Medical Terminology 2021 PDF

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See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358723336 Medical Terminology Article · February 2022 CITATIONS READS 0 294,240 1 author: Osama Nijris University of Samarra 79 PUBLICATIONS 10 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE All content following this page was uploaded by Osama Nijris on 19 February 2022. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.  Professor Doctor Osama Nadhom Nijris Uni. of Samarra, College of Applied Science Medical Terminology 2021 Medical Terminology Introduction For a layperson, learning medical language may seem difficult, but it becomes easier as one gets to know the origin and meaning of medical terms. For healthcare professionals, it’s already second nature. The majority of the medical terms are borrowed from Latin and Greek, but it’s unnecessary for you to learn these languages to become experts in the use of and understanding of medical terms. All you need to do is to study and learn word parts. Definition Is a science that deals with the proper use of medical terms. It is accurately describing the human body and associated components and processes, conditions and procedures in a science-based manner. Simplified Medical Language The building block for most medical terms is the word root, or the primary body of a word. At times, a medical term can be made up of compound words. A compound word may consist of two-word roots, such as in the case of collarbone (collar + bone). To facilitate the pronunciation of words, a combining vowel is placed in between word roots. A significant number of medical terms use the vowel “o”. However, it’s good to note that “o” isn’t the only vowel. The following table demonstrates examples of roots and combining forms. Word Root Combining Combining Meaning Use in a Word Vowel Form acr + o acr/o extremity acrocyanosis psych + o psych/o mind psychology chol + e chol/e bile cholesterase It is critical that you have a strong working knowledge of medical terminology. The language of medicine is primarily derived from Greek and Latin. Medical terminology is used in international language, and it is also necessary for 1  Professor Doctor Osama Nadhom Nijris Uni. of Samarra, College of Applied Science Medical Terminology 2021 communicating with other medical personnel. The wider your vocabulary base, the more competent you seem to the rest of the medical community and the better the patient care you will be able to provide. Understanding terminology involves breaking words down into their separate components of prefix, suffix, and root word and having a good working knowledge of those parts. Medical Terminology for Health Careers provides the strong medical language foundation that students need for jobs in the healthcare industry. Provides an overview of health care and anatomy and physiology of body system. Emphasizes visual, auditory, and kinesthetic learning modes. Teaches word analysis techniques, core medical terms, and the essential vocabulary of each body system. Offers stimulating, comprehensive exercises that require the recall of terms and word structures as well as analysis and judgment within the context of medical records. Presents anatomy, physiology, pathology, and diagnostic terms within a framework of infant-to-seniors health care. Medical term formation and Construction A. Formation: medical terms and words are usually composed of two or more components: 1. The root 2. The prefix 3. The suffix - The Root The main part or stem of a word is called a root word. A root word conveys the essential meaning of the word and frequently indicates a body part. With a combining form, the root word and a combining vowel such as i, e, o, or a may be combined with another root word, a prefix, or a suffix to describe a particular structure or condition.. The word root is a term derived from a source language such as Greek or Latin and usually describes a body part. Example: Cysto: (Bladder). A frequently used term in EMS is CPR, which stands for cardiopulmonary resuscitation. When we break it down, cardio is a root word 2  Professor Doctor Osama Nadhom Nijris Uni. of Samarra, College of Applied Science Medical Terminology 2021 meaning “heart,” and pulmonary is a root word meaning “lungs.” By performing CPR, we introduce air into the lungs and circulate blood by compressing the heart to resuscitate the patient. Some root words may also be used as prefixes or suffixes; those already appear in the earlier tables. table 3 lists common root words. - The Prefix The prefix can be added in front of the term to modify the word root by giving additional information about the location of an organ, the number of parts, or time involved. as well as in medical and scientific terminology. When a medical word (ventilation) contains a prefix (hyper), the meaning of the word is altered (hyperventilation). Not all medical terms have prefixes. By learning to recognize a few of the more commonly used medical prefixes, you can figure out the meanings of terms that may not be immediately familiar to you. table 1 lists common prefixes. - The suffix Suffixes are attached to the end of a word root to add meaning or to change the original meaning, such as condition, disease process, or procedure. A commonly used suffix is -itis, which means “inflammation.” When this suffix is paired with the prefix arthro-, meaning joint, the resulting word is arthritis, an inflammation of the joints. Sometimes it is necessary to change the last letter or letters of the root word or prefix when a suffix is added to make pronunciation easier. table 2 lists common suffixes. B. Construction: The way in which medical terms are constructed can be illustrated by the following examples: 1. Prefix, Root and suffix (Pericarditis) 2. Tow roots and a suffix (Osteo-myelitis) 3. Prefix and root (Dyspnea) 4. Root and suffix (Cystitis) 5. Prefix and suffix (Epistaxis) 3  Professor Doctor Osama Nadhom Nijris Uni. of Samarra, College of Applied Science Medical Terminology 2021 Table 1 Common Prefixes a- without, away from an- without ante- before, in front of anti- against auto- self brady- slow contra- against de- without dys- painful, difficult, abnormal endo- within, inner epi- upon, over eso- inward eu- normal, good ex- external, outward exo- outward extra- outside of hetero- different homo- same hydro- water hyper- over, above hypo- under, below in- not, inward inter- among, between intra- within, inside macro- large micro- small myo- to shut neo- new pan- all para- beside, near, abnormal per- through peri- around post- after pre- before, in front of pro- before pseudo- false 4  Professor Doctor Osama Nadhom Nijris Uni. of Samarra, College of Applied Science Medical Terminology 2021 retro- backward, behind sub- below, under supra- above tachy- fast trans- through, across ultra- beyond, excess un- not Table 2 Number Prefixes bi- two hemi- half mono- one multi- many nulli- none poly- many primi- first quadri- four semi- partial, half tetra- four tri- three Table 3 Common Suffixes algia pain -cele hernia, protrusion -cyte cell -dynia pain -ectasis dilatation -gen that which produces -genesis produces, generates -genic producing, produced by -ia state, condition -iasis abnormal condition -iatry medical treatment -ism state of -itis inflammation -logist one who studies 5  Professor Doctor Osama Nadhom Nijris Uni. of Samarra, College of Applied Science Medical Terminology 2021 -logy study of -lysis destruction -lytic destruction -malacia abnormal softening -megaly enlargement, large -oid resembling -oma tumor, mass -osis abnormal condition -pathy disease -phobia fear -plasia development, growth -plasm formation, development -ptosis drooping -rrhage excessive, abnormal flow -rrhagia abnormal flow condition -rrhea discharge, flow -rrhexis rupture -sclerosis hardening -stenosis narrowing -therapy treatment -trophy nourishment, development -ule small Table 4 Adjective Suffixes ac -eal -nic -al -iac -ory -an -ic -ose -ar -ile -ous -ary -ine -tic -atic -ior 6  Professor Doctor Osama Nadhom Nijris Uni. of Samarra, College of Applied Science Medical Terminology 2021 Table 5 Surgical Suffixes -centesis puncture to withdraw fluid -ectomy surgical removal -ostomy surgically create an opening -otomy cutting into -pexy surgical fixation -plasty surgical repair -rrhaphy suture Table 6 Procedural Suffixes -gram record or picture -graph instrument for recording -graphy process of recording -meter instrument for measuring -metry process of measuring -scope instrument for viewing -scopy process of visually examining Medical Symbols Some examples: > greater than ‘ foot, minute < less than “ inch, second ↑ higher, elevate, up ° degree ↓ lower, down F female # pound or number M male Word Building  Putting together several parts to form a variety of terms to convey the necessary information  Begins with knowing the meaning of the various word parts in order to select the correct ones  Always remember the rules regarding the location of each word part 7  Professor Doctor Osama Nadhom Nijris Uni. of Samarra, College of Applied Science Medical Terminology 2021  For example: o hypo- = below or under o derm/o = meaning the skin o -ic = meaning pertaining to  Combine to form the term: o Hypodermic o Meaning: pertaining to under the skin Interpreting Medical Terms Term to be translated  gastroenterology Divide the term into its word parts  gastr / o / enter / o / logy Define each word part  gastr = stomach  o = combining vowel, no meaning  enter = small intestine  o = combining vowel, no meaning  -logy = study of Combine the meanings of the word parts  study of the stomach and small intestine Pronunciation Will differ according to place of birth and education When in doubt, ask for spelling New terms in the book are introduced in boldface type, with phonetic spelling in parentheses 8  Professor Doctor Osama Nadhom Nijris Uni. of Samarra, College of Applied Science Medical Terminology 2021 Stressed syllable will be in capital letters: pericarditis (per ih car DYE tis) some Hints: – ch sounds like k. Chyme, Cholecystectomy, Chronic – ps sounds like s. Psychiatric, Psychology, Psoriasis – pn sounds like n. Pneumonia, Pneumatic – c sounds like a soft s when it comes before e, i, and y. Cycle, Cytoplasm, Centrifuge – g sounds like j when it comes before e, i, and y. Giant, Gestation, Generic, Gyration – i sounds like “eye” when added to the end of a word to form a plural. Glomeruli, Villi, Alveoli, Bacilli Spelling Only one correct way to spell a term Changing one letter can change the meaning of a word  abduction (moving away) versus adduction (moving towards)  ileum (small intestine) versus ilium (hip bone) Same Sounds Spelled Differently Sounds like si  psy psychiatry  cy cytology 9  Professor Doctor Osama Nadhom Nijris Uni. of Samarra, College of Applied Science Medical Terminology 2021 Sounds like dis  dys dyspepsia  dis dislocation Singular and Plural Endings Many medical terms come from Greek or Latin words Rules for forming plurals for these languages are different from English  Plural of atrium is atria, not atriums Other words will use English rules  Plural of ventricle is ventricles Word Ends In Singular Plural -a vertebra vertebrae -ax thorax thoraces -ex or -ix appendix appendices -is metastasis metastases -ma sarcoma sarcomata -nx phalanx phalanges -on ganglion ganglia -um ovum ova -us nucleus nuclei -y biopsy biopsies 10  Professor Doctor Osama Nadhom Nijris Uni. of Samarra, College of Applied Science Medical Terminology 2021 Table 7 Common Root aer/o air Aerobic microorganisms are those that need oxygen in order to survive. algesi/o sensitivity to pain analgesic blast/o embryonic form Erythroblasts are immature red blood cells. cancer/o, cancer malignant Carcinogenic means any carcin/o substance or agent that can cause cancer. cephal/o head Cephalohematoma is the collection of blood under the skull. cry/o cold Cryosurgery utilizes extreme cold temperature to destroy or remove diseased tissue. electr/o electricity Electrocardiography is a test that detects problems with the electrical activity of the heart. fibr/o fiber Fibrous pertains to anything that contains, resembles, or consists of fiber. hist/o tissue Histology is the study of the microanatomy of cells and tissues of plants and animals. myc/o fungus The branch of botany that focuses on the study of fungi is mycology. narc/o stupor Narcotics may cause stupor or insensibility. necr/o dead Necropsy or autopsy is the examination of a person who has died. Onco- mass / tumour oncology = the study of cancer optic/o, opt/o vision The optic nerve carries electrical impulses from the eye to the brain. phag/o eat, ingest eating phagocytosis pharmac/o, drugs or medicine pharmacokinetics pharmaceuti/i phon/o voice Bronchophony refers to the normal voice sounds heard over the bronchus. phot/o light Phototherapy or light therapy pertains to treatment using a special kind of light. py/o pus Pyogenesis refers to pus formation. 11  Professor Doctor Osama Nadhom Nijris Uni. of Samarra, College of Applied Science Medical Terminology 2021 scop/o to examine, to view microscope bronchoscopy instrument used for viewing therm/o heat heat Thermometer is an instrument used to measure temperature. top/o position, place A topical medication is applied to the skin. trache/o trachea A tracheostomy is a surgical procedure that tox/o poison toxicology troph/o nutrition hypertrophy Table 8 Color in terminology: Alb- White albino (person who has a marked deficiency of pigment in the eyes, hair, and skin; has abnormally white skin) Albino/o White albinism (condition of abnormally white skin; characterized by absence of pigment in the skin, hair, and eyes) Chlor/o Green chlorophyll (green pigment in plants that accomplishes photosynthesis) Cirrh/o Yellow, cirrhosis (chronic degenerative disease of the liver tawny with resultant yellowness of the liver and of the skin) Cyan/o Blue cyanoderma (slightly bluish, grayish, slatelike, or dark discoloration of the skin) Eosin/o Red, rosy eosinophil (bilobed leukocyte that stains a red, rosy color with an acid dye) Erythr/o Red erythrocyte (mature red blood cell) Glauc/o Gray, glaucoma (disorder of the eye due to an increase in silver intraocular pressure; creates a dull gray gleam of the affected eye) Jaund/o Yellow jaundice (yellow discoloration of the skin) Lute/o Yellow corpus luteum (a yellow glandular mass on the surface of the ovary that forms after the ovarian follicle ruptures and releases a mature ovum) Leuk/o White leukoplakia (white, hard, thickened patches firmly attached to the mucous membrane in areas such as 12  Professor Doctor Osama Nadhom Nijris Uni. of Samarra, College of Applied Science Medical Terminology 2021 the mouth, vulva, or penis) Melan/o Black melanoma (darkly pigmented cancerous tumor) Poli/o Gray poliomyelitis (inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord) Purpur/o Purple purpura (collection of blood beneath the skin in the form of pinpoint hemorrhages appearing as red/purple skin discolorations) Rube- Red rubella (contagious viral disease characterized by fever, coldlike symptoms, and a diffuse, fine, red rash)color medical terms Xanth/o Yellow xanthoderma (yellow coloration of the skin) Table 9 Body parts in terminology Stomato = mouth stomatitis Dento = teeth dentist Glosso/linguo = tongue glossitis, lingual nerve Gingivo = gums gingivitis Encephalo = brain encephalitis Gastro = stomach gastritis Entero = intestine gastroenteritis Colo = large intestine colitis, megacolon Procto = anus/rectum proctitis, proctologist Hepato = liver hepatitis, hepatomegaly Nephro/rene = kidney nephrosis, renal artery Orchido = testis orchiditis, orchidectomy Oophoro = ovary oophorectomy hysterectomy, Hystero/metro =uterus endometritis Salpingo = uterine tubes hysterosalpingogram Dermo = skin dermatitis mammography, Masto/mammo = breast mastectomy Osteo = bones osteoporosis Cardio = heart electrocardiogram (ECG) 13  Professor Doctor Osama Nadhom Nijris Uni. of Samarra, College of Applied Science Medical Terminology 2021 Cysto = bladder cystitis Rhino = nose rhinitis (runny nose!) Phlebo/veno = veins phlebitis, phlebotomy Pneumo/pulmo = lung pneumonitis, pulmonologist Hemo/emia = blood hematologist, anemia Cyto- cell cytotoxic Nephro- kidney nephrotoxic Neuro- nerves neurob1ast Osteo- bone/bony tissue osteosarcoma Sarco- tissue sarcoma Abbreviations An abbreviation is a shortened form of a word or phrase. Abbreviations can be in the form of:  Letters: The abbreviation for chest x-ray is CXR.  Shortened words: The abbreviation “tab” is short for “tablet.”  Acronyms: The acronym CPR stands for cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Note: Abbreviations and symbols should be used cautiously, especially when medications are involved. The Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP) and The Joint Commission (TJC) provide a list of unsafe abbreviations and symbols. Abbreviations take the place of words to shorten notes or documentation. When you are using abbreviations in patient care reports, remember to use only standard, accepted abbreviations to avoid confusion and errors. table 4 lists commonly used abbreviations. This list is intended to help you decipher documents written by other health care professionals. Before using any abbreviations in your own reports, you should be familiar with accepted use of abbreviations in your local jurisdiction or service area. 14  Professor Doctor Osama Nadhom Nijris Uni. of Samarra, College of Applied Science Medical Terminology 2021 Table 10 Common Abbreviations Abbreviation Meaning Abbreviation Meaning AIDS acquired CAD coronary artery immunodeficiency disease syndrome ant anterior CBC complete blood count Aq water cc cubic centimeter ARDS adult respiratory distress CC or C/C chief complaint syndrome ASAP as soon as possible CCU coronary care unit bid twice daily CHF congestive heart failure BP blood pressure Cl— chloride BS blood sugar, breath cm centimeter sounds, bowel sounds, bachelor of science (degree) BSA body surface area cm3 cubic centimeter bx biopsy CNS central nervous system °C degrees Celsius c/o complaining of (centigrade) Ca calcium CO cardiac output, carbon monoxide CA cancer, cardiac arrest, CO2 carbon dioxide chronologic age, coronary artery, cold agglutinin COLD chronic obstructive ECG electrocardiogram lung disease COPD chronic obstructive eg for example, pulmonary disease CP chest pain, chemically ENT ears, nose, and throat pure, cerebral palsy CPR cardiopulmonary ETOH ethyl alcohol resuscitation CSF cerebrospinal fluid FBS fasting blood sugar CVP central venous pressure Fe iron 15  Professor Doctor Osama Nadhom Nijris Uni. of Samarra, College of Applied Science Medical Terminology 2021 CXR chest x-ray FHx family history DM diabetes mellitus fl, fld fluid DOA dead-on arrival g gram DON director of nursing GB gallbladder DOS dead on scene GI gastrointestinal DPT diphtheria, pertussis, gr grain and tetanus toxoids vaccine Dx diagnosis gm gram gtt drop(s) IM intramuscular GTT glucose tolerance test IV intravenous h hour L liter H/A headache lb pound Hb hemoglobin L/M liters per minute Hct hematocrit mcg microgram HIV Human immunodeficiency mg milligram is a former virus symbol hr hour min minute HTN hypertension mL milliliter Hx history mm millimeter ICU intensive care unit MVA motor vehicle accident IDDM insulin-dependent N normal diabetes mellitus NAD no apparent distress, no PID pelvic inflammatory appreciable disease disease NC nasal cannula pt patient NICU neonatal intensive care PT physical therapy unit NKA no known allergies PVC premature ventricular complex, polyvinyl chloride NS normal saline PVD peripheral vascular disease N/V nausea and vomiting q every N/V/D nausea, vomiting, and qd every day diarrhea NVD neck vein distention qh every hour OB obstetrics qid four times a day 16  Professor Doctor Osama Nadhom Nijris Uni. of Samarra, College of Applied Science Medical Terminology 2021 OD overdose, right eye, RBC red blood cell optical density, outside diameter, doctor of optometry OP outpatient Rh Rhesus blood factor OR operating room Rx prescription pH hydrogen ion SC subcutaneous, concentration secretory component ss half vol volume S/S signs and symptoms w/ with stat immediately WBC white blood cell STD sexually transmitted WNL within normal limits disease Sx symptoms w/o without sym symptoms wt weight tab tablet yo year old TB tuberculosis tid three times a day TPR temperature, pulse, respiration Tx treatment URI upper respiratory infection UTI urinary tract infection 17 View publication stats