Applied Motor Control And Learning Of Exercise, Sports, And Dance PDF

PED213A APPLIED MOTOR CONTROL AND LEARNING OF EXERCISE, SPORTS, AND DANCE  LEARNING OUTCOMES Discuss the meaning of 01 motor control and learning in the context of their exercise, sports and dance experiences. Differentiate the motor 02 control an...

PED213A APPLIED MOTOR CONTROL AND LEARNING OF EXERCISE, SPORTS, AND DANCE  LEARNING OUTCOMES Discuss the meaning of 01 motor control and learning in the context of their exercise, sports and dance experiences. Differentiate the motor 02 control and learning theories using specific examples MOTOR SKILLS MOTOR SKILLS Motor Skill Performance = Technique + Individual Ability + Activities or tasks that require Current External Environment voluntary head, body, and/or limb EXAMPLES: movement to achieve a goal. Kicking a ball It is a general movement pattern Throwing that is adapted to the constraints Crawling of a particular task or sport. Jumping Running Walking MOTOR CONTROL  LET’S DISCUSS MOTOR CONTROL The study of how the neuromuscular system functions to activate and coordinate the muscles and limbs involved in the performance of a motor skill.  LET’S DISCUSS MOTOR CONTROL Motor control is a complex process involving the coordinated contraction of muscles due to the transmission of impulses sent from the motor cortex to it's motor units. MOTOR LEARNING MOTOR LEARNING EXAMPLE: The study of the acquisition of motor A human's motor learning tasks skills, the performance enhancement may include learning to walk, throw of learned or highly expe?rienced a ball, type on a keyboard, and motor skills, or the reacquisition of drive a car. skills that are difficult to perform or Behavioral and/or neurological cannot be performed because of changes that occur during motor injury, disease, or other motor learning are also significant and impairment important for the coach to observe and learn from. The process is also referred to as building muscle memory. MOTOR CONTROL THEORIES  MOTOR CONTROL Motor control theories THEORIES includes: 1. Reflex Theory Motor control theories are essential for understanding how the nervous 2. Dynamical Systems system coordinates muscle activity Theory to produce movement. These 3. Hierarchical Theories theories provide insights into the 4. Motor Program Theory principles and mechanisms 5. Ecological Theories underlying motor performance, learning, and adaptation. 6. Systems Model REFLEX THEORY Reflex is an action that is performed as a response to a stimulus and without conscious The Reflex Theory was significantly thought. influenced by the work of Charles In summary, the Reflex Theory Sherrington in 1906 which is a provides a fundamental understanding neuroscientist who conducted of how sensory stimuli can elicit extensive research on reflexes. automatic responses, serving as a One of the oldest motor control theories starting point for more complex which states that an individual's reflexes theories of motor control that in response to stimuli determine its incorporate higher cognitive functions movements. and adaptability.  The upstairs brain, also called our cortex, is HIERARCHICAL our thinking and receptive brain. This is THEORIES where logic, reasoning, and self-control The Hierarchical Theory of motor come from. The downstairs brain, also control suggests that the nervous called the amygdala, is our reactive and system is organized in a hierarchical defensive brain. This is where fight, flight, or manner, with higher brain centers freeze responses come from. exerting control over lower centers. This theory proposes that movement is governed by a top-down flow of information, where higher levels of the CNS plan and initiate movement, while lower levels execute these plans. EXAMPLE When a pianist decides to play a specific MOTOR PROGRAM piece of music, the CNS retrieves the THEORY motor program for that piece. This motor program contains the sequence of finger The Motor Program Theory is a key movements required to play each note. concept in the field of motor control, suggesting that movements are pre-planned sequences of actions stored in the brain as motor programs. These programs are retrieved and executed as needed, allowing for efficient and coordinated movement.  EXAMPLE: ECOLOGICAL When a person sees a ball flying towards them, they perceive it as an affordance for THEORIES catching. The perception is influenced by Ecological theories of motor control focus the size, speed, and trajectory of the ball, on the dynamic interactions between the as well as the individual's capability to individual, the task, and the environment. catch it. Coaches can create practice scenarios “A key proponent of ecological that mimic game situations, allowing approaches is James J. Gibson, who athletes to perceive and act on affordances introduced the concept of specific to their sport. This helps in "affordances"—the opportunities for developing context-specific skills and action provided by the environment.” decision-making abilities. The Systems Model of motor control views movement as the result of dynamic SYSTEMS MODEL This approach emphasizes the interplay interactions between multiple systems between the nervous system, within the body, rather than being solely musculoskeletal system, sensory systems, controlled by hierarchical or and the environment, suggesting that pre-programmed processes. movement emerges from these complex EXAMPLE: interactions. Key proponents of the Systems REACHING FOR A CUP Model include Nikolai Bernstein and J.A. To reach for a cup, the CNS must coordinate Scott Kelso. the movement of the shoulder, elbow, wrist, and fingers. This involves managing the many degrees of freedom of these joints to produce a smooth reaching motion. MOTOR LEARNING THEORIES  Stimulus ADAMS CLOSED LOOP THEORY Adams' Closed Loop Theory is a Perceptual Mechanism psychological model proposed by Jack A. Adams in 1971 to explain motor learning and the control of movement. The theory Memory Trace emphasizes the importance of feedback in the learning and execution of motor skills. continuous The cycle of feedback, Perceptual Trace comparison, error detection, and correction helps them refine their motor skills and achieve a higher level of performance. Motor action  A schema is a rule or set of rules that provides a SCHMIDT’S basis for making movement decisions. It is developed from past experiences of performing SCHEMA THEORY similar tasks. Schmidt's Schema Theory, proposed by Richard A. Schmidt in 1975, provides a This explains how individuals learn and comprehensive framework for generalize motor skills to perform them understanding how people acquire and effectively in different contexts. apply motor skills. It addresses how movements are learned, stored, and adapted to different situations by emphasizing the importance of generalized rules or "schemas."  MOTOR CONTROL AND LEARNING THEORIES Motor Control Theories 1. Reflex Theory 2. Dynamical Systems Theory 3. Hierarchical Theories 4. Motor Program Theory 5. Ecological Theories 6. Systems Model Motor Learning Theories 7. Adams Closed Loop Theory 8. Schmidt’s Schema Theory  THE BODY SYSTEMS THANK YOU FOR LISTENING!