Aspects of Connected Speech PDF
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This document provides a detailed overview of aspects of connected speech, including assimilation, elision, assibilation, affrication, and linking. It also covers basic phonological concepts, such as distinctive features and allophones.
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# Aspects of connected speech - Segments (C, V), when getting close in speech, may influence each other to make articulation as little demanding as possible ## Assimilation - Process when two dissimilar sounds become more similar when close to each other. - It's mutual influence of neighbouring sou...
# Aspects of connected speech - Segments (C, V), when getting close in speech, may influence each other to make articulation as little demanding as possible ## Assimilation - Process when two dissimilar sounds become more similar when close to each other. - It's mutual influence of neighbouring sounds. - Depending on the direction of this influence we have 2 types: 1. **Regressive Assimilation** - a sound that follows changes a sound that is before it - S₁₂ (from right to left) 2. **Progressive Assimilation** - a preceding sound has an influence on the sound that comes after it. - S₂₁ (from left to right) - **Assimilated sound** - the one that becomes similar or identical is usually consonant. - **Assimilating sound** - the one that triggers assimilation can be vowel or consonant. ### 1. Assimilation of voice (voicing as.) - Changes voicing of consonant; voiced cons. voiceless & vice versa. - Can be regressive & progressive. #### Progressive - affects the ending -(e)s - Pronounced [s] if C that precedes it is voiceless - e.g. cats [kæts] - Pronounced [z] if preceeding C is voiced - e.g. dogs [dɒgz] - The ending (eld) - Pronounced [t] if preceeding C is voiceless - e.g. watched [wɒtʃt] - Pronounced [d] if preceding C is voiced - e.g. played [pleɪd] #### Regressive - occurs on the word boundaries - Affects C [v], [ð], [ʒ] which when followed by voiceless sound change: [v]¦[s]¦[ʒ] ### 2. Assimilation in the place of articulation - e.g. meat pie -(mit paɪ]→[miːp paɪ] - Only noticeable in regressive as. of alveolar C (t,d,s,z,l,n) ### 3. Assimilation in the manner of articulation - Found in most rapid casual speech. ## Elision - Disappearance of the sound. - There can be consonant & vowel elision. - Name for a certain sound realised as zero in casual, rapid speech. ## Assibilation - Sound change resulting in a sibilant C (sykavka) ## Affrication - Changing of a stop to affricate ## Linking - Merging words together. - **Linking r** - used to link words e.g. here hid - here are hear a - **Intrusive r** - link words ending w/ V formula A - four eggs for egz. - **The glottal stop** .e.g. react vɪ sækt - **Synersis** - simplification of disyllabic unit into diphthong - fo:mjalar ei # Phonology - Key terms - **Phonology** - linguistic discipline that concentrates on the sound level of a language. - **Phonetics** - concentrates on the sound level of speech which studies: - **Production (articulatory ph.)** - **Perception (auditory ph.)** - **Transmission (acoustic ph.)** - **Phone** - central unit of phonetic description - Articulatory-acoustic unit of the sound level of speech. - **Phoneme** - central unit of phonology. - Abstract system of the sound level of language - Has form but not meaning - not a linguistic sign. - Has meaning differentiation function - can change meaning of words **All phonemes are phones in speech but not all phones are phonemes.** - **Allophone** - particular realisation of phoneme in speech. - Allophones whose realisation depends on the sound environment are **bound allo.** or **combinatory variants** (e.g. clear [l] & dark [ɫ]). - These sounds are mutually exclusive - they cannot occur in the same sound environment. - **Complementary distribution** - 1 sound happens - other cannot manifest itself. - **Parallel distribution** - alloph. that can occur at the same environment. - **Free allophones** - can occur at the same envivo. but are non-distinctive e.g. [v] context independent - Alloph. of the same phoneme are not distinctive bc Ahey're phonetically similar and difference is so small to change meaning. - **Commutation test** - inventory of all phonemes of a given language. - **Minimal pair** - pair of words that differ by only one sound e.g. ten [ten] - pen [pen] - [pʰen] - [pen] - Identical meaning; two sound realisations - /t/ & /p/ - separate phonemes - **Aspirated [pʰ]** - not phoneme (only alloph.) - of phoneme /p/ ## Distinctive Features - Articulatory & acoustic properties necessary for the delimitation of the given phoneme - e.g. phonetic charact. of phoneme /b/ - bilabial, plosive, stop, oral, voiced - if one property changed - not phoneme /b/ - Aspiration - non functional difference - no in fluence on meaning. # Phonemes & Allophones in English ## 1. Vowel Phonemes & Allophones - 12 vocalic phonemes: - **Short:** /ɪ,e,æ,ʌ,ɒ,ə,ʊ/ - **Long:** /i:,ɜ:,ɑ:,ɔ:,u:/ - **Closing:** /eɪ, aɪ, ɔɪ, əʊ, aʊ/ - **Monophanemic** - also diphthongs - **Centring:** /ɪə, eə, ʊə/ - **Aɪ/taɪz/ - A/tɪ /** - **Soap /seʊp/ - Soup /suːp/** - **Glared /gleɪd - Glad /glæd/** - **Fire /faɪə/ - Far /fɑː/** - **Hear /hɪə/ - Her /hɜː/** - **Hour /aʊə/ - Too /tuː/** - **Payer /peɪə/ - Pay /peɪ/** - **Vocalic sound [i] and [u] are not separate phonemes only phones** - **Phone [i] has quality of phoneme /i:/ - front close unrounded V but short in length** **Manifested in:** - **Word-final position** as the sound realisation of the graphemes -y;-ey - happy [ˈhæpi]; valley [ˈvæli] - **Prefixes re-, pre-, de-** -react [riˈækt] - **Suffixes -iate, -ious** when disyllabic – hillarious [hɪˈleəriəs] - **Gram. words** -he, she, we, me, be when unstressed he [hi] - **Definite article the** when proceeding V-the apple [ði ˈæpl] - **Phone [ʊ]** - short back high rounded V that occurs in unstressed you, to, do, into, Ahroub, who you [ju] ## 2. Consonant Phonemes and Allophones - /p,b,m,w,f,v,θ,ð,t,d,n,l,s,z,ʃ,ʒ,tʃ,dʒ,r,j,k,g,ŋ/ - Oval plosives p it,k are aspirated at the beginning of stressed syllables. - The aspirated [pʰ], [tʰ], [kʰ] are not distinctive and represent **combinatory variants (bound allophones)** of phonemes /p/, /t/, /k/. - **Lateral phoneme /l/ manifests itself as:** - **Clear [l]** - before vowel - lip [lip] - **Dark [ɫ]** - occurring after V and before & after C - pill [pɪl] - **Devoiced [l̥]** - pronounced after plosives p ɪk in stressed syllable - play [pleɪ] - **combinatory variants of phoneme /l/** # Distinctive Features - It's a phonetic (articulatory) property that distinguishes one phoneme from another. - Phoneme is seen as a bundle of simultaneous dist. feat. - Dist. feat. Aheavies are usually based on **binary principle** - e.g. feature voice voiced-voice+ - voiceless-voice- - **Set of phonolog. features:** 1. **Contrastive** - full filled when each phoneme differs from any other by at least 1 feat. 2. **Descriptive** - when they fully reflect phonetic nature of phonemes 3. **Classificatory** - when it describes the whole sound system fully & economically. - **Vowels & consonants** different in articulatory & acoustic properties. In phonology: - Segment creating centre of syllable - C - sound w/ a non-syllabic function - V - function of language - **Sound treatet as V in phonetics can function as a C in phonology and vice versa** - e.g. Sound [l] - phonetically C, but if centre of syllable (syll. c) behaves as V - [j], [w] - semi-vowels in phonetic - C in phonology - never create nucleus. - **Jakobson & Halle** suggested 2 dist. feat. 1. **Fundamental source feat:** - **vocalic** - sound is produced w/o barrier in vocal cavity - **non-vocalic** - **consonantal** - presence of zeros in their spectrum of sounds and artic. properties - **non-consonantal** - Based on this phonemes are deliminated : - **vocalic** **consonantal** - **vowels** **+** - **sonovants** **+** - **obstruents** **+** - **glides** **+** - **For phonemes in syllables:** - **Syllabicity** - **Sonorants** - **vowels** + / - - **glides** + 2. **Secondary consonantal source feat.** - **interrupted - continuant** - interrupted cons. phonemes have an abrupt onset, contrary to constrictives, whose onset is gradual. - **checked - unchecked** - checked are charact. by sharper termination - **strident - mellow** - strident - irregular waveforms - mellow – vert-/horiz. organised black arra - **voiced - voiceless** ### 3. Resonance feat. - **compact - diffuse** -compact - 1 centrally located formand region - diffuse - no cenral - **grave - acute** - grave - lower side of spectrum prevails - acute - upper side ## Distinctive Features of ENG. Phonemes - 5 so-called major class feautures are applied to all phonemes to divide sounds into major categ. 1. **syllabic**- sound creates nucleus 2. **consonantal**- sound produced w/ obstacle 3. **Sonorant** - sound characterised by voicing 4. **Continuant** - air's free movement through oral cavity 5. **delayed-release**- sound w/ longer aspiration phase |---|---|---|---|---| | **syll** | **cons.** | **cont** | **son.** | **del.rel** | | | | | | | | **Vowels** | | | | | | Oval shops | + | + | + | 0 | | Nasal stops | + | + | + | 0 | | Fricatives | - | + | + | 0 | | Affricates | - | + | + | 0 | | Liquids | + | + | + | 0 | | Semi-vowels | + | + | + | 0 | ## Vowel Features - **[high]**- sound produced by raising the body of tongue against the palate - **[low]**- lowering in the oral cavity - **[central]** - with central part of tongue - **[back]**- back part of tongue - **[round]**-rounded lips - **[tense]**- all are terse |---|---|---| | **[syll]** | **[cons]** | **[son]** | | | | | | **[cont]** | **[high]** | **[low]** | | | | | | **[central]** | **[back]** | **[round]** | | | | | | **[tense]** | | | ## Consonantal Features - **[coronal]**- sound produced w/ tongue's tip raised toward teeth or palautem - **[anterior]** - a C is [anterior] when it's produced in front of the palaute-alveolar reg. - **[strident]**-chavaat. by great noice - **[voice]**-voiced - particip. of voc. cords - **[terse]**-all voiceless obstwents are fortis [terse] - **[nasal]**-produced w/ lowered velum - **[lateral]**-when tip of tongue forms closure but air escapes thw both sides. |---|---|---|---|---| | **[syll]** | **[cons]** | **[son]** | **[cont]** | **[high]** | |---|---|---|---|---| | **[low]** | **[back]** | **[round]** | **[tense]** | **[nasal]** | - **[lateral]** # The Syllable - Basic sound -rythmical unit of a language. - Centre of syllable is most sonorous sound. - **Sonority**-relative loudness of a sound made by function of vocal cords & opening of supraglottic cavities - V-highest degree of sonority, form centre of syllable - Liquids 1,rld nasals /min/ - also form syllabic centre - **Syllabic consonant**- segments classified as C in phonetics, but function as V-can make nucleus - **Phonotactics**-discipline dealing w/ combinations of sounds/phonemes - **Morpheme** - borderline between syllables in case of cons. cluster - **Morphophondogy**-discipline focusing on interaction between phonology & morphology ## Syllable in Lexical Phonology - SSA-set of rules of syllabic stucture - onset wk - coda nle - complex coda nle - - N-placement -centre of syllable is nucleus w/ most sonorous segment - CV ruk - **Tree Diagram** - diving /daivɪŋ/ - 1st. Syll. - onset - rhyme - d V - nucleus coda - ɑɪ ŋ - 2. syll. - onset - hyme - V - nucleus coda - ɪ ŋ - cramped kræmpt - initial post-init. - onset - - k r æ - pre- final - nucleus - m p t - text tekst - pre- final - t e k s - onset nucleus coda - t - e - post- final final - t - e k s t # Strong syllable - Stressed - Will have vowel phoneme or Ariphthong as nuclews BUT NOT /æ,ɪ,ʊ/ - If short vowel = syllable 'll have coda # Weak syllable - Ending w/ vowel a - close front unrounded V - i - close back rounded V - u - In ward-final position w/ coda it V is a open - arpan - better - beta - happy - hæpi - Thank you - θæŋk ju # Prosodic features - (Suprasegmental) Sound phenomena resulting from different modulations of the articulatory air stream in speech. - Brings 'additional info. to speech - how we say smth ## 1. Temporal Modulation- lenght and the ending of the articulatory air stream that gives rise to the: - **Lenght (quantity)** - duration of words - physiological - **Pause** - Stop of the utterance - functional - **Speed of tempo** - speed of the utterance; stylistic function - the utterance) - **Rythm**- regular repetition of stressed syllable ## 2. Force Modulation- 'power' of human voice, resulting in: - **Voice intensity**- stylistic element - **Word stress** ## 3. Tone Modulation- variations in pitch, echoing itself in: - **Voice register** - **Melody** - Aone of utterance ## 4. Qualitative Modulation -percieved as voice colour (timbre) - **Smallest unit necessary for the production & perception of pros. feat. is syllable consisting of segments (VIC)** - **Suprasegments-realised on segments** ### Intonation: - a) covering all terms for prosodic features - b) prosodic feat. w/ grammatical function (pause, word stress, Aonel - c) melody (tone) of sentence ### Language-specific PF - Ahose w/ stylistic function -realisation of suprasegment is linked w/ semantic content of the utterance as w/ pause, tempo - expressive function-connected w/emphasis emotional realisation of stress ### Other. Functions: - a) phonological-distinctive -ability of Pf to change meaning of ward forms - b) -------- deliminative -ability of PF to delimit meaning ful part of utterance - c) grammatical-indicate different type of utterance ## Prosodic Structure - Shaped predominantly by word stress, in SA of BE also by duration of V-their lenght & vocalic quantity ## Word Stress - Production-muscullar effort - Perception-stressed syll. are more prominent - Placement is free in ENG, position depends on **morphological category** (simple I complex words) - record ['reko:d] -noun - abstract ['aæbstrækt] -noun X - record [ri 'ko: dj-verb - abstract [æb' strækt] -verb - number of syllable s [strong syll. - Stressed or unstressed] - **primary stress** - strongest 1. affix recieves prim.st. - **secondary** - 11- - **level** 11- - **unstressed** - refjudz refju:dzi: