Health Problems Related to Excreta PDF

L5 Health problems related to excreta Dr. Abdullah Ahmed Bamherz  Sanitation in Yemen in 2022 :- More than 16 million people (including 8.47 million children) are in urgent need of water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) WASH needs remain substantially high due to the increa...

L5 Health problems related to excreta Dr. Abdullah Ahmed Bamherz  Sanitation in Yemen in 2022 :- More than 16 million people (including 8.47 million children) are in urgent need of water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) WASH needs remain substantially high due to the increasing number of displaced people as a result of the conflict, natural disasters, food insecurity and epidemic outbreaks.  Sanitation in Yemen in 2022 :- 9.4 million people are in acute need for WASH services otherwise, they are at heightened risk of water borne diseases, malnutrition and other life-threatening conditions. It is estimated that less than 10% of displaced people have access to a safe latrine.  Sanitation in Yemen in 2022 :- Some of the distress that displaced people face in the absence of a proper sanitation system especially women and children who make up over 70% of the population: Lack of privacy The spread of disease Acute watery diarrhea  What are the excreta: :- - A metabolic waste product, eliminated by the activity of certain cells in the organism. - It consists of feces and urine as an aggregate of solids and fluids that make up human waste.  SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOAL 6: Ensure availability of water and sanitation for all. - Poor sanitation is linked to the transmission of diarrheal diseases such as cholera and dysentery, typhoid, intestinal worm infections and polio. - Open defecation leads to the highest number of deaths of children aged under 5 years as well as the highest levels of malnutrition and poverty.  Transmission of pathogens The Environmental Transmission of pathogens occurs through different routes. : Directly, by contact with human excreta. Directly through contaminated drinking water. Directly through vegetables, shellfish or other food products exposed to contaminated water or soil.  Transmission of pathogens By accidental ingestion of contaminated water during swimming. Vector-borne transmission where the vector or the intermediate host breeds in water.  Importance of proper disposal of excreta: Protection of water sources from contamination. Protection of soil against pollution. Protection of fish and aquatic life. Protection of human food , which are eaten raw. Prevention of hazards to livestock. Prevention of nuisance by sight and smell.  Classification of sewage disposal system: 1. Public system (sewerage system): 2. Individual disposal system: a) With water carriage: e.g. septic tank. b) Without water carriage: e.g. Pit Latrine  Classification of sewage disposal system: Public system (sewerage system): Sewerage system: Sewerage is the removal of sewage by a system of conduits or drains called sewers, while the system is called Sewerage system. A sewerage system consists of the following components: starting at the dwellings; we have the house drain which discharge in to the lateral sewers and then discharges in to the main sewers, that carry the excreta to the point of disposal (collector system, pumping station, treatment plant).  Classification of sewage disposal system: Types of sewers: 1) A combined sewerage system : is the one that receive both domestic sewage as well as the surface wash of the street (storm water). 2) Sanitary sewers: that receives domestic sewage alone. 3) Storm sewers: that receives storm water or street washing alone.  Stabilization of wastewater (wastewater treatment ponds) :- The process of transformation of the complex matter to simple substances by aerobic and anaerobic way. Complex bodies simple substances = stabilization Waste water undergoes four major processes: Preliminary treatment. Primary treatment: an aerobic Secondary treatment : aerobic ponds Oxygen. sunlight, bacteria, and algae. Disinfection  Individual disposal system: - with water carriage Septic tank: :- The settled solids are anaerobically digested, reducing the volume of solids. The excess liquid then draining in a relatively clear condition from the outlet into the absorption (leach field). A drain field is made of perforated pipes buried in trenches filled with gravel.  Individual disposal system without water carriage: Used in areas of low population density. Aims to: 1. prevent pollution of water supplies. 2. Eliminate fly breading. 3. Control hookworm infestation of the soil.  The system of individual excreta disposal must meet the following requirements: 1. Must not be possible to reach the ground water table and prevent contaminated it. 2. Must not be easy to contaminate surface water. 3. Excreta must not be accessible to vectors. 4. Excreta must not yield nuisance by sight and smell. 5. The employed control method must be simple and not expensive during its construction and performance.  A pit latrine: - A pit toilet is a dry toilet system. - A pit latrine is used in rural and wilderness areas and refugees camp. - It collects human feces in a hole in the ground. - Urine and feces enter the pit through a drop hole in the floor, which might be connected to a toilet seat  A pit latrine: Advantages: - They are cheap; quick to construct. Constraints: - They are unsuitable where the water table is high, soil is too unstable to dig  The main dimensions of human rights content in WASH interventions Availability (of water and sanitation services): - Sufficient sanitation facilities are available to ensure that all individual needs are met. - Personal hygiene facilities should be available wherever toilets exist.  The main dimensions of human rights content in WASH interventions Acceptability - Acceptability includes the extent to which WASH facilities and services conform to the social and cultural standards of targeted person.  The main dimensions of human rights content in WASH interventions Affordability People should be able to afford WASH services. This means that the price paid to meet all these needs must not limit people's ability to buy other essential goods and services.  The main dimensions of human rights content in WASH interventions Quality and safety - Sanitation facilities must be safe to use. - Toilets should be cleaned regularly, and should be provided with soap and water for hand-washing.