Ancient Greece and Rome History Notes PDF

History 2024/2025 IV Name: _________________________________________________________________________________ Ancient Greece (part 1) The Geography location - ______________________...

History 2024/2025 IV Name: _________________________________________________________________________________ Ancient Greece (part 1) The Geography location - __________________________________________________________________________ mountains - __________________________________________________________________________ - __________________________________________________________________________ - __________________________________________________________________________ sea - __________________________________________________________________________ climate - __________________________________________________________________________ The Civilizations in Ancient Greece The Minoan Civilization - ______________________________________________________________________________________ - ______________________________________________________________________________________ - ______________________________________________________________________________________ The Mycenaean Civilization - the culture of the mainland Greece - the people were called the “Old Greeks“= “Achaeans “ - they established many cities that became the cultural and political centres - the most influential city-states: Athens, Sparta, Corinth, Thebes... - the most famous war of the period: Trojan War The Dark Age of Greece - the Mycenaeans were attacked by the Dorians - they were less advanced and this caused the collapse of the economy and trade - we do not have enough written sources from this period - there is one source that is important for us: - The Iliad and the Odyssey written by Homer - the works describe the life of the Greeks and the Trojan War The Greek Colonization The reasons: The outcomes: shortage of fertile land in Greece → _______________________________________________________ trade → _______________________________________________________ political conflicts → _______________________________________________________ territory → _______________________________________________________ adventure → _______________________________________________________ City-state - it was also called the polis - the area consisted of the city and surrounding countryside - it was the fundamental political unit and the centre of a political and cultural life - the most influential city-states: Athens, Corinth, Sparta, Thebes... - the most important places in the city states: Acropolis - ____________________________________________________________________ Agora - ____________________________________________________________________ Political structure of the city-states - Greek city-states had many different forms of government: Monarchy - ____________________________________________________________________ Aristocracy - ____________________________________________________________________ Oligarchy - ____________________________________________________________________ - there were many clashes between rulers and common people - Tyrants - ______________________________________________________________________________ Division of people Free people Citizens - ______________________________________________________________ - ______________________________________________________________ Foreigners / Residents - ______________________________________________________ Slaves - ________________________________________________________________________________ Sparta and Athens Athenian democracy Democracy = government ruled by the people DRACO → developed legal code: - __________________________________________________ - __________________________________________________ → introduced debt slavery: - __________________________________________________ SOLON → outlawed debt slavery → created 4 social classes according to wealth (pg.29) → all citizens could participate in the Athenian assembly CLEISTHENES → allowed Athenian citizens to participate in a limited democracy → divided people into 10 tribes according to where they lived PERICLES → a politician, speaker, general → three goals: 1. _______________________________________________________ 2. _______________________________________________________ 3. _______________________________________________________ → stronger democracy – more officials were paid salaries History 2024/2025 _V Name: _________________________________________________________________________________ Ancient Greece (part 2) - the most significant wars fought by the Ancient Greeks: The Trojan War The Persian Wars The Peloponnesian War The Trojan War - fought between the Mycenaeans and an independent trading city of Troy - the exact reasons for the start of this conflict are unclear, but there are many stories and legends - legends: → ________________________________________________________________________ → ________________________________________________________________________ → ________________________________________________________________________ → ________________________________________________________________________ - this conflict was the last war fought by the Mycenaeans before they were conquered by the Dorians The Persian Wars - the conflict between Greece and the Persian Empire The Revolt in Ionia - the starting point of the war conflict - the Greeks who were living in Ionia revolted against the rule of the Persians who conquered the area - the revolt was supported by the Athenians - the rebels were defeated by the Persian king Darius and the Persian sovereignty over the territories was recognized by the states on the islands in the Aegean Sea Marathon - ______________________________________________________________________________________ - ______________________________________________________________________________________ Thermopylae - the Persian army was led by Xerxes - the Greeks formed alliances and fought together - the most famous leaders: Athens: Themistocles Sparta: Leonidas - the Greeks were defeated - the Persians set fire to Athens, but the city had been evacuated Salamis - ______________________________________________________________________________________ Plataea - ______________________________________________________________________________________ The consequences: - the Delian League - ______________________________________________________________________________________ - ______________________________________________________________________________________ - the Greeks defeated the greatest empire of that time and demonstrated their superiority - the city of Athens became the leader of the Delian League and started to control the other league members The Peloponnesian War - ______________________________________________________________________________________ - ______________________________________________________________________________________ - the territory of Greece was conquered by the Macedonians - ______________________________________________________________________________________ - ______________________________________________________________________________________ - Hellenistic culture was developed - ______________________________________________________________________________________ History 2024/2025 VI Name: _________________________________________________________________________________ Ancient Rome (part 1) Ancient Rome – Geographical Location Italian Peninsula - the area with fertile land and raw materials - mountains provided the protection - sea was used to transport goods, trade and as a source of food - many tribes lived there: Celts Sabines Latins Etruscans Rome - ________________________________________________________________________________ - ________________________________________________________________________________ The origins of Rome Legends: Romulus and Remus Childhood - ______________________________________________________________ - ______________________________________________________________ - ____________________________________________________________________ - ____________________________________________________________________ Adulthood - they decided to set up a city but they disputed over the boundary - Romulus killed Remus - Romulus invited the tribe of the Sabines to live in his city → women were captured to marry his men The end of the legend - _______________________________________________________________ the Trojans - the Trojans, who escaped from Troy after the Trojan War, were led by Aeneas who was believed to be a founder of Rome (and an ancestor of Romulus and Remus) Archaeology: - Rome started as a small trading village - the people adopted many advanced trading and ruling models of the Etruscans that influenced the development of the city Ancient Rome – Chronology The Etruscans 1) Roman Kingdom (753 – 509 B.C.) 2) Roman Republic (509 – 31 B.C.) 3) Roman Empire (31 B.C. – 476 A.D.) The Etruscans - ______________________________________________________________________________________ - ______________________________________________________________________________________ - ______________________________________________________________________________________ - ______________________________________________________________________________________ The Roman Kingdom - the settlements of the seven rolling hills were joined together and became one city – ROME - the Romans built Forum Romanum – the meeting place, the centre of life in the city - The League of 12 Cities - the federation of Etruscan cities on Italian peninsula State organization King = Rex - was a political leader - held military, judicial and religious power - there were 7 kings during the period of the Roman Kingdom Senate - the assistants of the king - when king died, they elected his successor Assembly of all people Division of Population Patricians - __________________________________________________________________________ - __________________________________________________________________________ - __________________________________________________________________________ Plebeians - __________________________________________________________________________ - __________________________________________________________________________ - __________________________________________________________________________ Slaves - __________________________________________________________________________ KINGS 1) Romulus 2) Numa Pompilius 3) Tullius Hostilius - ______________________________________________________________ 4) Ancus Marcius - ______________________________________________________________ 5) Tarquinuius Priscinus - ______________________________________________________________ 6) Servius Tulius - ______________________________________________________________ - ______________________________________________________________ 7) Tarquin the Proud – “Superbus“ - ________________________________________________________ - ________________________________________________________ - ________________________________________________________ History 2024/2025 VII Name: _________________________________________________________________________________ Ancient Rome (part 2) - the Roman citizens (free-born men) wanted to have power in their hands and they deposed Tarquin the Proud - a new type of state was established – the republic State organization 2 consuls - _________________________________________________________________________ - _________________________________________________________________________ - _________________________________________________________________________ Senate - _________________________________________________________________________ Magistrate - _________________________________________________________________________ - praetor = _________________/ aedil = ________________/ questor = _______________ The situation in the Republic The traditional order: - the patricians had the political power - the plebeians were not allowed to hold the offices in government - the leaders of plebeians wanted to share the power with the patricians and they started to fight for the equality The way to power: - the plebeians planned to leave Rome and leave the patricians without workers - the patricians paid little attention to their warnings - many plebeians really left and the situation became serious - the patricians were alarmed and they made a compromise: 1. Tribunes - _________________________________________________________________________ - _________________________________________________________________________ 2. The Twelve Tables - _________________________________________________________________________ - _________________________________________________________________________ Foreign Policy - the Romans developed the extensive trade with other countries - they were the conquerors: - ___________________________________________________________________ - ___________________________________________________________________ - they had many enemies: - ___________________________________________________________________ - ___________________________________________________________________ The Punic Wars - fought between Rome and Carthage - causes: control over the Mediterranean, freedom of people in Carthage - leaders: Rome – Scipio Carthage – Hannibal - 3 wars: 1) the quarrel over Sicily 2) the quarrel over Hispania 3) the punishment of the revolt in Carthage – the Romans won the war The crisis of the Roman Republic - three main reasons of the crisis: 1) Large territory – _____________________________________________________________ 2) Discontent among lower classes – _____________________________________________________________ 3) Breakdown in military order – _____________________________________________________________ - the most serious problems in Rome: 1) Rome's poor - Small farmers – _________________________________________________________________________ – _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ - the debtors, homeless and soldiers whose military service ended 2) Army - _____________________________________________________________________________________________ - _____________________________________________________________________________________________ - _____________________________________________________________________________________________ 3) Slaves - slaves started to rebel - there were many uprisings - the largest uprising was led by Spartacus → it was crashed, and slaves were severely punished - politicians and their reforms: 1) Brothers Gracchus - they were the tribunes - their changes: - _____________________________________________________________ - _____________________________________________________________ - the changes were not supported by the senators - the brothers were killed 2) Gaius Marius - his changes: - _____________________________________________________________ - _____________________________________________________________ The situation in the Republic - the situation in the Republic was critical - there was no stable government and the rule was taken by the dictators - soldiers were not loyal to the Republic but to their commanders who wanted to gain more power - the problems were not solved and the civil war broke out - the leaders were fighting for the offices and the civil war was ended by three men who were the most powerful: Marcus Lucinius Crassus Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus Gaius Julius Caesar - these three men created the first TRIUMVIRATE and shared the power JULIUS CAESAR - _____________________________________________________________________________________________ - _____________________________________________________________________________________________ - _____________________________________________________________________________________________ - _____________________________________________________________________________________________ - _____________________________________________________________________________________________ - after Caesar's assassination second civil war broke out and it was ended by three men, who formed the second triumvirate: Lepidus - __________________________________________________________________ Mark Antony - _____________________________________________________________ Octavian - _________________________________________________________________ - Octavian Augustus kept the title IMPERATOR and became first Roman emperor in 31 B.C. History 2024/2025 VIII Name: _________________________________________________________________________________ Ancient Rome (part 3) Octavian Augustus - the first Roman emperor - the unchallenged ruler of Rome - titles: Augustus = “exalted one” Imperator = “supreme military commander” / = emperor - the reign of Octavian Augustus started the period of relative peace in Rome → Pax Romana = Roman peace - the reforms: - he set up civil service - __________________________________________________ - __________________________________________________ - common coinage was introduced - ____________________________________________ - ____________________________________________ - industry: - __________________________________________________________________________ - trade: - __________________________________________________________________________ - society: - people from all over the world lived in the empire - higher classes lived in luxury - lower classes were poor and unemployed - slavery was the significant part of Roman life - slaves - ______________________________________________________________ - ______________________________________________________________ The Decline and Fall The 2nd century AD - the end of Pax Romana - the crisis started and the Empire declined Multiple causes of the fall of the Roman Empire 1. Economy of the Empire - ______________________________________________________________________________________ - ______________________________________________________________________________________ - ______________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Problems in the agriculture - ______________________________________________________________________________________ - ______________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Army - soldiers became less disciplined and were loyal to their commanders not to the Empire - the Empire recruited mercenaries = foreign soldiers who were paid to fight for the Romans 4. Decisions of the emperors - they tried to restore the order Diocletian - restored the order, created strong empire - claimed descent from Roman gods – he was worshiped like one - believed that empire was too large to be ruled by one man and he divided it: The West – Latin speaking The East – Greek speaking Constantine - __________________________________________________________________________ - __________________________________________________________________________ 5. Invasions - the Empire was attacked by the Germanic tribes that had lived in peace with the Romans for many years - they were called the “barbarians” = “the non-Romans” - they started to invade Western Roman Empire because they were attacked by the Huns - the Germanic tribes were joined by the Huns with their leader ATTILA and they attacked the Romans together - the Roman army was not able to stop them Romulus Augustulus - ______________________________________________________________________________________ - ______________________________________________________________________________________ → the Roman power in the Western part of the Empire disappeared → the Eastern part survived and became the Byzantine Empire