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## 4.1 What is a pluriform society? | | | | -------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------...

## 4.1 What is a pluriform society? | | | | -------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | | Pluriform society | A society where many differences exist between people in lifestyle goods and other cultural characteristics. | | Culture | All values norms habits and other acquired cultural characteristics that people share. | | Cultural characteristic | A characteristic or behavior that comes from the culture of people such as values norms and habits. | | Socialization function of culture | The process by which the culture of the group to which someone belongs is part of their personality. | | Social reference framework | Everything that people possess in terms of knowledge experiences norms and habits. | | Behavioral regulation | Steering behavior in people so that it proceeds in an orderly and predictable manner. | | Dominant culture | All values norms and habits and other cultural characteristics shared by the majority of the population. | | Subculture | A culture in which some values norms habits and other cultural characteristics deviate from the dominant culture. | | Cultural diversity | The coexistence of many different subcultures and lifestyles. | | Gender | Cultural differences between men and women. | | Role patterns | General expectations and perceptions of how one should behave. | | Ethnic subculture | Culture of a group of people who feel connected to each other through their homeland and the associated values norms and habits. | | Counterculture | Culture of groups that resist (parts of) dominant culture and want to change it. | | Social cohesion | The extent to which people feel connected to each other. | ## 4.2 Culture and identity | | | | -------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | Socialization | The process by which people consciously and unconsciously learn values norms and other cultural characteristics from the group or groups they belong to. | | Socializing institutions | Groups and organizations that pass along specific values norms and behaviors. | | Social control | The way people are encouraged to adhere to the prevailing standards. | | Sanction | Measure to encourage or discourage behavior. | | Internalization | The process by which people learn values norms and habits and automatically start behaving as their environment expects of them. | | Personal identity | The image that someone has of themselves. | | Social identity | The part of the self-image that is derived from the groups and cultures with which someone feels connected. | | Cultural relativism | View in which cultures are equated and in which the behavior of a culture is only judged according to the standards of that culture. | | Cultural universalism| View that is based on universal values that apply to everyone in the world and the behavior of members of a cultural group is measured accordingly. | | Ethnocentrism | Way of looking in which the own group is seen as the center of everything and all others are measured accordingly. | ## 4.3 We and they | | | | ----------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | We-they thinking | Pattern where one group opposes the other and sees itself as 'better.' | | Categorize | Divide the world into groups and automatically assign situations a place. | | Stereotype | An exaggerated established image of a group of people that attributes all the same characteristics or characteristics to all of them. | | Prejudice | A judgment about someone or a group of people that is not based on facts. | | Discrimination | The unequal treatment of individuals or groups for characteristics that are not relevant in the given situation. | | Racism | The act of making disparaging statements or discrimination of people based on skin color or origin. | | Institutional racism| Unequal treatment based on skin color and origin that is enshrined in rules traditions and habits. | | Xenophobia | Fear and rejection of the stranger. | | Polarization | Process by which the contrasts between groups become stronger which causes them to come to face each other more and more | | Inclusive society | A society in which everyone regardless of origin belief gender disability etc. may and can participate. |