RPH REVIEWER History PDF

RPH REVIEWER asawaniwonu /ᐠ-ꞈ-ᐟ\ HISTORY - Incorporates geography, literature, aesthetics, sociology, economics, and - the study a...

RPH REVIEWER asawaniwonu /ᐠ-ꞈ-ᐟ\ HISTORY - Incorporates geography, literature, aesthetics, sociology, economics, and - the study and interpretation by a political science. historian on the data of the past Inclusive human activity, societies and - Ensures that the experiences of all civilizations leading to the present classes, region, and ethno-racial day. groups, as well as both genders, are Etymology included. Incorporate Historiography HISTORIA - Includes many different - inquiry interpretations of historical events - denotes asking question or written by many different historians. investigation of the past done by Relevant person trained - It uses past experiences to explain - Thus, we can say that historical what is important in our lives today. account must be based on all available relevant evidence. Purpose Subject Matter - Crucially important for the welfare of individuals, communities, and the - Like other social science, the subject future of our nation matter of history is the life of people To ourselves and humanity - Identity Nature Enables people to discover their own place in the stories Interpretive of their families, - to debate about multiple communities and nation. perspectives, offer their opinions and - Critical Skills educated interpretations, and teaches important skills such as challenge existing beliefs. researching and evaluating Revisionist in Scope To our communities - On-going conversation and constant - Vital places to live and work process of reexamining the past and - Economic Development deconstructing myths based upon To our Future new discoveries, evidences, and - Engaged citizens principles. - Leadership Constant Process of Questioning - Legacy - Requires questioning the texts, examining them, and asking new History Differentiated questions. History vs Past Integrative of Many Discipline  RPH REVIEWER asawaniwonu /ᐠ-ꞈ-ᐟ\ - Past involves everything that ever Herodutus (482-424 BCE), happened since the dawn of time. in his work “Histories”, - History is a process of interpreting stated that the story of man evidence from the past in a happened in recurring thoughtful and informed way. cycle. History vs Prehistory Thucydides (460-404 BCE) - Prehistory is a period of human envisioned that time recurs activity prior to the intervention of in a circular manner which writing systems. man cannot control. - History is a record of significant Francesco Petrarch (1304- events that happened in the past. 1374) suggest that the History vs other disciplines recurrence and basis of - The ways that we study, write, and history was the actions of teach history have changed the people rather than the dramatically, often because of actions of the gods. influence from other disciplines. Niccolo Machiavelli (1496- History, Historicity, Historiography 1527) suggested that history - History is a narrative account used could be seen as a casebook to examine and analyze past events. of political strategy. - Historicity is the authentication of Arnold Toynbee (1884- characters in history, as opposed to 1975) and Oswald Spengler legends or myths. (1880-1936) based their work - Historiography is the study of how on the premise that history is history was written, by whom and cyclical (civilizations rise and why it was recorded as such. fall, then rise with greater History vs Herstory level). - Feminist argued that it has been men Linear View in History (“his-story”) who usually have the - Views that history is progressive, ones to record the written past. moving forward and not having a - Herstory is history written from a cyclical return. feminist perspective, emphasizing Augustine of Hippo (350-430 the role of women, or told from a BCE) saw history as being the woman’s point of view. unfolding of the plan of God, a Theories of History process that would end up in the final judgment. (Parousia) Cyclical/Circular View in History Francois-Marie Arouet/Voltaire - Stems from the History of the (1694-1788) envisioned four Greeks (events recurred on a regular great ages of man culminating basis) the scientific enlightenment of Newton.  RPH REVIEWER asawaniwonu /ᐠ-ꞈ-ᐟ\ Marxists historians sees history in the Old Testament, were God’s as a series of class struggles chosen people. that inevitably ends in a - Greeks regarded themselves as the worker’s revolution. acme of culture, better in all The Great God View of History respects that barbarians. - Most primitive attempts to explain Hitler thought that the Arian the origin and development of the race was the best among the world and man are the creation races. myths. Ideas of the Great Mind View of - was elaborated by Sumerians, History Babylonians, and Egyptians before - The driving force of history is it came up to the Greeks and people’s ideas Romans. Anaxagoras said: “Reason (Nous) - expounded in the Israelite governs the world.” Scriptures whence it was taken over Aristotle held that the prime mover and reshaped by the Christian and of the universe and the ultimate Mohammedan religions (Novack, animator of everything within it was n.d.) God The Great Man View of History G.W.F. Hegel (1770-1831) continual - Suggests that dominant refinement of intellectual personalities determine the course understanding. of history. - Some 18th century rationalists - Rulers, warriors, and, statesmen believed that “opinion governs are the decisive forces in history mankind.” and history is the record of the deeds - They looked toward an of great people. enlightenment monarch to Thomas Carlyle’s (1795-1881) introduce the necessary progressive “Everyman” sees history as being a reconstruction of the state and record of the collective experience society of the ordinary person. Great Human View of History Universal history, history of what - History has been determined by the man has accomplished in this qualities of human nature, good or world, is at bottom the history of bad. the great men who have worked - Human nature was regarded as rigid here and changing from one generation The Best People View of History to another. - Some elite, the Best Race, the David Hume asserts that favored nation, the ruling class alone “mankind are so much the makes history Israelites, as assumed same, in all times and places, that history informs us of  RPH REVIEWER asawaniwonu /ᐠ-ꞈ-ᐟ\ nothing new or strange in this - Use the term historicism to describe particular. Its chief use is only to the view that all questions must be discover the constant and settles within the cultural and social universal principles of human context in which they are raised nature.” Other views of History Economic View in History Friedrich Nietzsche (1844- - Sees economic factors as the most 1900) saw history as having no important determinant of history beginning or end - The production and exchange of Michel Foucault (1926-1984) goods and services is the bases of all posits that the victors of social social structure and processes struggle use their political - The economic factor is the dominance to suppress a foundation for the superstructure defeated adversary’s version of of culture and government historical events in favor of their Karl Marx (1818-1883) is the own propaganda, which may go foremost proponent of this view. so far as historical revisionism, He disagreed with Hegel by as in the cases of Nazism and saying that it was not ideas that Stalinism. created material conditions, - Geographic factors but rather the reverse - Wars Gender History - Religion - Looks at the past from the - Race perspective of gender - Climate - Considers in what ways historical History and the Historian events and periodization impact women differently from men - Historian is an expert or student of Gender historians are interested in history how gender difference has been Duties of a historian. perceived and configured at different - Seek historical evidence and facts times and places - Interpret facts Post-modern View of History - Organizes facts chronologically. - No ultimate purpose in History - responsible for reconstructing the Views history as “what we make of past. it” - Gottschalk: not everything observed - Believes that historical facts are is remembered, recorded, survives. inaccessible, leaving historian to Historians then only have access to a his/her imagination and ideological what is credible and can only convey bent to reconstruct what happened in a portion of that in their narratives the past - Some authors define history as a study of historical perspective. In  RPH REVIEWER asawaniwonu /ᐠ-ꞈ-ᐟ\ reconstructing the past, a historian - document or physical object which can be subjective; was written or created during the - subjective nature of history, one time under a study. historian claims an event happened a - sources were present during an certain way, while another disagree experience and offer an inside view completely. The best approach is to of a particular event. use historiography or what they call - characterized by their content, history of history. regardless of whether they are available in original format, in Some Comments about History microfilm, in digital format or in A.J.P. Taylor published format. Goerge Santayana 5 main categories of Primary Napoleon Bonaparte Sources Marcus Tullius Cicero Written Sources Michael Crichton o written or printed materials George Orwell that have been produced in Confucius one form or another Karl Marx sometime in the past. George R.R. Martin o published materials Victor Hugo o in manuscript form or any Johann Wolfgang von Goethe handwritten or type record David McCullough that has not been printed Robert A. Heinlein Travelogue Robert Penn Warren - a movie, book, or illustrated Mahatma Gandhi - lecture about the places visited and Marcus Garvey experiences encountered by a Martin Luther King Jr. traveler. Winston Churchill Newspaper - printed publication and containing SOURCES OF HISTORY news, feature articles, History Sources advertisements, and correspondence Archival Material - Tangible remains of the past. - collect and preserve original - object from the past or testimony records of notable figures and - historians depend in order to create organizations. their own depiction of the past. Memoir 3 Kinds of Sources - History or record composed from personal observation and ❖ Primary Sources experience - Testimony of an individual (witness) Numerical Records  RPH REVIEWER asawaniwonu /ᐠ-ꞈ-ᐟ\ o include any type of especially a satirical one in a numerical data in newspaper or magazine printed or handwritten Map form - diagrammatic representation of an Oral Statements area of land or sea showing o include any form of physical features, cities, roads, etc. statement made orally ❖ Secondary Sources by witness. - interprets and analyzes primary o video recordings, audio sources recordings, or transcribed. - one or more steps removed from the Relics event. o objects whose physical - prepared by an individual who was or visual characteristics not direct witness to an event, can provide some obtained his or her description of the information about the event from someone else. past. - may have pictures, votes or graphics Artifacts of primary sources in them. - object made by a human being, - history textbook, printed materials typically an item of cultural or (serials or periodicals which interpret historical interest. previews research), biographies, - Balangiga bells nonfiction text such as newspaper, Ruins magazine, journals, works of - the physical destruction or criticism and interpretation. disintegration of something ❖ Tertiary Sources - Atlas Obscura Cagsawa Ruins – - hearsay Daraga, Philippines (FEBRUARY - third hand information by 1, 1814) reporting ideas and details from Fossil secondary source. - remains or impression of a - include potential for an additional prehistoric organism preserved in layer of bias petrified form - encyclopedia, almanac, Wikipedia, Images YouTube, dictionaries, message Photograph boards, social media sites and - picture made using a camera other search sites. Paintings HISTORY CRITICISMS - visual art Cartoon - also known as the historical-critical - simple drawing showing the method features of its subjects in a - branch of criticism that investigates humorously exaggerated way, the origin of text or source in  RPH REVIEWER asawaniwonu /ᐠ-ꞈ-ᐟ\ - order to understand the word behind localization and the date it was the text. written. - primary goal of historical criticism - To ascertain if a particular data is is to discover the text primitive or fabricated, forge, fake, corrupted original historical context and its or a hoax, that source must undergo literal sense. the test of authenticity. - secondary goal seeks establish a - first test the historian employ to reconstruction of historical ascertain sources validity. situation of the author and recipients Test of Authenticity of the text. 1. test a source to determine the date of Goal document to see whether it is - seeks greater understanding of the anachronistic. texts by analyzing the historical and Anachronism social contexts in which they developed. - means out of time or order - to answer questions about the text, - It could be a person, thing or idea such as: Who wrote it? When was placed in a wrong time. it written? What else happening at - Being able to spot anachronism is the time of its writing? How did it important because it helps us test come to be in the form we have it the reliability of a source. today? What did it mean to the Example: people who first read or heard it? - Historical criticism has also often Rizal’s allegedly first poem “ Sa sought answers to ever-elusive Aking Mga Kabata” where we question of what is called could find the word “kalayaan.” “authorial intent”: What did the Rizal admitted that he first author intend for this text to mean encountered the word though a in his or her time and place? Marcelo H. Del Pilar’s translation of Rizal’s essay “El External Criticism Amor Patrio”. Rizal wrote this - looks for the obvious sign of essay in 1882 while the poem forgery or misrepresentation. supposedly was written by him in - tests the authenticity of the the year 1869. sources. 2. to determine the author’s - It is interested in the writing styles handwriting, signature or seal. of the eyewitness and his ignorance Obvious sign of forgery in include patch of the facts. writing, hesitation as revealed by ink - The historian also analyzes the blobs, pauses in the writing, tremor original manuscript; its integrity, causing poor line quality and erasures.  RPH REVIEWER asawaniwonu /ᐠ-ꞈ-ᐟ\ Even a skilled forger can be caught 1. Semantics is the linguistic study of because the act of writing is a skill is meaning. learned through repetition until it determine the meaning of the text and becomes a habit. words of the source. We may ask: is the Example: meaning of the statements different from its literal meaning? alleged retraction letter of Jose Rizal. 2. Hermeneutics is theory and 3. looking for the anachronistic style. methodology of interpretation we will examine idiomatic expression or more than interpretation or method used the orthography used in the documents. when immediate comprehension fails. Idiom is an expression, word or phrase In historical criticism we determine that has a figurative meaning ambiguities which are a word or conventionally understood by native expression that can be understood in two or speakers. more possible ways. Orthography is a set of conventions for Historians may look also if the statement is writing a language. It includes norms of meant to be ironic (i.e. mean other than spelling, hyphenation, capitalization, word what it says) breaks, emphasis and punctuation. Internal Criticism - looks for deeper or more intense study of sources. - historians first apply external criticism before undergoing the test of credibility because of internal criticisms implicit character. 4. anachronistic reference to events - refers to the accuracy of the content of a document. For example if the event cited in the - investigates the content or document is prior to the actual event, then substance of a document and the the document must be forge or fake. author’s point of view. 5. provenance or custody of the - tests the credibility of the source. document. Test of Credibility Provenance is the place of origin of 1. identification of the author. earliest known history of documents. It traces the roots of any source. determines if the witness is reliable or if he is consistent by comparing his other works. Other two test of authenticity  RPH REVIEWER asawaniwonu /ᐠ-ꞈ-ᐟ\ In this steps historian also examine the This particular step rest upon the mental processes of the witness independent testimony of two or more reliable sources. we will look for his personal attitudes, if he is telling something beyond what he saw The words independent testimony must be or bragging about it. emphasize. Many historian use some kind of rubric to For instance, if the soldier who fought the test the credibility of the author. battle, a general who oversaw the battle and a doctor who treated those wounded who 2. determine the approximate date fought the battle, all recorded the same fact Example: or all agree about an event, historians consider that event proven. Rizal’s poem “Sa aking mga kabata”. He wrote that poem CONTENT AND CONTEXTUAL when he is only eight years old ANALYSIS OF SELECTED PRIMARY and that poem is with rhythm and SOURCES meter. Background of the Author/Creator 3. its ability to tell the truth - researcher must provide brief Historians examine how near an eyewitness biographical sketch of the author is to the event. of the primary source: Family The closer a source, the more reliable background, educational attainment, religion and many others shall be Historian also look for the competence of given priority in presenting the the eyewitness. biography of the author. look for the background of the author Background of the Document/Primary degree of the attention of the eyewitness Source Whether the sources witness the event only 1. Basic background of the source like partly or if he witnesses the event from the the type of primary source start to finish. 2. locate where the primary source can be found 4. willingness to tell the truth 3. check the authenticity of the source If the eyewitness is coerced, forced or 4. determine also the intended audience somebody threaten him to tell something or the people the author wants to then his account is not valid. convey their ideas with If the eyewitness wants to hide something If it is a letter the recipient in the address for personal reason then his account is not will be the audience while if it is a diary the valid. author is the audience. 5. look for corroboration  RPH REVIEWER asawaniwonu /ᐠ-ꞈ-ᐟ\ 5. A researcher must find out who are If you’re looking for a bias in written source the creator and the time of creation. you’ll need to find word choices that are extreme in their description. Most of the sources have unique type of audience like academic journal is for 3. to analyze the historical perspective students and other university audience or or a point of view a creator describe books is for general public. the event. 6. to look for the purpose or motive of To accomplish this: the source. - do a background check of the author 7. Do a background research. with regards to his nationality, social 8. Look at important historical event at status, political persuasion, cultural the time the source was made. background, religion or education. 9. Ascertain intended audience. 4. Last task is to analyze the historical Content Analysis of the Important context of the document. Historical Information Found in the Context is the awareness that sources were Document created at times which were very different to 1. look for corroboration between the our own. research you gather from the internet Historical empathy understands the past and the primary source that your without judging it by modern standards. instructor has given to you. To determine historical context, They may not use exact the same word or they can express the same information in - we must look when the source is different ways and we can still use as made (preferably the exact date). corroboration. - Next is where was it created. - Third, what event occurred at the Attention also must be the given to the time and then read the source to intended audience and purpose. identify specific language 2. in order to analyze the primary Contribution and Relevance of the source, look for bias. Document in Understanding the Grand There is a bias when a source’s information Narrative of Philippine History is unbalance or prejudiced. 1. look for the cause and consequences two kinds of bias: of the primary sources. - strongly positive (strongly in favor A cause is a person or thing that makes of) something happens while a consequences is - strongly negative (strongly against). a direct result of the cause. Example is the arrival of Ferdinand Magellan. That event is the cause while  RPH REVIEWER asawaniwonu /ᐠ-ꞈ-ᐟ\ being converted to Catholicism is the effect Taal Volcanic Eruption is significant or the consequence. particularly in Batangas area because many were affected. 2. look also for the turning point or dramatic moment of change that was 내일도 화이팅!!! U ´ᴥ` U