does run t h e w o r l d , i n c l u d i n g t h e U n i t e d States g o v e r n m e n t , and this is o p e n l y declared in m o n u m e n t s and emblems and insignia as well as official d o c u m e n t s... ” By the time T u p p e r c a l m l y r e a c h e d his payoff – “ A n d this is good, because it’s divinely ordained” – the e x e c was staring into space. xi  RULERS OF E V I L A l l right, Rulers of Evil is e x t r e m e. ( D o e s that frighten you?) It was researched and w r i t t e n during a decade of flight that probably saved the author’s life from v i n d i c t i v e federal authorities. I w a n t e d to represent this b o o k from the m o m e n t I read t h e first draft b a c k i n 1 9 9 3 , c o m p l e t e l y u n a w a r e t h a t its author c o u l d c l a i m t h e clas- sic Miracle On Main Street as his o w n. (Tupper Saussy’s identity was n o t r e v e a l e d t o m e u n t i l his c a p t u r e i n 1 9 9 7. H e c a n k e e p a se- cret.) Like no b o o k I’ve seen in my thirty years of l i t e r a r y - a g e n t i n g , Rulers of Evil lays o u t who’s really w h o in w o r l d power, pegs t h e m as e v i l ( a b o u t as e v i l as t h e rest of us, more or less), a n d t h e n explains h o w spiritual wickedness in h i g h places works for the ulti- mate g o o d of m a n k i n d. It’s the b o o k about conspiracies that does- n’t a d v o c a t e t h r o w i n g the bums out. Rulers of Evil is almost a self-help p r o d u c t. T h e useful k n o w l - edge it imparts reveals t h e w o r l d structure as it really is. O n c e we c a n see, our c h o i c e s i n c r e a s e , our p a t h w a y s w i d e n , a n d our lives improve. But d o n ’ t e x p e c t a breeze. Parts of t h e b o o k are so r i c h in his- torical detail that your brain m i g h t feel over-burdened. W h e n that happens, just flip to more readable parts. Or study the pictures. My c l i e n t d o e s n ’ t m i n d b e i n g read casually, b a c k t o front, front t o b a c k , m i d d l e o u t , a few pages at a t i m e. E n j o y f r e e d o m of m o v e - m e n t. If a c h a p t e r doesn’t fit today’s m o o d , find a n o t h e r that does. U s e a bookmark, or the dustjacket flaps. U l t i m a t e l y , you’ll get it all. A n d w h e n y o u do, I p r e d i c t you’ll be a different person. You’ll h a v e a n e w worldview, o n e shaped by e v i d e n c e t h a t h a s n e v e r b e e n assembled q u i t e this w a y before. I c a n say this w i t h confidence because Rulers of Evil is still influenc- ing my o w n life, h a v i n g b e g u n in me a process of answering m a n y of the heretofore unanswerable questions of our time. — Peter Fleming T H E PETER FLEMING A G E N C Y xii  Introduction ORIENTATION “The only new thing in this world is the history you don’t know.” — PRESIDENT HARRY S. TRUMAN O N FRESHMAN ORIENTATION day at the University of t h e S o u t h in S e w a n e e , Tennessee, I t o o k a seat across the table from my faculty advisor. He was a professor of b o t a n y n a m e d E d m u n d B e r k e l e y. Dr. B e r k e l e y studied t h e tab o n m y m a n i l a file folder as t h o u g h it were some rare species of leaf. Sud- d e n l y his eyes leapt i n t o my face. G i d d y e i g h t e e n - y e a r - o l d t h a t I was, I gulped and tried to smile. ‘ “ S a u s s y , ” ’ h e mused calmly. “ G o o d H u g u e n o t name.” T h e word stumped me. “ H u g u e n o t ? ” “‘Saussy’ is a F r e n c h n a m e , ” he lectured. “ S e w a n e e is a Protes- tant university. Your people must h a v e b e e n Huguenots.” I silently forgave my father for n e v e r h a v i n g told me our n a m e was F r e n c h a n d t h a t our a n c e s t o r s m i g h t h a v e b e e n s o m e t h i n g called “Huguenots.” “ W h a t exactly are Huguenots?” I inquired. “ F r e n c h Protestants,” declared my advisor. “Massacred by sol- diers o r d e r e d b y C a t h e r i n e d ’ M e d i c i i n c a h o o t s w i t h t h e Jesuits. xiii  RULERS OF E V I L T h e survivors were e x i l e d. S o m e established in England, others in Prussia. S o m e c a m e to A m e r i c a , as your people obviously did.” “Jesuits.” N o w t h a t was a familiar w o r d. In T a m p a , my h o m e - t o w n , there was a h i g h s c h o o l n a m e d Jesuit. Jesuit H i g h was great- ly e s t e e m e d a c a d e m i c a l l y a n d a t h l e t i c a l l y. I was aware of a c o n n e c t i o n b e t w e e n the Jesuits and the R o m a n C a t h o l i c C h u r c h , but little else. “ W h a t are Jesuits?” I asked. “ O h , t h e Jesuits are m e m b e r s o f t h e S o c i e t y o f Jesus,” h e replied. “ E x c e l l e n t m e n. I n t e l l e c t u a l s. T h e y w o r k e x c l u s i v e l y for the Pope, take an oath to h i m and h i m alone. S o m e people call t h e m the Pope’s private militia. K i n d of a swordless army. C o n t r o - versial. T h e y ’ v e g o t t e n i n t o t r o u b l e m e d d l i n g w i t h c i v i l g o v e r n - ments in the past, trying to bring t h e m under the Pope’s d o m i n i o n , y o u k n o w , but i n this century t h e y ’ v e b e e n t a m e d d o w n consider- ably. T h e y ’ r e wonderful educators.” T h a t n i g h t I called my father, w h o answered Dr. Berkeley’s sur- mise. Yes, our p e o p l e were H u g u e n o t s. T h e y arrived a t S a v a n n a h harbor in the latter half of the e i g h t e e n t h century, after a stopover of several generations in S c o t l a n d. T h e y h a d indeed b e e n run out of t h e i r b e l o v e d c o u n t r y , t h e same w a y t h e Jews w e r e r u n o u t of G e r m a n y. N a z i s c h a s e d t h e Jews, Jesuits c h a s e d us. A h , b u t t h a t was a l o n g time ago, my father said, a n d I agreed. Forgiveness is a great v i r t u e , a n d it’s best to let b y g o n e s be b y g o n e s. So I forgot about H u g u e n o t s a n d Jesuits and p l u n g e d i n t o my c o l l e g e career, my future, my life. I never had occasion to think about my conversation with E d m u n d B e r k e l e y u n t i l s o m e t h i r t y years later, i n A u g u s t o f 1 9 8 4 , during a brief but telling e n c o u n t e r w i t h an assistant U n i t e d States attorney b y the n a m e o f J o h n M a c C o o n. W e were standing a few p a c e s apart in t h e m a r b l e h a l l w a y outside a federal c o u r t - room in C h a t t a n o o g a , waiting for the m o r n i n g session to be called. I was on t h e d o c k e t , s c h e d u l e d to be arraigned on charges of will- ful failure to file i n c o m e tax returns for t h e years 1 9 7 7 , 1 9 7 8 , and 1979. xiv  INTRODUCTION ORIENTATION I h a d no doubt that the charges w o u l d be dropped. T h e statute I h a d supposedly run afoul of applied to persons “required” to file returns. Y e t I possessed a letter signed by the I R S District Director stating t h a t a diligent search of I R S files h a d failed to disclose any t a x liability i n m y n a m e for t h o s e years. P e o p l e w h o h a v e n o t a x liability are n o t required to file returns. W h y was I there? T h e b o o m i n g v o i c e of a lawyer friend broke my c o n c e n t r a t i o n. “Tupper,” h e said, g u i d i n g m e o v e r t o J o h n M a c C o o n , “ h a v e y o u met your prosecutor?” He i n t r o d u c e d us in a j o v i a l f a s h i o n and t h e n rushed off to a huddle of other litigants. M a c C o o n and I s h o o k hands. “John,” I asked, feeling t h e n e e d to m a k e small talk, “are you from C h a t t a n o o g a ? ” “ N o , ” he replied, “I c a m e from W a s h i n g t o n. ” S o m e t h i n g inside told m e t o press. “ S o you’re o r i g i n a l l y from Washington?” “ N o , originally I’m from N e w Orleans.” “I h a v e lots of cousins in N e w O r l e a n s , ” I b e a m e d. He seemed to get a little edgy. “ W e l l , the n a m e Saussy is n o t u n k n o w n there,” he said. “ O n e of my favorite cousins lives in N e w O r l e a n s , ” I said, and n a m e d my cousin. “He’s your cousin? W h y , he and I were ordained together.” “ O r d a i n e d ? ” I asked. “ M y c o u s i n is a Jesuit priest. A r e y o u a Jesuit?” “Yes,” said my p r o s e c u t o r , n o w visibly a g i t a t e d. “ Y o u k n o w , I might h a v e to recuse m y s e l f.... ” “I’ve got a better idea, drop the charges.” “ O h n o , I couldn’t do that.” T h e dialogue e n d e d suddenly w i t h the hoarse drawl of a bailiff a n n o u n c i n g that court was n o w in session. S o J o h n M a c C o o n was a Jesuit! T h e m e d i a , s p o o n f e d by his offices, h a d already b r a n d e d me a “ t a x protestor.” W h a t was going on? W e r e the Jesuits chasing Protestants again? A c t u a l l y , I had n o t protested any taxes at all. I h a d merely dis- XV  RULERS OF E V I L c o v e r e d some truths a b o u t t h e t a x a n d m o n e t a r y laws and h a d dared t o stand o n t h e m. A s w i t h t h e H u g u e n o t s a n d t h e truths t h e y ’ d d i s c o v e r e d a b o u t C h r i s t i a n i t y , a u t h o r i t i e s w e r e offended. W a s n ’ t it interesting that b o t h of us – my ancestors and me – were branded as antisocial, repugnant, as people w h o disturb good order by daring to “protest”? W a s this a religious p e r s e c u t i o n here? W a s m y stand o n T r u t h s o m e h o w s o offensive t h a t t h e P o p e h a d dis- p a t c h e d o n e of his swordless warriors to do me in? A n d t h e n there was the date. T h e charges against m e were filed o n July 3 1 s t. T h a t h a p p e n s t o b e t h e Feast D a y o f S t. Ignatius L o y o l a , t h e f o u n d i n g f a t h e r o f t h e S o c i e t y o f Jesus. A c c o r d i n g t o t h e d o g m a o f t h e R o m a n L i t u r g i c a l C a l e n d a r , any cause i n i t i a t e d on a saint’s feast day is especially worthy of the saint’s a t t e n t i o n. A bizarre series of furtive p r o c e e d i n g s o c c u r r e d o v e r t h e n e x t e l e v e n m o n t h s. E x c u l p a t o r y e v i d e n c e was ignored o r suppressed. T h e r e were prosecutorial improprieties, w h i c h the court excused. W h e n I attempted to avoid the c o n s e q u e n c e s of the improprieties, I was p u n i s h e d. Few p r e c e d e n t s for s u c h j u d i c i a l s t e a m - r o l l i n g could be found outside the annals of the R o m a n Inquisition, w h i c h I l e a r n e d h a d b e e n a d m i n i s t e r e d s i n c e 1 5 4 2 b y t h e Jesuits. W h a t was this – the A m e r i c a n Inquisition? A l l the w h i l e , the I R S , J o h n M a c C o o n , and t h e media k e p t labeling m e “tax protestor.” S o m e - t i m e s t h e y w o u l d slip a n d c a l l me a “ t a x e v a d e r , ” e v e n t h o u g h I had n e v e r b e e n accused of the m u c h more serious crime of tax eva- sion. U l t i m a t e l y , a jury a c q u i t t e d me of willfully f a i l i n g to file in- c o m e tax returns for 1 9 7 8 and 1 9 7 9. B u t for 1 9 7 7 they found will- fulness, and t h e h i g h e r courts u p h e l d t h e i r v e r d i c t. It was o n l y a misdemeanor. T h e last defendant in my district to be c o n v i c t e d on the same c o u n t h a d b e e n s e n t e n c e d t o six w e e k s. B u t t h e c o u r t sentenced me to a full year, the m a x i m u m allowed by statute. T h i s was due t o w h a t t h e p r o s e c u t o r c a l l e d m y “ u n r e p e n t a n c e. ” S o m e say I s h o u l d h a v e w e p t c r o c o d i l e tears a n d p r o m i s e d to m e n d my ways. But that w o u l d be gameplaying. H o w c a n you repent of will- fully failing to do s o m e t h i n g t h a t was n e v e r required in t h e first place? xvi  INTRODUCTION ORIENTATION W H E N I soberly reviewed the long list of prosecutorial absurdi- ties, I d e c i d e d t h a t I was b e i n g p u n i s h e d for s o m e t h i n g n o t remotely c o n n e c t e d to willfulness in filing tax returns. I was b e i n g p u n i s h e d for m o b i l i z i n g w h a t t u r n e d o u t t o b e t h e o n l y c o n s t i t u - tional issue no court in the U n i t e d States will fully entertain – the m o n e y issue. B a c k in the late seventies, I discovered that constitutional gov- e r n m e n t was c o n t r a v e n i n g every A m e r i c a n ’ s right t o a n e c o n o m y free of fluctuating monetary values. I wrote a b o o k The Miracle On Main Street: Saving Yourself and America from Financial Ruin ( 1 9 8 0 ) , in w h i c h I compared A m e r i c a n money as mandated by the C o n - stitution – gold and silver c o i n – w i t h A m e r i c a n m o n e y currently in use – notes, c o m p u t e r entries, and base-metal t o k e n s. N o t only was the m o n e y in use inferior to c o n s t i t u t i o n a l money, but also it had b e e n i n t r o d u c e d w i t h o u t a c o n s t i t u t i o n a l a m e n d m e n t. S i n c e our v a l u e s w e r e d e n o m i n a t e d i n units o f lawless m o n e y , w e h a d b e c o m e a lawless n a t i o n. Q u a l i t y of life follows quality of money. I urged the people to take the initiative in nudging g o v e r n m e n t offi- cials to restore t h e k i n d of m o n e t a r y system e s t a b l i s h e d by t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n. T h e u l t i m a t e payoff w o u l d be a w h o l e s o m e society. M a i n Street activism would h a v e worked a miracle. MOMS c a u g h t on very quickly. A c t i v i s t s b e g a n asserting e c o - n o m i c rights in m a n y c r e a t i v e ways. To assist and d o c u m e n t their w o r k , I l a u n c h e d “ T h e M a i n S t r e e t Journal.” P u b l i s h e d m o r e o r less monthly, the MSJ reported in detail the interesting, sometimes frightening c o n s e q u e n c e s of e c o n o m i c rights activism. B y July 1 9 8 4 , m y b o o k a n d m y j o u r n a l h a d e x p a n d e d i n t o a g r o w i n g bibliography of historic and legal materials related to t h e m o n e y issue. I was speaking all over the country, and h o l d i n g well- a t t e n d e d seminars i n T e n n e s s e e. W e h a d history o n our side. T h e Framers o f t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n h a d u n a n i m o u s l y v o t e d d o w n t h e k i n d of monetary system that was destroying modern A m e r i c a , and h a d u n a n i m o u s l y v o t e d for t h e system w e w e r e a d v o c a t i n g. W e had the law o n our side. T h e S u p r e m e C o u r t h a d n e v e r ruled t h a t A m e r i c a ’ s lawless m o n e t a r y system was c o n s t i t u t i o n a l. W h a t w e d i d n ’ t h a v e o n our side was t h e e n t i t y h a v i n g most t o g a i n from xvii  RULERS OF E V I L lawless m o n e y – t h e g o v e r n i n g bodies. We were deeply offending t h e i r a p p e a r a n c e o f l e g i t i m a c y. A s o n e T e n n e s s e e v i l l a g e lawyer said, in r e t u r n i n g Miracle On Main Street to t h e friend w h o ’ d loaned it to h i m , “ T h i s b o o k w o n ’ t get Saussy killed, but they’ll fig- ure out a h u m a n e way of shutting h i m up.” T H E R E was a n i n t e r v a l o f t w o years b e t w e e n m y trial a n d t h e S u p r e m e C o u r t ’ s d e c i s i o n o n it. A b o u t m i d w a y d u r i n g t h a t i n t e r v a l , I r e c e i v e d a p o s t c a r d from t h e m o s t famous p r i s o n e r in T e n n e s s e e , James Earl Ray. Mr. Ray, t h e s e l f - c o n v i c t e d assassin of Dr. M a r t i n L u t h e r K i n g , w a n t e d m e t o h e l p h i m write his autobi- ography. I i n t e r v i e w e d h i m personally, e x a m i n e d his m a n u s c r i p t , and c o n d u c t e d some research o f m y o w n. T h e e v i d e n c e persuaded m e t h a t Mr. R a y did n o t d e s e r v e t o b e c a l l e d , i n Life M a g a z i n e ’ s w o r d s , “ t h e world’s m o s t h a t e d m a n. ” H e h a d b e e n t o r t u r e d i n t o p l e a d i n g guilty. Far from p u n i s h m e n t for murder, his c o n f i n e m e n t was t h e g o v e r n m e n t ’ s w a y of c o n c e a l i n g t h e true assassins, and at t h e T e n n e s s e e t a x p a y e r s ’ e x p e n s e. I felt t h a t h e , like myself, was b e i n g m a l i c i o u s l y used by g o v e r n i n g b o d i e s for t h e purpose of d e c e i v i n g the public. I w o r k e d c l o s e l y w i t h Mr. Ray, p u b l i s h i n g his a u t o b i o g r a p h y under t h e title Tennessee Waltz: The Making of A Political Prisoner. I included an epilogue of my o w n , “ T h e Politics of W i t c h c r a f t , ” in w h i c h I discussed h o w Dr. K i n g ’ s m u r d e r b e n e f i t t e d no o n e as m u c h as it did t h e e c o n o m i c p o w e r s of g o v e r n m e n t. A b o u t a m o n t h before Tennessee Waltz w o u l d be c o m i n g off the press, I was notified that the U. S. Supreme C o u r t had denied m y appeal. T h e n the District Judge ordered me to surrender myself to A t l a n t a Fed- eral Prison C a m p o n o r before A p r i l 1 0 , 1 9 8 7. A friend h a p p e n e d to say, “ Y o u k n o w , if your previous writings b r o u g h t about t h e tax p r o s e c u t i o n , t h i n k w h a t Tennessee Waltz m i g h t p r o v o k e t h e m to, with you in custody....” A n d so, w h e n t h e m o m e n t c a m e for m e t o pass t h r o u g h t h e Prison C a m p gates, s o m e t h i n g got in t h e way. I c a n o n l y c a l l it a spirit, an irresistible spirit. It was the same spirit that h a d directed m e t o stand o n t h e t r u t h i n m y w r i t i n g a n d s p e a k i n g. I t was t h e xviii  INTRODUCTION ORIENTATION same spirit t h a t h a d led m e t o i n t e r r o g a t e J o h n M a c C o o n a t our first e n c o u n t e r in that marble hallway b a c k in 1 9 8 4 , the same spir- it that h a d m o v e d h i m to tell me he was a Jesuit. T h i s spirit turned me away from the prison gate and led me into a fugitive lifestyle. I felt an o v e r w h e l m i n g obligation to love my enemies by study- ing t h e m in intricate detail. I w a n t e d to k n o w t h e e x t e n t of Jesuit i n v o l v e m e n t i n U n i t e d S t a t e s g o v e r n m e n t , presently and histori- cally. W h a t I discovered was a vast R o m a n C a t h o l i c substratum to A m e r i c a n history, e s p e c i a l l y t h e R e v o l u t i o n t h a t p r o d u c e d t h e c o n s t i t u t i o n a l r e p u b l i c. I f o u n d t h a t Jesuits p l a y e d e m i n e n t a n d u n d e r - a p p r e c i a t e d roles i n m o v i n g t h e c o m p l a c e n t N e w E n g l a n - ders to rebel against t h e i r m o t h e r country. I d i s c o v e r e d facts a n d m o t i v e s strongly suggesting t h a t e v e n t s t h a t m a d e G r e a t B r i t a i n d i v i d e in 1 7 7 6 were t h e o u t w o r k i n g s of an ingenious Jesuit strate- gy. T h i s strategy appears t o h a v e b e e n s i n g l e - h a n d e d l y d e s i g n e d and supervised by a true f o u n d i n g father few A m e r i c a n s h a v e ever h e a r d of – L o r e n z o R i c c i ( k n o w n to B r i t i s h Jesuits as L a u r e n c e R i c h e y ). In fact, investigating Jesuit i n v o l v e m e n t in the formation of the U n i t e d States turned up a whole host of hitherto little- k n o w n n a m e s , s u c h a s R o b e r t B e l l a r m i n e , Joseph A m i o t , t h e D u k e s o f N o r f o l k , D a n i e l C o x e , S u n - T z u , L o r d B u t e , Francis Thorpe, Nikolaus von Hontheim, and the Carrolls, Daniel, C h a r l e s , and John. In their way, these m e n were as essential to our c o n s t i t u t i o n a l origins a s Jefferson, P a i n e , A d a m s , W a s h i n g t o n , L o c k e , and G e o r g e III. M y i n v e s t i g a t i o n b e g a n i n 1 9 8 7. I t coursed t e n years, a n d r a n g e d – w i t h t h e h e l p of our L o r d and m a n y c o u r a g e o u s friends, to w h o m this b o o k is d e d i c a t e d – from t h e Florida K e y s to P u g e t S o u n d , from the District o f C o l u m b i a t o s o u t h e r n C a l i f o r n i a. T h e mounting evidence inexorably changed the way I perceived con- stituted authority, a n d my r e l a t i o n s h i p to it. Finally, on t h e thir- t e e n t h m i n u t e o f t h e t h i r t e e n t h h o u r o f t h e t h i r t e e n t h day o f N o v e m b e r , 1 9 9 7 , t h e j o u r n e y t h a t h a d b e g u n w i t h t h e filing o f charges against me t h i r t e e n years earlier r e a c h e d its d e s t i n a t i o n. I was captured w i t h o u t v i o l e n c e by three U. S. Marshals outside my office on the canals in V e n i c e , C a l i f o r n i a. A v a l u a b l e p e r s o n h o o d xix  RULERS OF E V I L I was prepared to d e n y forever was g i v e n b a c k to m e. For s i x t e e n m o n t h s , the Bureau of Prisons afforded me the opportunity to dis- cuss the fruits of my investigation w i t h intelligent prisoners in C a l - ifornia, G e o r g i a , T e n n e s s e e , O k l a h o m a , a n d Mississippi. T h e i r straightforward q u e s t i o n s , c o m m e n t s , insights, and c r i t i c i s m s h e l p e d further prepare my manuscript for a general audience. N o w t h a t my liberties are fully restored, I am able finally to relate my findings to y o u in my o w n true v o i c e , tried in adversity, seasoned by time. F. Tupper Saussy XX RULERS OF EVIL RULERS OF E V I L  Chapter 1 SUBLIMINAL ROME “The Roman Catholic Church is a State.” — BISHOP MANDELL CREIGHTON, LETTERS W H E N A P U L I T Z E R P R I Z E - w i n n i n g reporter a n n o u n c e d i n his 1 9 9 2 T i m e M a g a z i n e c o v e r story t h a t a “conspiracy” 1 b i n d i n g President R o n a l d R e a g a n and Pope J o h n Paul II into a “secret, h o l y alliance” h a d brought about the demise of c o m - munism, at least o n e reader saw t h r o u g h the h y p e. Professor C a r o l A. B r o w n o f t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f M a s s a c h u s e t t s fired off a letter to Time’s editors saying, Last week I taught my students about the separation of church and state. This week I learned that the Pope is running U. S. foreign policy. No wonder our young people are cynical about American ideals. W h a t B r o w n h a d learned from C a r l Bernstein I h a d discovered for m y s e l f o v e r s e v e r a l years o f p r i v a t e i n v e s t i g a t i o n : t h e p a p a c y really does run U n i t e d S t a t e s f o r e i g n policy, and always has. Yes, 1  RULERS OF E V I L B e r n s t e i n n o t e d t h a t t h e l e a d i n g A m e r i c a n players b e h i n d t h e R e a g a n / V a t i c a n conspiracy, to a man, were “devout R o m a n C a t h o l i c s ” – namely, William Casey Alexander Haig Director, CIA Secretary of State Richard A l l e n Vernon Walters National Security Advisor Ambassador-at-Large Judge William Clark William Wilson National Security Advisor Ambassador to the Vatican State B u t t h e reporter n e g l e c t e d t o m e n t i o n t h a t t h e e n t i r e S e n a t e F o r e i g n R e l a t i o n s c o m m i t t e e was g o v e r n e d b y R o m a n C a t h o l i c s , as well. Specifically, Senators Joseph Biden John Kerry Terrorism, Narcotics, and Interna- Subcommittee on European Affairs tional Communications Paul Sarbanes and... International Economic Policy, Trade, Oceans, and Environment Christopher Dodd Daniel P. Moynihan Western Hemisphere and Peace Near Eastern and South Asian Corps Affairs Affairs B e r n s t e i n w o u l d h a v e b e e n w a n d e r i n g o f f - p o i n t t o list t h e R o m a n C a t h o l i c leaders o f A m e r i c a n d o m e s t i c policy, s u c h a s S e n a t e majority leader G e o r g e M i t c h e l l and S p e a k e r of the House T o m Foley. In fact, w h e n t h e h o l y a l l i a n c e story h i t t h e stands, there was v i r t u a l l y no arena of federal legislative activity, a c c o r d i n g to The 1992 World Almanac of US Politics, that was n o t directly controlled b y a R o m a n C a t h o l i c senator o r r e p r e s e n t a t i v e. T h e c o m m i t t e e s and subcommittees of the U n i t e d States S e n a t e and House of R e p - resentatives g o v e r n i n g c o m m e r c e , c o m m u n i c a t i o n s and t e l e c o m - m u n i c a t i o n s , energy, m e d i c i n e , h e a l t h , e d u c a t i o n a n d w e l f a r e , h u m a n services, c o n s u m e r p r o t e c t i o n , finance and financial insti- tutions, transportation, labor and u n e m p l o y m e n t , hazardous mate- rials, t a x a t i o n , b a n k r e g u l a t i o n , c u r r e n c y a n d m o n e t a r y policy, 2  CHAPTER I SUBLIMINAL ROME o v e r s i g h t of t h e Federal R e s e r v e S y s t e m , c o m m o d i t y prices, rents s e r v i c e s , small business a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , u r b a n affairs, E u r o p e a n affairs, N e a r E a s t e r n 6 k S o u t h A s i a n affairs, terrorism/narcotics/ international communications, international economic/trade/ o c e a n s / e n v i r o n m e n t a l policy, insurance, housing, community d e v e l o p m e n t , federal l o a n g u a r a n t e e s , e c o n o m i c s t a b i l i z a t i o n measures ( i n c l u d i n g w a g e a n d price c o n t r o l s ) , gold and p r e c i o u s m e t a l s t r a n s a c t i o n s , a g r i c u l t u r e , a n i m a l and forestry industries, rural issues, n u t r i t i o n , price supports, F o o d for P e a c e , agricultural exports, soil conservation, irrigation, stream channelization, flood- c o n t r o l , m i n o r i t y enterprise, e n v i r o n m e n t a n d p o l l u t i o n , appro- priations, defense, foreign operations, v a c c i n e s , drug labeling and p a c k a g i n g , drug and a l c o h o l abuse, i n s p e c t i o n and certification of fish a n d processed f o o d , use of v i t a m i n s and s a c c h a r i n , n a t i o n a l h e a l t h insurance proposals, h u m a n services, legal services, family r e l a t i o n s , t h e arts and h u m a n i t i e s , t h e h a n d i c a p p e d , and a g i n g – in o t h e r words, v i r t u a l l y every aspect of secular life in A m e r i c a – c a m e u n d e r t h e c h a i r m a n s h i p o f o n e o f these R o m a n C a t h o l i c laypersons: Frank Annunzio Edward Kennedy Daniel Moynihan Joseph Biden John Kerry John Murtha Silvio C o n t e John LaFalce Mary Rose Oakar Kika De la Garza Patrick Leahy David Obey John Dingell Charles Luken Claiborne Pell Christopher Dodd Edward Madigan Charles Rangel Vic Fazio Edward Markey Dan Rostenkowski James Florio Joseph McDade or Edward Roybal. 2 Henry Gonzalez Barbara Mikulski Thomas Harkin George Miller V a t i c a n C o u n c i l IPs Constitution on the Church ( 1 9 6 4 ) instructs p o l i t i c i a n s to use t h e i r secular offices to a d v a n c e t h e cause of R o m a n C a t h o l i c i s m. C a t h o l i c laypersons, “ w h o e v e r they are, are c a l l e d u p o n t o e x p e n d all t h e i r e n e r g y for t h e g r o w t h o f the C h u r c h and its c o n t i n u o u s s a n c t i f i c a t i o n , ” a n d “ t o m a k e t h e C h u r c h present and o p e r a t i v e i n those p l a c e s and c i r c u m s t a n c e s w h e r e only t h r o u g h t h e m c a n it b e c o m e t h e salt of the earth” (IV, 3 3 ). V a t i c a n II further instructs all C a t h o l i c s “by their c o m p e t e n c e 3  RULERS OF E V I L in secular d i s c i p l i n e s and by t h e i r a c t i v i t y [to] v i g o r o u s l y c o n - tribute their effort so that... t h e goods of this w o r l d may be more e q u i t a b l y distributed a m o n g all m e n , a n d m a y i n t h e i r o w n w a y b e c o n d u c i v e t o u n i v e r s a l progress i n h u m a n a n d C h r i s t i a n free- d o m... and [to] remedy t h e customs and c o n d i t i o n s of t h e world, if they are an i n d u c e m e n t to sin, so that they all may be conformed to t h e norms of justice and may favor t h e practice of virtue rather t h a n h i n d e r it” (IV, 3 6 ). V a t i c a n II affirms C a t h o l i c doctrine dating back to 1 3 0 2 , w h e n Pope B o n i f a c e V I I I asserted that “it is absolutely necessary for t h e s a l v a t i o n o f e v e r y h u m a n c r e a t u r e t o b e subject t o t h e R o m a n P o n t i f f. ” T h i s was t h e i n s p i r a t i o n for t h e p a p a c y t o c r e a t e t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s o f A m e r i c a t h a t materialized i n 1 7 7 6 , b y a process just as secret as the R e a g a n - V a t i c a n p r o d u c t i o n of Eastern Europe i n 1 9 8 9. W h a t ? A m e r i c a n g o v e r n m e n t R o m a n C a t h o l i c from the beginning? Consider: the land k n o w n today as the District of C o l u m b i a bore t h e n a m e “ R o m e ” i n 1 6 6 3 property records; a n d t h e b r a n c h o f t h e P o t o m a c R i v e r t h a t b o r d e r e d “ R o m e ” o n t h e s o u t h was called “Tiber.” T h i s information was reported i n the 1 9 0 2 e d i t i o n 3 of t h e Catholic Encyclopedia’s a r t i c l e on D a n i e l C a r r o l l. T h e arti- c l e , specifically d e c l a r i n g itself “ o f interest t o C a t h o l i c s ” i n the 1902 e d i t i o n , was d e l e t e d from t h e New Catholic Encyclopedia ( 1 9 6 7 ). O t h e r facts were reported i n 1 9 0 2 and deleted from 1 9 6 7. For e x a m p l e , w h e n C o n g r e s s m e t in W a s h i n g t o n for the first time, i n N o v e m b e r , 1 8 0 0 , “ t h e o n l y t w o really c o m f o r t a b l e a n d impos- ing h o u s e s w i t h i n t h e b o u n d s o f t h e c i t y ” b e l o n g e d t o R o m a n C a t h o l i c s. O n e was W a s h i n g t o n ’ s first mayor, R o b e r t B r e n t. T h e other was Brent’s brother-in-law, N o t l e y Young, a Jesuit priest. D a n i e l C a r r o l l was a R o m a n C a t h o l i c congressman from Mary- land w h o signed t w o o f A m e r i c a ’ s f u n d a m e n t a l d o c u m e n t s , t h e Articles of Confederation and the U n i t e d States Constitution. C a r r o l l was a direct d e s c e n d a n t of the C a l v e r t s , a C a t h o l i c family to w h o m K i n g C h a r l e s I of England had granted M a r y l a n d as a feu- dal barony. C a r r o l l h a d r e c e i v e d his e d u c a t i o n at St. Omer’s Jesuit C o l l e g e in Flanders, where y o u n g English-speaking C a t h o l i c s were 4  CHAPTER I SUBLIMINAL ROME trained in a variety of guerrilla t e c h n i q u e s for a d v a n c i n g t h e cause o f R o m a n C a t h o l i c i s m a m o n g hostile Protestants. In 1 7 9 0 , President G e o r g e W a s h i n g t o n , a Protestant, appoint- ed C o n g r e s s m a n Carroll to head a commission of three m e n to select land for the “federal city” called for in the C o n s t i t u t i o n. Of all places, t h e c o m m i s s i o n c h o s e “ R o m e , ” w h i c h a t t h e t i m e c o n - sisted of four farms, o n e of w h i c h b e l o n g e d t o... D a n i e l C a r r o l l. It was u p o n C a r r o l l ’ s farm t h a t t h e n e w g o v e r n m e n t c h o s e t o e r e c t its most important building, the C a p i t o l. T HE A m e r i c a n C a p i t o l abounds w i t h clues of its R o m a n origins. “ F r e e d o m , ” t h e R o m a n goddess w h o s e statue c r o w n s t h e d o m e , was c r e a t e d i n R o m e a t t h e studio o f A m e r i c a n sculptor T h o m a s Crawford. We find a w h o l e p a n t h e o n of R o m a n deities in the great fresco c o v e r i n g the dome’s interior rotunda: Persephone, C e r e s , Freedom, V u l c a n , Mercury, e v e n a deified G e o r g e W a s h i n g - t o n. T h e s e figures were t h e c r e a t i o n of V a t i c a n artist C o n s t a n t i n o Brumidi. T h e fact t h a t t h e n a t i o n a l S t a t e h o u s e e v o l v e d a s a “ c a p i t o l ” bespeaks R o m a n influence. No building can rightly be called a capitol unless it’s a temple of Jupiter, the great father-god of R o m e w h o ruled h e a v e n w i t h his t h u n d e r b o l t s a n d n o u r i s h e d t h e e a r t h w i t h his fertilizing rains. If it was a capitolium, it b e l o n g e d to Jupiter and his priests. Jupiter’s m a s c o t was t h e e a g l e , w h i c h t h e f o u n d i n g fathers made their mascot as well. A R o m a n eagle tops the g o v e r n i n g idol of t h e H o u s e of R e p r e s e n t a t i v e s , a f o r t y - s i x - i n c h sterling silver- and-ebony w a n d called a “mace.” T h e mace is “the symbol of a u t h o r i t y i n t h e H o u s e. ” W h e n t h e S e r g e a n t - a t - a r m s displays i t 4 before an unruly m e m b e r of C o n g r e s s , t h e m a c e restores order. Its position at t h e rostrum tells w h e t h e r the H o u s e is in “ c o m m i t t e e ” or in “session.” A m e r i c a ’ s n a t i o n a l m o t t o “Annuit Coeptis” c a m e from a prayer to Jupiter. It appears in B o o k IX of Virgil’s e p i c p r o p a g a n d a , the Aeneid, a p o e m c o m m i s s i o n e d just before t h e b i r t h of C h r i s t by Caius Maecenas, the multi-billionaire power behind Augustus 5  RULERS OF E V I L Caesar. T h e poem’s o b j e c t i v e was to fashion R o m e into an imperi- al m o n a r c h y for w h i c h its citizens would gladly sacrifice their lives. Fascism may be an ugly word to many, but its stately e m b l e m is a p p a r e n t l y offensive t o n o o n e. T h e e m b l e m o f fascism, a pair o f t h e m , c o m m a n d s the wall a b o v e and b e h i n d the speaker’s rostrum in the C h a m b e r of the House of Representatives. They’re called fasces, and I c a n t h i n k of no reason for t h e m to be there other t h a n to declare the fascistic nature of A m e r i c a n republican democracy. A fasces is a R o m a n d e v i c e. A c t u a l l y , it orig- i n a t e d w i t h t h e a n c i e n t Etruscans, from w h o m t h e earliest R o m a n s d e r i v e d t h e i r religious jurisprudence nearly three thousand years ago. It’s an a x e - h e a d w h o s e h a n d l e is a b u n d l e of rods t i g h t l y strapped t o g e t h e r by a red sinew. It symbolizes t h e o r d e r i n g of priestly f u n c t i o n s i n t o a single infallible sovereign, an autocrat w h o could require life and l i m b of his subjects. If t h e fasces is e n t w i n e d w i t h laurel, like t h e pair o n t h e H o u s e w a l l , i t signifies C a e s a r e a n military power. T h e R o m a n s c a l l e d this infallible sov- ereign Pontifex Maximus, “Supreme Bridgebuilder.” No R o m a n was c a l l e d Pontifex Maximus u n t i l t h e title was g i v e n to Julius C a e s a r in 48 B C. Today’s Pontifex Maximus is Pope John Paul II. As we shall discover in a f o r t h c o m i n g chapter, J o h n Paul does n o t h o l d that title a l o n e. He shares it w i t h a mysterious partner, a military m a n , a m a n h o l d i n g a n office t h a t has b e e n k n o w n for more t h a n four c e n t u r i e s as “Papa Nero,” t h e B l a c k P o p e. I shall present e v i d e n c e t h a t t h e H o u s e fasces represent the B l a c k P o p e , w h o indeed rules the world. Later, I w i l l d e v e l o p w h a t is sure to b e c o m e a c o n t r o v e r s i a l hypothesis: that the B l a c k Pope rules by d i v i n e a p p o i n t m e n t , and for the ultimate good of m a n k i n d. 6  RULERS OF E V I L APOSTOLIC NUNCIATURE, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 3 3 3 9 Massachusetts Avenue N W Washington, D. C.  Chapter 2 MISSIONARY ADAPTATION F EW PEOPLE SEEM to be aware t h a t t h e R o m a n C a t h o l i c C h u r c h in A m e r i c a is officially r e c o g n i z e d as a S t a t e. H o w this c a m e about makes interesting reading. Early i n his a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , P r e s i d e n t R o n a l d R e a g a n i n v i t e d t h e V a t i c a n C i t y , w h o s e r u l i n g h e a d is t h e P o p e , to o p e n its first embassy i n W a s h i n g t o n , D. C. H i s H o l i n e s s r e s p o n d e d positively, and the embassy, or A p o s t o l i c N u n c i a t u r e of the H o l y S e e , o p e n e d officially o n January 1 0 , 1 9 8 4. Shortly thereafter, a c o m p l a i n t was filed against President Rea- g a n a t U. S. D i s t r i c t C o u r t i n P h i l a d e l p h i a b y t h e A m e r i c a n Jew- ish C o n g r e s s , t h e B a p t i s t Joint C o m m i t t e e o n P u b l i c A f f a i r s , S e v e n t h Day Adventists, the N a t i o n a l C o u n c i l of Churches, the N a t i o n a l A s s o c i a t i o n o f E v a n g e l i c a l s , and A m e r i c a n s U n i t e d for S e p a r a t i o n o f C h u r c h and S t a t e. T h e plaintiffs sought t o h a v e the C o u r t declare that the administration had unconstitutionally 9  RULERS OF E V I L granted to the R o m a n C a t h o l i c faith privileges that were being denied to other establishments of religion. O n M a y 7 , 1 9 8 5 t h e suit was t h r o w n out b y C h i e f Judge J o h n F u l l a m. Judge F u l l a m ruled t h a t district courts d o n o t h a v e juris- d i c t i o n to i n t e r v e n e in “foreign policy decisions” of the e x e c u t i v e b r a n c h. B i s h o p James W. M a l o n e , President o f t h e U. S. C a t h o l i c C o n f e r e n c e , praised Judge Fullam’s decision, n o t i n g t h a t it settled “ n o t a religious issue but a public p o l i c y q u e s t i o n. ” T h e plaintiffs 1 appealed. T h e T h i r d C i r c u i t d e n i e d the appeal, n o t i c i n g that “ t h e R o m a n C a t h o l i c C h u r c h ’ s unique position of control over a sover- eign territory gives it advantages that other religious organizations do not enjoy.” T h e A p o s t o l i c Nunciature at 3 3 3 9 Massachusetts 1 A v e n u e N. W. enables Pontifex Maximus to supervise more closely A m e r i c a n c i v i l g o v e r n m e n t – “ p u b l i c p o l i c y ” – as a d m i n i s t e r e d t h r o u g h R o m a n C a t h o l i c laypersons. ( O n e s u c h l a y p e r s o n was C h i e f Judge F u l l a m , w h o s e R o m a n C a t h o l i c i s m a p p a r e n t l y es- caped the a t t e n t i o n of the plaintiffs.) T h i s same i m p e r i u m ran p a g a n R o m e i n essentially t h e same way. T h e public servants were priests of the various gods and god- desses. M o n e t a r y affairs, for e x a m p l e , were g o v e r n e d by priests of the goddess M o n e t a. Priests of Dionysus managed architecture and c e m e t e r i e s , w h i l e priests o f Justitia, w i t h h e r sword, a n d L i b e r a , b l i n d f o l d e d , h o l d i n g h e r scales aloft, ruled t h e c o u r t s. H u n d r e d s 2 of priestly orders, k n o w n as the Sacred C o l l e g e , managed hundreds o f g o v e r n m e n t bureaus, from t h e j u s t i c e system t o t h e c o n s t r u c - tion, cleaning, and repair of bridges ( n o bridge could be built w i t h - out the approval of Pontifex Maximus), buildings, temples, castles, baths, sewers, ports, highways, walls and ramparts of cities and the boundaries of lands. 3 Priests d i r e c t e d t h e p a v i n g a n d repairing of streets a n d roads, supervised t h e c a l e n d a r and t h e e d u c a t i o n o f y o u t h. Priests regulated w e i g h t s , measures, and t h e v a l u e of m o n e y. Priests sol- e m n i z e d and certified births, baptisms, puberty, purification, c o n - fession, adolescence, marriage, divorce, death, burial, e x c o m m u n i - c a t i o n , c a n o n i z a t i o n , deification, a d o p t i o n into families, a d o p t i o n i n t o tribes a n d orders of n o b i l i t y. Priests ran t h e libraries, t h e 10  CHAPTER 2 MISSIONARY A D A P T A T I O N m u s e u m s , t h e c o n s e c r a t e d lands a n d treasures. Priests registered t h e trademarks and symbols. Priests were in charge of p u b l i c wor- ship, directing the festivals, plays, e n t e r t a i n m e n t s , games and cer- emonies. Priests wrote and h e l d custody over wills, testaments, and legal c o n v e y a n c e s. By t h e fourth century, o n e h a l f of t h e lands and o n e fourth of t h e p o p u l a t i o n of the R o m a n Empire were o w n e d by the priests. W h e n t h e E m p e r o r C o n s t a n t i n e 4 and his S e n a t e f o r m a l l y a d o p t e d C h r i s - tianity as the Empire’s official religion, the e x e r c i s e was more of a merger or acquisi- t i o n t h a n a r e v o l u t i o n. T h e w e a l t h o f the priests merely b e c a m e the i m m e d i a t e pos- session of the C h r i s t i a n churches, and the priests merely declared t h e m s e l v e s C h r i s - Constantine tians. Government continued without i n t e r r u p t i o n. T h e p a g a n gods a n d g o d - desses were artfully outfitted w i t h n a m e s appropriate to C h r i s t i a n - ity. 1 T h e sign o v e r t h e P a n t h e o n i n d i c a t i n g “ T o [the fertility goddess] C y b e l e a n d A l l t h e G o d s ” was r e - w r i t t e n “ T o M a r y and A l l t h e S a i n t s. ” T h e T e m p l e o f A p o l l o b e c a m e t h e C h u r c h o f St. Apollinaris. T h e Temple of Mars was reconsecrated C h u r c h of Santa Martina, with the inscription “Mars h e n c e ejected, Marti- na, m a r t y r e d maid/ C l a i m s n o w t h e w o r s h i p w h i c h t o h i m was paid.” H a l o e d icons of A p o l l o were identified as Jesus, and the cross- es of B a c c h u s and T a m m u z w e r e a c c e p t e d as t h e official symbol of t h e C r u c i f i x i o n. P o p e L e o I d e c r e e d t h a t “ S t. Peter a n d S t. Paul h a v e replaced R o m u l u s and R e m u s as Rome’s protecting patrons.” 2 Pagan feasts, too, were Christianized. D e c e m b e r 25 – the celebrat- ed birthday of a n u m b e r of gods, a m o n g t h e m Saturn, Jupiter, T a m - muz, B a c c h u s , Osiris, and Mithras – was claimed to h a v e b e e n that of Jesus as w e l l , and the traditional S a t u r n a l i a , season of d r u n k e n merriment and gift-giving, e v o l v e d into C h r i s t m a s. B a c c h u s was popular in a n c i e n t France under his G r e e k n a m e 11  RULERS OF E V I L S k e t c h of Mithras (left), from a stone carving. Mithras was “Sol Invictus” the “unconquerable Sun,” an imperial Roman god since the third century BC Under Constantinian Christianity, artisans re-consecrated him Jesus and other biblical names. In the silver dish made on Cyprus in the eighth century A D , Mithras (note the peculiar stance) slaying the Cosmic Bull became David killing a lion. Dionysus – or, as the F r e n c h rendered it, Denis. His feast, t h e Fes- turn Dionysi, was h e l d every s e v e n t h day of O c t o b e r , at t h e e n d of t h e v i n t a g e season. A f t e r t w o days of w i l d partying, a n o t h e r feast was h e l d , the Festum Dionysi Eleutherei Rusticum ( “ C o u n t r y Festi- val of Merry Dionysus”). T h e papacy cleverly brought the worship- pers of D i o n y s u s i n t o its j u r i s d i c t i o n by t r a n s f o r m i n g t h e words D i o n y s o s , B a c c h u s , E l e u t h e r e i , a n d R u s t i c u m i n t o... a group of C h r i s t i a n martyrs. O c t o b e r s e v e n t h was e n t e r e d o n t h e Liturgical C a l e n d a r as the feast day of “St. B a c c h u s the Martyr,” w h i l e O c t o - ber n i n t h was i n s t i t u t e d a s t h e “ F e s t i v a l o f S t. D e n i s , a n d o f his c o m p a n i o n s S t. E l e u t h e r e a n d S t. R u s t i c. ” The Catholic Almanac ( 1 9 9 2 e t seq) sustains t h e f a b r i c a t i o n b y d e s i g n a t i n g O c t o b e r n i n t h as the Feast Day of Denis, bishop of Paris, and two companions identi- fied by early writers as Rusticus, a priest, and Eleutherius, a dea- con martyred near Paris. Denis is popularly regarded as the apostle and patron saint of France. 12  CHAPTER MISSIONARY A D A P T A T I O N P L A Y I N G loose w i t h t r u t h a n d S c r i p t u r e i n order t o b r i n g every h u m a n creature into subjection to the R o m a n Pontiff is a tech- n i q u e c a l l e d “ m i s s i o n a r y a d a p t a t i o n. ” T h i s is e x p l a i n e d as “ t h e adjustment of the mission subject to t h e cultural r e q u i r e m e n t s of t h e mission o b j e c t ” so t h a t the papacy’s needs will be b r o u g h t “as m u c h as possible in a c c o r d w i t h e x i s t i n g socially shared p a t t e r n s of t h o u g h t , e v a l u a t i o n , and a c t i o n , so as to a v o i d unnecessary and serious disorganization.” 1 R o m e has so seamlessly adapted its mission to A m e r i c a n secu- larism that we do n o t t h i n k of the U n i t e d States as a C a t h o l i c sys- t e m. Y e t t h e rosters o f g o v e r n m e n t r a t h e r d e c i s i v e l y s h o w this t o be the case. By far the greatest c h a l l e n g e to missionary adaptation has b e e n S c r i p t u r e – t h a t is, t h e O l d a n d N e w T e s t a m e n t s , c o m m o n l y k n o w n as the H o l y Bible. A l m o s t for as long as R o m e has b e e n the seat of Pontifex Maximus, there has b e e n a curious e n m i t y b e t w e e n b e t w e e n t h e p o p e s a n d t h e B i b l e w h o s e b e l i e v e r s t h e y are pre- sumed to head. In the n e x t chapter, we shall begin our examina- tion of that enmity. 13  RULERS OF E V I L ROME vs. SCRIPTURE Pope Gregory IX ( 1 2 2 7 - 4 1 ) , founder of the Inquisition and champion of Aristotle, excommunicates Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II, upside down with Bible. (From the painting by Vasari.)  Chapter 3 MARGINALIZING THE BIBLE E V E R Y R U L E D S O C I E T Y has s o m e form o f h o l y scripture. T h e h o l y scriptures o f C a e s a r e a n R o m e were t h e p r o p h e c i e s and ritual d i r e c t i o n s c o n t a i n e d i n the t e n S i b y l l i n e gospels a n d Virgil’s Aeneid. T h e Aeneid i m p l i e d t h a t e v e r y R o m a n ’ s duty was to sacrifice his individuality, as h e r o i c A e n e a s h a d d o n e , to t h e greater glory of R o m e a n d Pontifex Maximus. T h e S i b y l l i n e s , b o r r o w i n g from Isaiah’s m u c h earlier p r o p h e c y o f Jesus C h r i s t , p r o p h e s i e d t h a t w h e n C a e s a r A u g u s t u s s u c c e e d e d his u n c l e Julius as Pontifex Max- imus h e w o u l d rule t h e w o r l d a s “ P r i n c e o f P e a c e , S o n o f G o d. ” A u g u s t u s would issue in a “ n e w world order,” as indeed he did. T h e S i b y l l i n e s and t h e Aeneid were so b e l o v e d by t h e g o v e r n - m e n t priests t h a t they were c o n s i d e r e d part of the R o m a n consti- t u t i o n. T h e same scriptures were m a d e part o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s Constitution w h e n the mottoes “ANNUIT COEPTIS” and “NOVUS ORDO SECLORUM,” taken from the Aeneid and the Sibyllines 15  RULERS OF E V I L respectively, were i n c o r p o r a t e d , b y t h e A c t o f July 2 8 , 1 7 8 2 , into the G r e a t Seal of the U n i t e d States. 1 T h e S i b y l l i n e s a n d t h e Aeneid w e r e o p e n o n l y t o priests and c e r t a i n p r i v i l e g e d persons. T h e p e o p l e l e a r n e d t h e i r sacred c o n - t e n t b y t h e t r i c k l e - d o w n o f priestly r e t e l l i n g. W h e n t h e O l d and N e w Testaments were adopted as the Empire’s official sacred writ- ings they, too, were g i v e n to the e x c l u s i v e care of the priests. A n d i n a c c o r d w i t h R o m a n t r a d i t i o n , t h e p e o p l e l e a r n e d sacred c o n - tent from discretionary retelling. T h i s had to be, for the sake of the H o l y E m p i r e. For s h o u l d t h e p e o p l e a c q u i r e b i b l i c a l k n o w l e d g e , t h e y w o u l d k n o w t h a t Pontifex Maximus was n o t a l e g i t i m a t e C h r i s t i a n e n t i t l e m e n t. K n o w i n g t h i s , t h e y w o u l d n o t b o w t o his supremacy. T h e E m p i r e c o u l d c o l l a p s e. A n d s o t h e m o n a r c h i a l R o m a n C h u r c h forcibly suppressed the Bible’s intelligent reading. T h i s i s w h y the m i l l e n n i u m b e t w e e n C o n s t a n t i n e and G u t e n b e r g is k n o w n as “the Dark A g e s. ” S p r i n k l e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e E m p i r e , h o w e v e r , w e r e isolated C h r i s t i a n assemblies w h o had preserved Scripture from the days of the early C h u r c h. For t h e m the Bible invited an o n g o i n g , personal c o m m u n i o n w i t h t h e C r e a t o r o f t h e u n i v e r s e. T h e y l i v e d b y the writings of w h i c h R o m e was so jealous. By the t h i r t e e n t h century, these assemblies h a d g r o w n s o v i b r a n t t h a t P o p e G r e g o r y I X d e c l a r e d u n a u t h o r i z e d B i b l e study a heresy. He further d e c r e e d 2 t h a t “it i s t h e duty o f e v e r y C a t h o l i c t o p e r s e c u t e h e r e t i c s. ” T o m a n a g e the persecution, G r e g o r y established the Pontifical Inqui- sition. T h e Inquisition treated the slightest departure from t h e life of the c o m m u n i t y as proof of direct c o m m u n i o n with the Bible or S a t a n. Either instance was a sin worthy of d e a t h. C a s e s were pros- 3 e c u t e d a c c o r d i n g to a strict r o u t i n e. First, t h e inquisitors w o u l d enter a t o w n and present their credentials to the c i v i l authorities. In the pope’s n a m e , they would require the governor’s cooperation. N e x t , t h e l o c a l priest w o u l d b e ordered t o s u m m o n his c o n g r e g a - t i o n t o h e a r t h e inquisitors p r e a c h against heresy, w h i c h was d e f i n e d as a n y t h i n g t h e least b i t o p p o s e d to t h e p a p a l system. A brief grace p e r i o d f o l l o w e d t h e s e r m o n , w h e r e i n t h e p e o p l e w e r e 16  CHAPTER 3 M A R G I N A L I Z I N G THE BIBLE g i v e n a n o p p o r t u n i t y t o step forward and a c c u s e t h e m s e l v e s o f c r i m e s. T h o s e w h o did w e r e usually p u n i s h e d mildly. Later, t h e inquisitors w o u l d r e c e i v e at their lodgings unverified accusations, g u a r a n t e e i n g i n t h e pope’s n a m e t h e a n o n y m i t y o f i n f o r m a n t s. M a n y i n n o c e n t lives were ruined by false testimony. Trials were c o n d u c t e d arbitrarily and secretly by tribunals c o n - sisting of t h e inquisitors, t h e i r staffs, and their witnesses, all c o n - cealed under hoods. T h e accused were never told the charges against t h e m , and they were forbidden to ask. No defense witness- e s w e r e p e r m i t t e d. T h e a c c u s e d h a d b u t o n e o p t i o n : t o confess g u i l t a n d die. T h o s e w h o refused t o confess ( a n d witnesses w h o b a l k e d at testifying) w e r e carried to t h e d u n g e o n for torture ses- sions (boys u n d e r f o u r t e e n a n d girls u n d e r t w e l v e e x e m p t e d ). Inquisitors a n d e x e c u t i o n e r s w e r e c o m m a n d e d b y p a p a l e d i c t t o show no mercy. No acquittal was ever recorded. Every fully prose- c u t e d case e n d e d in t h e d e a t h of the d e f e n d a n t and t h e forfeiture of his or her property, since it was assumed (as in A m e r i c a n forfei- ture cases since 1 9 8 4 ) t h a t t h e property was g a i n e d i n sin. S o m e - times the property of family members for generations to c o m e was forfeited. T h e s e forfeitures were paid out in expenses to the scribes and executioners, half of the remainder going into the papal treas- ury and h a l f t o t h e inquisitors. A l t h o u g h p o p e s a n d inquisitors amassed great fortunes from t h e I n q u i s i t i o n , its greatest b e n e f i c i - ary was, and has been, the R o m a n system. 4 T h e I n q u i s i t i o n was most effective against t h e isolated truth- seeker i n a n i g n o r a n t c o m m u n i t y. A s c o m m u n i t i e s b e c a m e more literate, t h e I n q u i s i t i o n grew subtler. W h a t b r o u g h t l i t e r a c y t o c o m m u n i t i e s was t h e e p i d e m i c of B i b l e - r e a d i n g m a d e possible by the perfection of Johannes Gutenberg’s i n v e n t i o n of m o v a b l e type. 17  RULERS OF E V I L NOMINATION Charles Habsburg (right, King of Spain and Holy Roman Emperor) confides to Pope C l e m e n t VII (Giulio d’Medici) his choice of the man to stop defections to Protestantism. (After the painting by Vasari.)  Chapter 4 LEARNING G U T E N B E R G C H O S E t h e Bible t o d e m o n s t r a t e m o v a b l e type not so much that the c o m m o n man might be brought n e a r e r t o G o d , b u t t h a t h e a n d h i s b a c k e r , Dr. J o h a n n e s Faust, m i g h t make a killing in the b o o k trade. Prior to 1 4 5 0 , Bibles were so rare t h e y were c o n v e y e d by deed, like parcels of real estate. A Bible t o o k nearly a year to m a k e , c o m - m a n d i n g a p r i c e e q u a l to t e n t i m e s t h e a n n u a l i n c o m e of a pros- perous m a n. J o h a n n e s G u t e n b e r g i n t e n d e d his first p r o d u c t i o n , a folio edition of the 6 t h - c e n t u r y Latin Bible ( k n o w n as the V u l - g a t e ) , to f e t c h m a n u s c r i p t p r i c e s. Dr. Faust d i s c r e e t l y sold it as a o n e - o f - a - k i n d to kings, n o b l e s , and c h u r c h e s. A second e d i t i o n in 1 4 6 2 sold for as m u c h as 6 0 0 c r o w n s e a c h in Paris, but sales were t o o sluggish t o suit Faust, s o h e slashed p r i c e s t o 6 0 c r o w n s and then to 30. T h i s p u t e n o u g h c o p i e s i n t o c i r c u l a t i o n for C h u r c h a u t h o r - ities to n o t i c e t h a t several were identical. S u c h extraordinary uni- formity b e i n g regarded a s h u m a n l y i m p o s s i b l e , t h e a u t h o r i t i e s 19  RULERS OF E V I L charged that Faust had produced the Bibles by magic. On this pre- text, the A r c h b i s h o p of M a i n z h a d G u t e n b e r g ’ s shop raided and a fortune i n c o u n t e r f e i t Bibles seized. T h e red ink w i t h w h i c h they were embellished was alleged to be h u m a n blood. Faust was arrest- ed for conspiring w i t h S a t a n , but there is no record of any trial. M e a n w h i l e , the pressmen, w h o h a d b e e n sworn n o t t o disclose G u t e n b e r g ’ s secrets w h i l e in his s e r v i c e , fled t h e j u r i s d i c t i o n of M a i n z a n d set u p shops o f t h e i r o w n. A s paper m a n u f a c t u r e im- proved, along w i t h t e c h n i c a l i m p r o v e m e n t s i n matrix c u t t i n g and type-casting, books b e g a n to proliferate. M o s t were editions of the V u l g a t e. I n t h e d e c a d e f o l l o w i n g t h e M a i n z raid, five L a t i n and t w o G e r m a n Bibles were published. Translators busied t h e m s e l v e s i n other countries. A n Italian version appeared i n 1 4 7 1 , a B o h e m i - an in 1 4 7 5 , a D u t c h and a F r e n c h in 1 4 7 7 , and a S p a n i s h in 1 4 7 8. As quickly as our generation has b e c o m e computer-literate, the G u t e n b e r g g e n e r a t i o n l e a r n e d t o read b o o k s , a n d careful readers found s h o c k i n g discrepancies b e t w e e n t h e papacy’s interpretation of G o d ’ s W o r d and the W o r d itself. I n 1 4 8 5 , t h e A r c h b i s h o p o f M a i n z issued a n e d i c t p u n i s h i n g unauthorized Bible-reading with excommunication, confiscation o f b o o k s , a n d h e a v y fines. T h e g r e a t R e n a i s s a n c e t h e o l o g i a n Desiderius Erasmus c h a l l e n g e d t h e A r c h b i s h o p b y p u b l i s h i n g , i n 1 5 1 6 , t h e first p r i n t e d e d i t i o n o f t h e G r e e k N e w T e s t a m e n t. H e addressed the anti-Bible mentality in his preface w i t h these words: I vehemently dissent from those who would not have private persons read the Holy Scriptures nor have them translated into the vulgar tongues, as though either Christ taught such difficult doctrines that they can only be understood by a few theologians, or the safety of the Christian religion lay in ignorance of it. I should like all women to read the Gospel and the Epistles of Paul. Would that they were translated into all languages so that not only the Scotch and Irish, but Turks and Saracens might be able to read and know them. A C a t h o l i c m o n k n a m e d M a r t i n Luther, against t h e a d v i c e of his superiors, plunged into the N e w T e s t a m e n t of Erasmus. He was 20  CHAPTER 4 MEDICI LEARNING s h o c k e d by the absence of scriptural authority for s o m a n y C h u r c h traditions. O f the s e v e n C h u r c h S a c r a m e n t s o n l y t w o , Baptism and the Lord’s Supper, were grounded in S c r i p t u r e. T h e r e m a i n i n g five – C o n f i r - mation, Absolution, Ordination, Mar- riage, a n d E x t r e m e U n c t i o n – w e r e t h e inventions of post-biblical councils and d e c r e e s. L u t h e r f o u n d n o scriptural m a n - date for c e l i b a c y of m o n k s and n u n s , or for pilgrimages and the v e n e r a t i o n o f sacred relics. T h e C h u r c h t a u g h t t h a t prayer, g o o d Martin Luther w o r k s , a n d regular p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n t h e S a c r a - m e n t s m i g h t save m a n from eternal d a m n a t i o n. L u t h e r found this to be opposed to the t e a c h i n g of Scripture. A c c o r d i n g to Scripture, o n l y o n e t h i n g c a n s a v e m a n from t h e c o n s e q u e n c e s o f his sins: G o d ’ s grace, and t h a t alone. T h e most explosive result of Luther’s Bible-reading was its atti- tude t o w a r d t h e papacy. N o w h e r e i n S c r i p t u r e c o u l d the passion- ate m o n k f i n d that G o d h a d ordained a n imperious R o m a n “ V i c a r of C h r i s t ” to rule o v e r a vast e c o n o m y based on selling rights to do e v i l. T h e s e rights w e r e c a l l e d i n d u l g e n c e s. T h e y h a d b e e n a C h u r c h t r a d i t i o n s i n c e P o p e L e o III h a d b e g u n g r a n t i n g t h e m i n the year 8 0 0 , p a y a b l e i n t h e m o n e y c o i n e d b y P o p e A d r i a n I i n 780. I n d u l g e n c e s w e r e f l o a t e d o n t h e C h u r c h ’ s credibility, r a t h e r like g o v e r n m e n t bonds are issued on the credibility of states today. I n 1 4 9 1 , for e x a m p l e , I n n o c e n t V I I g r a n t e d t h e 2 0 - y e a r Butter- briefe i n d u l g e n c e , by w h i c h G e r m a n s c o u l d pay /20th of a guilder 1 for the a n n u a l privilege of eating dairy products e v e n w h i l e merit- ing from fasting. T h e p r o c e e d s of t h e Butterbriefe w e n t to b u i l d a bridge at Torgau. Rome’s i n d u l g e n c e e c o n o m y was as e x t e n s i v e as 1 A m e r i c a ’ s i n c o m e tax system today. A n d it was every bit as fueled by t h e people’s t r e m b l i n g c o m p l i a n c e , v o l u n t a r i l y , to a p r e s u m p - tion of liability. In 1 5 1 5 Pope L e o X issued a Bull of Indulgence authorizing let- 21  RULERS OF E V I L ters of safe c o n d u c t to Paradise and p a r d o n s for e v e r y e v i l imagi- n a b l e , from a 2 5 - c e n t purgatory release ( t h e d e a d left purgatory 2 the instant one’s coins hit the b o t t o m of the indulgence-salesman’s b u c k e t ) to a l i c e n s e so p o t e n t t h a t it w o u l d e x c u s e s o m e o n e w h o h a d raped t h e V i r g i n Mary. For t h e p a y m e n t o f four d u c a t s , o n e could be forgiven for murdering one’s father. Sorcery was pardoned for 6 d u c a t s. For r o b b i n g a c h u r c h , t h e law c o u l d be r e l a x e d for o n l y 9 d u c a t s. S o d o m y was p a r d o n e d for 1 2 d u c a t s. H a l f t h e rev- enues from Leo’s i n d u l g e n c e w e n t to a fund for the b u i l d i n g of S t. Peter’s C a t h e d r a l , and the o t h e r h a l f t o p a y i n g 4 0 % interest rates on b a n k loans subsidizing t h e m a g n i f i c e n t works of art and archi- tecture w i t h w h i c h His Holiness was establishing R o m e as the cul- tural c a p i t a l o f t h e R e n a i s s a n c e. H i s t o r i a n s h a v e glorified L e o , w h o s e father h a p p e n e d to be t h e great F l o r e n t i n e b a n k e r L o r e n z o d ’ M e d i c i , by marking the s i x t e e n t h century as “the C e n t u r y of L e o X.” In early 1 5 2 1 , M a r t i n Luther formally protested the indulgence racket by nailing his famous Ninety-five Theses Upon Indulgences to the d o o r o f the castle c h u r c h o f W i t t e n b u r g. T h e c h u r c h was said to o w n a l o c k of t h e H o l y Virgin’s hair w o r t h t w o m i l l i o n years of indulgences. Luther’s Theses e x h o r t e d Christians “to follow C h r i s t , their H e a d , t h r o u g h penalties, deaths, and hells,” rather t h a n pur- c h a s e “a false assurance of p e a c e ” from C h u r c h i n d u l g e n c e - s a l e s - men. L e o h a d L u t h e r arrested and d e t a i n e d for t e n m o n t h s in W a r t - burg C a s t l e. W h i l e i n custody, L u t h e r m a n a g e d t o t r a n s l a t e t h e G r e e k N e w T e s t a m e n t o f Erasmus i n t o G e r m a n. Its p u b l i c a t i o n alarmed t h e broadest r e a c h e s o f R o m a n authority. D ’ A u b i g n e , i n his History of the Reformation, tells us t h a t “ I g n o r a n t priests shud- dered a t the t h o u g h t t h a t e v e r y c i t i z e n , nay e v e r y p e a s a n t , w o u l d n o w be able to dispute w i t h t h e m on the precepts of our Lord.” M e a n w h i l e , Leo X died. T h e new pope, A d r i a n V I , hardly eulogized L e o w h e n confessing t o t h e D i e t o f N u r e m b e r g t h a t “for m a n y years, a b o m i n a b l e t h i n g s h a v e t a k e n p l a c e i n t h e C h a i r o f Peter, abuses in spiritual matters, transgressions of the C o m m a n d - ments, so that everything here has been wickedly perverted.” 3 22  CHAPTER 4 MEDICI LEARNING A d r i a n died shortly after speaking these lines, to be s u c c e e d e d by t h e C a r d i n a l w h o h a d b e e n h a n d l i n g M a r t i n Luther’s case all along, another M e d i c i , L e o X’s first cousin, G i u l i o d ’ M e d i c i. G i u l i o t o o k the papal n a m e C l e m e n t V I I. Just as L e o X’s c o r r u p t i o n h a d i g n i t e d L u t h e r , C l e m e n t VII’s shrewdness d e t e r m i n e d h o w t h e C h u r c h w o u l d deal w i t h t h e pro- liferation of Bibles. C l e m e n t was personally advised by t h e cagey N i c c o l o M a c h i a v e l l i , inventor of modern political science, and C a r d i n a l T h o m a s Wolsey, C h a n c e l l o r o f England. M a c h i a v e l l i and Wolsey opined that b o t h printing and Protestantism could be t u r n e d t o R o m e ’ s a d v a n t a g e b y e m p l o y i n g m o v a b l e type t o p r o - duce a literature that would confuse, diminish, and ultimately mar- ginalize t h e Bible. C a r d i n a l Wolsey, w h o w o u l d later found C h r i s t C h u r c h C o l l e g e at O x f o r d , c h a r a c t e r i z e d t h e p r o j e c t as “to put learning against learning.” 4 A g a i n s t t h e Bible’s l e a r n i n g , w h i c h d e m o n s t r a t e d h o w m a n c o u l d h a v e e t e r n a l life simply by b e l i e v i n g in t h e facts of Christ’s d e a t h and resurrection, w o u l d be put t h e learning of the gnostics. G n o s t i c i s m h e l d out the h o p e that m a n c o u l d a c h i e v e everlasting life by d o i n g g o o d works himself. To put it succinctly, Bible-learn- ing was Christ-centered; gnostic learning was m a n - c e n t e r e d. A n e n o r m o u s trove o f gnostic learning h a d b e e n brought from the eastern M e d i t e r r a n e a n by agents of C l e m e n t VII’s great-grand- father, C o s i m o d ’ M e d i c i. Suppressed since t h e E m p e r o r Justinian h a d piously shut d o w n t h e p a g a n c o l l e g e s o f A t h e n s b a c k i n 5 2 9 , these c e l e b r a t e d m y s t i c a l , scientific a n d p h i l o s o p h i c a l scrolls and manuscripts flattered h u m a n i t y. T h e y t a u g h t t h a t h u m a n intelli- g e n c e was c o m p e t e n t t o d e t e r m i n e t r u t h from f a l s e h o o d w i t h o u t g u i d a n c e or assistance from any g o d. S i n c e , as Protagoras put it, “ m a n is t h e measure of all t h i n g s , ” m a n c o u l d c o n t r o l all t h e liv- ing powers of the u n i v e r s e. If e l e c t e d and initiated into t h e secret k n o w l e d g e , or gnosis, m a n could master the cabalah – the “royal sci- e n c e ” of n a m e s , n u m b e r s , a n d s y m b o l s – to c r e a t e his v e r y o w n divinity. C o s i m o had stored huge quantities of this pagan material in his library in F l o r e n c e. T h e M e d i c i Library, w h o s e final a r c h i t e c t was 23  RULERS OF E V I L M i c h a e l a n g e l o , w e l c o m e d scholars f a v o r e d b y t h e papacy. T h e s e s c h o l a r s , n o t surprisingly, s o o n b e g a n e m u l a t i n g t h e p a p a c y i n focusing more u p o n h u m a n i t y t h a n u p o n the O l d and N e w Testa- m e n t s. So e x t e n s i v e was the M e d i c i Library’s p h i l o s o p h i c a l influ- e n c e t h a t e v e n scholars t o d a y c o n s i d e r i t t h e cradle o f W e s t e r n civilization. M a r t i n L u t h e r , s e e i n g t h a t learning against learning was t h e future o f C h r i s t i a n i t y , v o i c e d a n “ A p p e a l t o t h e R u l i n g C l a s s e s ” ( 1 5 2 0 ) , i n w h i c h h e wrote, rather prophetically: Though our children live in the midst of a Christian world, they faint and perish in misery because they lack the Gospel in which we should be training and exercising them all the time. I advise no one to place his child where the Scriptures do not reign paramount. Schools will become wide-open gates of hell if they do not diligently engrave the Holy Scriptures on young hearts. Every institution where men are not increasingly occu- pied with the word of G o d must become corrupt. It was o n e t h i n g to r e c o m m e n d learning against learning, a n d quite a n o t h e r to m a n a g e its m u l t i p l e d i m e n s i o n s. Learning against learning a m o u n t e d t o n o less t h a n m a k i n g war o n t h e B i b l e. T o w a g e s u c h a war, t h e p a p a c y n e e d e d a n e w priestly order of pious soldiers c o n d i t i o n e d to w i e l d p s y c h o l o g i c a l w e a p o n s on a b a t t l e - field of... human thought. B u t first, t h e r e h a d to be a g e n e r a l. T h e m a n c h o s e n to lead t h e assault on t h e B i b l e was a s w a s h b u c k l i n g adventurer from the proud Basque country of n o r t h e r n S p a i n. 24  RULERS OF EVIL I G N A T I U S OF L O Y O L A  Chapter 5 APPOINTMENT AT CYPRUS H IS N A M E W A S Iñigo de L o y o l a. H e was born in 1 4 9 1 to a r i c h family, y o u n g e s t o f e i g h t b o y s , o n e o f t h i r t e e n c h i l - dren. His older b r o t h e r h a d sailed t o the N e w W o r l d w i t h Christopher Columbus. Iñigo served as a page in t h e c o u r t of K i n g F e r d i n a n d and Q u e e n Isabella o f S p a i n. H e b e c a m e friends w i t h Ferdinand’s Bel- g i a n g r a n d s o n , C h a r l e s H a b s b u r g , w h o s e o t h e r g r a n d f a t h e r was Holy R o m a n Emperor Maximilian. ( T h e Holy R o m a n Emperor was a k i n d of secular p o p e w h o presided o v e r t h e C h r i s t i a n k i n g - doms of the western world.) C h a r l e s was propelled to great author- ity before his t w e n t y - f i r s t b i r t h d a y by t h e d e a t h s of his t w o grandfathers w i t h i n a space of t w o years. From Ferdinand, C h a r l e s i n h e r i t e d S p a i n. From M a x i m i l i a n , h e inherited the H o l y R o m a n E m p i r e. C h a r l e s H a b s b u r g was K i n g C h a r l e s I of S p a i n , E m p e r o r C h a r l e s V of R o m e. He was the most powerful secular figure in Eu- rope. A n d h e was I ñ i g o ’ s friend. 27  RULERS OF EVIL In 1 5 1 8 , Iñigo was part of a l e g a t i o n n e g o t i a t i n g for C h a r l e s w i t h Spain’s t r a d i t i o n a l rival, F r a n c e , at t h e c o u r t of t h e D u k e of N a j e r a in Valladolid. W h i l e the summit was in session, C a t h e r i n a , t h e Emperor’s sister, was p r e s e n t e d to t h e N a j e r a c o u r t. Iñigo fell i n l o v e w i t h her. H e was t w e n t y - s e v e n and she was e l e v e n. ( T h e Emperor was eighteen.) T h e m a t c h , h o w e v e r , was n o t to be. O n M o n d a y , M a y 20, 1 5 2 1 , w h i l e c o m m a n d i n g a garrison a t the Duke’s fortress in P a m p l o n a , Iñigo was struck by a F r e n c h can- n o n b a l l. H i s right leg was s h a t t e r e d , a n d w i t h it – s i n c e a w e l l - shaped leg was a m o n g a courtier’s most prized assets – the prospects for a romantic life w i t h C a t h e r i n a , or any other w o m a n. An h o n o r guard of F r e n c h soldiers bore the w o u n d e d c h a m p i o n on a stretch- er to his family’s c a s t l e in t h e S p a n i s h P y r e n e e s. Surgeons b u t c h e r e d h i s leg a n d reset t h e b o n e s. H e lost a p p e t i t e a n d was told he might die. He made confession and was g i v e n last rites. But a few days after the feast of Sts. Peter and Paul, he was p r o n o u n c e d o u t o f death’s i m m e d i a t e grasp. H e c r e d i t e d this r e c o v e r y t o his d e v o t i o n to St. Peter. Iñigo r e m a i n e d b e d r i d d e n for n e a r l y a year. U n d e r t h e c o n - c e r n e d if d i s t a n t eye of t h e y o u t h f u l Emperor, he s p e n t his t i m e “ s e a r c h i n g for substitutes for t h e s h a t t e r e d ideals, a m b i t i o n s , and values t h a t h a d b e e n so c e n t r a l to his sense of h i m s e l f. ” He gazed 2 obsessively at a small i c o n of S a i n t C a t h e r i n e , a gift from Q u e e n Isabella t o his sister-in-law. T h e i c o n sparked dreams o f C a t h e r i - na, w h i c h o n l y t h r o t t l e d his h e a r t w i t h d e s o l a t i o n. H e t u r n e d t o books, L u d o l p h of Saxony’s Life of Christ and Voragine’s Lives of the Saints – the only t w o v o l u m e s in t h e family library despite the fact that a Spanish Bible had b e e n available for forty years. T h e i c o n and the books gave h i m visions. T h e visions, i n turn, led h i m to d e v e l o p a process of “preparing and disposing t h e soul to rid itself of all inordinate a t t a c h m e n t s , and, after their r e m o v a l , o f s e e k i n g and f i n d i n g t h e w i l l o f G o d. ” I ñ i g o called this process 3 “the Spiritual Exercises.” In t h e Exercises, a D i r e c t o r leads a R e t r e a t a n t t h r o u g h Four W e e k s of intense prayer, meditation, and dialogue w i t h the Blessed V i r g i n Mary, Jesus, a n d G o d t h e Father. F r e q u e n t r e p e t i t i o n o f 28  CHAPTER 5 APPOINTMENT AT CYPRUS “Anima Christi,” L o y o l a ’ s o w n h a b i t u a l prayer for d i s o r i e n t a t i o n a n d sensory d e p r i v a t i o n ( “ B l o o d o f C h r i s t , i n e b r i a t e m e ” ) , i s advised. T h e First W e e k i s s p e n t c o n s i d e r i n g a n d c o n t e m p l a t i n g sins, c r e a t i n g v i v i d m e n t a l p i c t u r e s of “ h e l l in all its d e p t h and b r e a d t h , p u t t i n g y o u r five senses at t h e s e r v i c e of your i m a g i n a - t i o n. ” T h e S e c o n d W e e k e x p l o r e s t h e life o f C h r i s t u p t o P a l m Sunday inclusively; the Third W e e k undertakes the Crucifixion, i n w h i c h t h e R e t r e a t a n t i s d i r e c t e d t o “ i m a g i n e C h r i s t our Lord present before y o u o n t h e C r o s s , a n d b e g i n t o speak w i t h h i m... and ask ‘What h a v e I d o n e for Christ? W h a t am I doing for Christ? W h a t o u g h t I t o d o for C h r i s t ? ’ ” T h e F o u r t h W e e k i s o c c u p i e d 4 w i t h t h e R e s u r r e c t i o n a n d A s c e n s i o n , after w h i c h t h e R e t r e a t a n t prays “for a k n o w l e d g e of the deceits of t h e rebel c h i e f and h e l p to guard myself against t h e m ; and also to ask for a k n o w l e d g e of the true life e x e m p l i f i e d in t h e s o v e r e i g n a n d true C o m m a n d e r , and the grace to imitate h i m. ” By the time the Exercises h a v e run their course, the Re- treatant’s purified i m a g i n a t i o n is totally d o m i n a t e d by m e n t a l pic- tures o f Jesus resurrected, Jesus t h e K i n g M i l i t a n t. O n e c a n n o w answer the King’s call to c o n q u e r Protestantism and its rebel c h i e f ( “ t h e e n e m y of h u m a n n a t u r e ” ) w i t h t h e selfless fidelity of a c h i v a l r o u s k n i g h t. O n e ’ s c o n s c i o u s n e s s has b e e n altered. O n e ’ s soul and brain h a v e b e e n washed. O n e ’ s liberty has b e e n sacrificed t o authority. O n e ’ s i n d i v i d u a l i t y has b e e n surrendered t o t h e C h r i s t o f R o m e. O n e n o l o n g e r has a w i l l o f one’s o w n. O n e v o l - unteers for any assigned task no matter h o w adverse. M a r t i n L u t h e r s p e n t L o y o l a ’ s year o f r e c o v e r y i m p r i s o n e d a t Wartburg C a s t l e for insulting the papacy w i t h his Ninety-Five The- ses. R e m a r k a b l y , w h i l e o n e prisoner e x p e r i e n c e d m y s t i c a l v i s i o n s that urged h i m t o defend t h e C h u r c h ’ s h o n o r i n t h e r o m a n t i c a l l y chivalrous m a n n e r of the K n i g h t s Templar, the other was translat- ing ( w i t h t h e miraculous permission of his keepers) t h e N e w Tes- t a m e n t i n t o G e r m a n s o t h a t ordinary p e o p l e m i g h t learn t h e will o f G o d directly. T h e s e p a r a l l e l , s i m u l t a n e o u s quests for h o l i n e s s would define m o d e r n life’s underlying conflict: W h i c h Master Do I S e r v e , R o m e or the W o r d of G o d ? 29  RULERS OF EVIL P U R I F I E D b y t h e Spiritual Exercises, I ñ i g o ’ s sensual a t t a c h m e n t t o Princess C a t h e r i n a was transformed t h r o u g h S a i n t C a t h e r - ine i n t o a higher, spiritual a t t a c h m e n t to a h i g h e r f e m i n i n i t y – to Mary, the Q u e e n o f H e a v e n. A n apparition o f the V i r g i n appeared to h i m o n e n i g h t and validated that he was free of fleshly lusts and was n o w w o r t h y of a p i l g r i m a g e to Jerusalem. In M a r t i n Luther’s o p i n i o n , “as far as G o d is c o n c e r n e d , Jerusalem a n d all t h e H o l y L a n d are n o t o n e w h i t m o r e , or less, interesting t h a n t h e c o w s in Switzerland.” 5 B u t to a spiritual warrior p r e p a r i n g to lead t h e C h u r c h to war against S c r i p t u r e , a t o u c h d o w n in Jerusalem was absolutely necessary. Jerusalem was t h e d o m a i n of K i n g S o l o m o n ’ s T e m p l e , t h e geo-spiritual c e n t e r of t h e K n i g h t s Templar. If Iñigo was to r e v i v e t h e Templars, as t h e Emperor desired, it was liturgi- cally i m p e r a t i v e t h a t his n e w l y - w a s h e d spirit present itself in t h e Sacred C i t y for initiation into the mysteries of h o l y warfare. A l l pilgrims to the H o l y L a n d were required by law to apply to the p o p e at Easter for permission to proceed. In early M a r c h 1 5 2 2 , more t h a n a year in a d v a n c e , Iñigo set out for R o m e in all his aris- t o c r a t i c finery, r i d i n g o n t h e b a c k o f a m u l e. T h e c o r r u p t L e o X h a d d i e d s u d d e n l y o f m a l a r i a i n D e c e m b e r 1 5 2 1 , and o n January 9, 1522, Charles Habsburg (King and Emperor) had engineered the nearly u n a n i m o u s e l e c t i o n o f his former tutor, A d r i a n D e d a l , to succeed L e o as A d r i a n V I. Iñigo h e a d e d for R o m e c o i n c i d e n t a l - l y w i t h A d r i a n ’ s j o u r n e y across S p a i n t o B a r c e l o n a , t h e p o i n t o f e m b a r c a t i o n for v o y a g e s t o Italy. T h e n e w p o p e s t o p p e d i n N a v a r r e , in n o r t h e r n S p a i n , for an official r e c e p t i o n by the D u k e of Najera’s successor. Iñigo, t o o , s t o p p e d at N a v a r r e to do some undescribed business at the Duke’s residence at N a v a r e t t e. Perhaps A d r i a n gave h i m a discreet audience. Further on, the pilgrim kept an all-night vigil at a c h a p e l of the V i r g i n of Aranzazu, Protectress of the Basques, v o w i n g his chastity t o h e r small, dark statue. H e c o n t i n u e d o n t o M o n t s e r r a t , w h e r e he l o d g e d in a B e n e d i c t i n e abbey. T h e r e , he r e d e d i c a t e d h i m s e l f t o G o d ’ s s e r v i c e before a n o t h e r statue o f t h e V i r g i n , t h e B l a c k M a d o n n a o f M o n t s e r r a t , Protectress o f C a t a l o n i a , Patroness o f C h r i s t i a n C o n q u e s t. T h e spiritual e x e r c i s e h e r e must h a v e b e e n 30  CHAPTER 5 APPOINTMENT AT CYPRUS i n t e n s e , for in t h e late a f t e r n o o n of t h e third day, Iñigo traded c l o t h e s w i t h a beggar, h u n g his sword a n d dagger o n t h e M a d o n - na’s shrine, and gave his mule to the abbey. W h i l e A d r i a n VI proceeded on to Barcelona, Iñigo detoured on foot to the village of M a n r e s a for ten m o n t h s of p e n a n c e s , spir- itual p r e p a r a t i o n , a n d n o t e - t a k i n g. S t r i p p e d o f e v e r y t h i n g but s a c k c l o t h , a gourd for d r i n k i n g , a n d a pilgrim’s staff, he a d o p t e d t h e lifestyle of t h e early K n i g h t s Templar, b e g g i n g food a n d alms. He was i n i t i a t e d i n t o t h e Illuminati, t h e “ E n l i g h t e n e d O n e s , ” a secret s o c i e t y o f g n o s t i c f u n d a m e n t a l i s t s w h o p r e a c h e d t h a t all matter is absolutely and eternally evil. T h e g n o s t i c s t a u g h t t h a t h u m a n i t y itself i s o f S a t a n i c o r i g i n. A d a m and E v e were the offspring o f devils. H u m a n i t y c a n a c h i e v e s a l v a t i o n from d e a t h and eternal p u n i s h m e n t , h o w e v e r , by freeing soul from b o d y for a b s o r p t i o n i n t o t h e pure l i g h t of G o d l i n e s s. T h i s is d o n e by w i t h d r a w i n g from sensual pleasure and i n t u i t i v e l y discovering h i d d e n truths as c o n v e y e d by t h e c a b a l a h. ( T h e gnos- tics’ c o n t e m p t for a n y t h i n g h a v i n g to do w i t h t h e p h y s i c a l side of e x i s t e n c e translated i n t o w i l d l y i r o n i c b e h a v i o r. S o m e p r a c t i c e d radical c e l i b a c y b e c a u s e t h e y b e l i e v e d t h e result o f s e x u a l inter- c o u r s e , c o n c e p t i o n , w o u l d o n l y i m p r i s o n m o r e souls i n p h y s i c a l b o d i e s. O t h e r s p r a c t i c e d u n b r i d l e d s e x u a l l i b e r t i n i s m i n order t o p r o v e they were c o m p l e t e l y free from all physical i n h i b i t i o n. S t i l l o t h e r s c o m b i n e d t h e t w o , p u r s u i n g h y p o c r i t i c a l lives o f c e l i b a t e fornication, of w h i c h “safe sex” is the m o d e r n institution. Loyola’s particular c u l t apparently c h o s e the asceticism of self-flagellation, for I ñ i g o w a n d e r e d m a n y n i g h t s a b o u t t h e M a n r e s a c o u n t r y s i d e w h i p p i n g himself w i t h a scourge studded w i t h iron barbs. Later in life, h e w o u l d d e c i d e t h a t t h e w h i p s a n d barbs “sapped one’s strength,” that t h e G o d h e a d c o u l d as adequately be sought by the more h u m a n e self-mortification of the Spiritual Exercises.) W h i l e I ñ i g o was o u t l i n i n g t h e Exercises i n M a n r e s a , Luther’s translation of the N e w T e s t a m e n t was i n t r o d u c