Week 8 CHN PDF

1. Proper Excreta Disposal - Containment and safe disposal of human excreta is the primary barrier to transmission of excreta-related disease. 2. Simple pit latrines - most common technology choice adopted in emergency situations, simple, quick to construct 3. Ventilated-improved pit (VIP) l...

1. Proper Excreta Disposal - Containment and safe disposal of human excreta is the primary barrier to transmission of excreta-related disease. 2. Simple pit latrines - most common technology choice adopted in emergency situations, simple, quick to construct 3. Ventilated-improved pit (VIP) latrines - more expensive than the simple pit latrine and, in emergency situations, is generally only viable for institutions such as hospitals or schools. 4. Ecological sanitation (or Eco-San) - refers to excreta disposal solutions which recycle nutrients from human excreta for agricultural production. 5. Double-vault urine-diverting latrine - uses a dry disposal system in which urine and faces are managed separately, (sometimes known as a dehydrating latrine) 6. Double-vault non-urine-diverting latrine - in which urine is not separated from feces but soil, (also known as the Fossa Alterna). 7. Biogas latrines - the gas given off by decomposing excreta is captured and used for fuel, 8. Borehole latrines - constructed very rapidly, most appropriate in situations where boring/drilling equipment is readily available 9. Pour-flush latrines - rely on water to act as a hygienic seal and to help remove excreta to a wet or dry disposal system. 10. Septic-tanks - designed to collect and treat toilet wastewater and other gray water. 11. aqua-privy - constructed directly above a septic-tank, are appropriate where pit latrines are socially or technically unacceptable 12. Wastewater treatment systems - 13. The most simple wastewater treatment system is the septic-tank 14. Excreta disposal for institutions - is a need to provide excreta disposal facilities for institutions such as hospitals, 15. School latrines - made 'child-friendly' by incorporating certain design features, 1. Food Safety - refers to handling, preparing and storing food in a way to best reduce the risk of individuals becoming sick from foodborne illnesses. 2. Foodborne diseases - are the illnesses contracted from eating contaminated food or beverages. 3. sanitation - refers to public health conditions related to clean drinking water and treatment and disposal of human excreta and sewage. 4. Primary treatment - removing solids from the wastewater. 5. secondary treatment - utilizes biological processes to purify the water. 6. surface water disposal - such as discharge of water 7. subsurface discharge - wastewater is disposed of underground 8. water reuse - process of reclaiming or recycling wastewater to be used in other beneficial applications 9. vermin - wild animals that are believed to be harmful to crops 10. vector - is an insect or animal that transmits a disease to other animals or humans.  11. Integrated Vector Management (IVM) - is the strategic approach to vector control promoted by WHO, rational decision-making process 12. advocacy social mobilization and legislation – the promotion of these principles in development policies of all relevant agencies 13. collaboration within the health sector and with other sectors – the consideration of all options for collaboration within and between public and private sectors 14. integrated approach to disease control – ensuring the rational use of available resources through the application of a multi-disease control approach 15. evidence-based decision-making – adaptation of strategies and interventions to local vector ecology, epidemiology and resources 16. capacity-building – the development of essential infrastructure, financial resources 17. built environment - dominant source of energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions WHO 5 KEYS TO SAFER FOOD (KSUCK) keep clean separate raw and cooked use safe water and raw materials cook thoroughly keep food at safe temperatures 3 TYPES OF SANITATION (WEW) wastewater disposal (dirty/used water), excreta removal (feces and urine), and water sanitation (drinking water treatment). IVM FIVE KEY ELEMENTS (ACCIE) advocacy social mobilization and legislation collaboration within the health sector and with other sectors capacity-building integrated approach to disease control evidence-based decision-making METHODS OF VECTOR CONTROL environmental management chemical control: larvicides chemical control: adulticides safe use of insecticides monitoring of insecticide susceptibility individual and household protection biological control towards improved tools for vector control