RIPH Module 1 - Basic Concepts and Information PDF

# Module I ## Basic Concepts and Information ### Module I - Basic Concepts and Information This module provides basic concepts and information in the study of Readings in Philippine history. This includes meaning and relevance of history; sources of history and its types; external and internal cri...

# Module I ## Basic Concepts and Information ### Module I - Basic Concepts and Information This module provides basic concepts and information in the study of Readings in Philippine history. This includes meaning and relevance of history; sources of history and its types; external and internal criticism; and different kinds of primary sources. ### Learning Outcomes At the end of this module, you should have: * Learned how to identify the credible and authentic primary sources * Made an assessment on the provenance of authentic sources * Differentiated between the primary and the secondary sources * Understood the events and its historical facts contained in the primary account ### Core Content #### Meaning and Relevance of History History can be defined in several ways. It could be defined as a documented records of man and his society. As a field of study, it is a study of man and his achievements from the beginning of written records to the present time (Gray, 1956 in De Viana, 2015). History can be defined as everything that has happened or occurred from the beginning of the time to the last instance. As a record, it is a documented history of man and his society. According to De Viana (2015) in Biong and Grey (2017), history as a record of events shows the evolution of man and his society and from the age of barbarism to what he is today. #### Sources of History In the study of Philippine history, sources are called batis which also means stream or a spring. A batis therefore is the spring of historical information. The usual batis are documents especially archival documents. There are some sources which are not written such as relics, fossils, remains, and memorabilia. Some sources are alive such as living eyewitnesses. When the researcher uses them in his research, they are always known as respondents or informants. #### Types of Sources There are two types of sources in the study of history. * **Primary sources** are considered as the lifeblood of history. They directly talk about the subject matter. They account of people who are direct participants or eyewitness to an event are primary sources. Examples of primary sources are minutes of meeting, diaries and journals, autobiographies, and the like. * **Secondary sources** are documents or works made by individuals who are not directly involved to the events or made by people who obtained the information from somebody else or from primary sources. Examples of secondary sources are textbooks, encyclopedia entries, newspapers accounts of a meeting, and the like. #### External and Internal Criticism All sources of historical data must be subjected to rigorous scientific analysis to determine both their authenticity and their accuracy. Furthermore, historical data are subjected to rigorous scientific analysis through external and internal criticism (Gottchalk, 1969 in Biong and Grey, 2017). * **External criticism** is the establishment of authenticity. Its purpose is to ensure that the documents are not mere forgeries or inventions. * **Internal criticism**, on the other hand, is the establishment of accuracy. Its purpose is to evaluate the accuracy and the worth of the data. In determining the accuracy of the data, four factors are to be considered, namely: (a) author's knowledge and competence, (b) time delay, (c) motives and biases of the author, and (d) consistency of the data (Biong and Grey, 2017). #### Kinds of Primary Sources 1. Human fossils 2. Artifacts 3. Royal Decrees & Laws 4. Official Reports 5. Chronicles 6. Friar accounts 7. Maps 8. Magazines 9. Legislative Journals 10. Court Records 11. Court Records 12. Speeches 13. Personal Letters 14. On line databases 15. Memoirs 16. Personal Account 17. Newspaper 18. Blogs 19. Documentary Films 20. Recorded Interviews ### Tasks **Instruction:** Read the historical accounts on Tejeros Convention, and be able to identify the differences between the primary source from the secondary source. The discovery of the Katipunan due to the misunderstanding of the two Katipuneros, Apolonio de la Cruz and Teodoro Patino, made Andres Bonifacio to call for the Assembly of all the leaders. He arrived in Balintawak and immediately change the Code of the Katipunan, thinking he might save the society. With a significant number of Katipuneros, he left Balintawak and proceeded to Pugadlawin. They assembled in the yard of Juan Ramos. In there, he asked the Katipuneros if they are willing to fight to the bitter end and the men assured him. With that assurance from the loyal Katipuneros, Andres Bonifacio ordered to take out their cedulas and tear them off together with the shouting “Long Live the Philippines.” This was the event known as the “First Cry of the Philippine Revolution." Source: https://philippinefolklifemuseum.org The First Cry of the Philippine Revolution was the onset of the Spanish-Filipino Revolution as known as the Philippine Revolution of 1896 in which the first skirmishes was in Pasong Tamo. With the discovery of the Katipunan, resulted to the opposing stand of the two Katipunan factions, namely: the Magdalo and the Magdiwang. The Magdalo faction stand firm in the changing of the Katipunan since it was already discovered by the Spaniards. On the other hand, the Magdiwang group stand firm that the Katipunan should remain despite the Spaniard had discovered it. The Revolution had started. There was a need to unite and focus to the common enemy, the Spaniards. To unite the conflicting factions of the Katipunan and to solve the issue at hand, their leaders, Andres Bonifacio and Emilio Aguinaldo agreed to hold the Tejeros Convention. The venue of this convention is given below: [Image of the Tejeros Convention Site] Source: https://cavite.gov.ph **Tejeros Convention Site** Tejeros Convention is the event in the history whose purpose is to unite the two conflicting factions of the Katipunan, by electing the new set of officers who will be recognized by both factions. The meeting started with Jacinto Lumbreras as the presiding officer. During the meeting, heated arguments were exchanged by the conflicting factions whether the Katipunan be changed or remained. Due to this, the presiding officer called for an hour recess to cool off the heads of those Katipuneros. After the recess, Andres Bonifacio took over as Presiding Officer. Now, you are task to compare the primary source and the secondary source of the above-mentioned event, Tejeros Convention. One account was written by Santiago V. Alvarez, a Katipunan general and was present during the Meeting as the primary source. The other one account was written by Teodoro A. Agoncillo, a well-known historian, as the secondary source. For this historical event, the following references are provided where you can read the primary and secondary accounts of Tejeros Convention: * Alvarez, Santiago, (1992). The Katipunan and the Revolution: Memoirs of a General. Loyola Heights, Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. * Biong, Ryan D. and Evelyn J. Grey (2017). Readings in Philippine History. Iloilo City: Malones Printing Press & Publishing House. * Agoncillo, Teodoro A. (2002). The Revolt of the Masses: The Story of Bonifacio and the Katipunan. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press After reading the accounts on Tejeros Convention one by Santiago Alvarez “Memoirs of General” the primary source and the other one is by Teodoro Agoncillo’s “Revolts of the Masses” the secondary source, be ready to do this activity. **Compare the accounts from both primary source and the secondary source. By doing this activity, you may know the difference of the primary sources from the secondary sources.** | Primary vs. Secondary Sources Tejeros Convention (1897) | Primary Source: Santiago Alvarez "Memoirs of A General" | Secondary Source: Teodoro Agoncillo's "Revolt of the Masses" | |---|---|---| | Author's background | | | | When was the account written?| | | | Mention of Date (s) | | | | Mention of Place | | | | Key personal ties | | | | Sequencing of events | | | | Differences between 2 accounts | | | ### Independent Activity **Instruction:** In this time of COVID 19 pandemic, many information are spreading in mass media, both in print and broadcast media, about the corona virus. Basing from the lesson cited above, you are asked to do the following: * Give at least 2 examples of primary sources and the corresponding secondary sources derived from them. * Identify the differences of facts or information in the primary source with its corresponding secondary source. Your output for this activity will be submitted together with your output in your Task. The submission will depend on your Professor's instruction. ### References * Alvarez, Santiago, (1992). The Katipunan and the Revolution: Memoirs of a General. Loyola Heights, Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press * Agoncillo, Teodoro A. (2002). The Revolt of the Masses: The Story of Bonifacio and the Katipunan. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press * Biong, R. D., Erebaren, G.C and Evelyn J. Grey (2017). Readings in Philippine History. Iloilo City: Malones Printing Press & Publishing House. * De Viana, Augusto V. (2013). Stories Rarely Told. New Day Publishers, Quezon City, Philippines * Gottschalk, Louis. (1969). Understanding History: A Primer of Historical Method. New York: Alfred A. Knopf * Grey, Evelyn J., From a Normal School to a Comprehensive University. Unpublished Dissertation. West Visayas State University. Iloilo City, Philippines.