RPH-REVIEWER PDF - Introduction to History

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO HISTORY: Definition, Nature, Methodology and Importance Sources of History Primary Sources History – from the Greek word Historie or Provides direct or firsthand eviden...

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO HISTORY: Definition, Nature, Methodology and Importance Sources of History Primary Sources History – from the Greek word Historie or Provides direct or firsthand evidence about Historia which means “learning, inquiry, and an event, object, person, or work of art. investigation”. These are the evidence by eyewitnesses or A branch of the Social Sciences that deals created by people who experienced the with the systematic study of significant said event or phenomena. The historian’s past. responsibility is to organize the primary Records and explains past events and sources into a coherent account to become which concerns people and human nature. secondary sources. Capacity to analyze previous phenomena. Include historical and legal documents, Etymology – history of a word or phrase shown by eyewitness accounts, results of tracing its development and relationships (i.e. experiments, statistical data, pieces of History from Greek, “historie or historia”) creative writing, audio and video recordings, speeches, and art objects. Historiography – refers to the study of history Interviews, surveys, fieldwork, and itself. It analyzes who is the history writer, the Internet communications via email, blogs, motives of the writer, the sources of the writer. It and newsgroups are also primary sources. also analyzes the context when the history was Secondary Sources written. Are interpretations of history. They describe, discuss, interpret, comment Elements of History upon, analyze, evaluate, summarize, and The Historian. This refers to the person writing process primary sources. These are the the history. products of people or writers who were not Place. The location where the history was written. part of the event or phenomena. Period. Refers to the context of the time when the Secondary source materials can be articles history was written. in newspapers or popular magazines, book Sources. Refers to the basis of claims or analysis of or movie reviews, or articles found in the historian such as documents, written or oral scholarly journals that discuss or evaluate accounts. someone else's original research. Tertiary Sources Nature of History as an Academic Discipline Contain information that has been History has no subject matter of its own. compiled from primary and secondary - Touches many different fields sources. History synthesizes knowledge from other fields. Include almanacs, chronologies, History illuminates pieces of the past. dictionaries and encyclopedias, directories, - Sheds light to the past guidebooks, indexes, abstracts, manuals, History is constantly changing. and textbooks. - Sources Historical Criticism Importance of the Study of History One of the historian’s duties is to check on The study of History is important because it the authenticity of the sources that are provides us with the capacity to analyze previous presented to him to be used as basis in events and phenomena which therefore will provide writing history. Sources have to undergo us with a proper basis on how to view the present doubting and therefore should be critically and the future. This being the case history will tested for validity. provide us with a strong basis for providing answers There are two kinds of criticisms that a for problems that pervades at present. According to historian can use in the process; these are E. Kent Rogers, we study History because of the External and Internal Criticisms. following: External Criticism 1) “to know more about the roots of our current Covers the physical examinations of culture”. This being the case, history will provide us sources like documents, manuscripts, with the basis by which we can better understand books, pamphlets, maps, inscriptions, and different cultural institutions and constructs. monuments. In original documents, it includes looking at the paper and ink used 2) “to learn about human nature by looking at whether it is within the same circa as the trends that repeat through history” and “learn about content of the work. the mistakes of those who have gone before us”. Following are the elements that must be taken into History deals with analysis therefore, by studying consideration in doing validation: different trends that happened before this could Authorship – the name of the author of provide us with a clear analysis of causes of events the document usually provides credence in that happened. the establishment of validity of a certain  document. The author’s name can be provided for the test of authenticity. Date and Place of Publication – the date of the document including the time and place of publication should be properly analyzed to establish its authenticity. Textual Errors – the historian should always be in the lookout for errors in the text of documents and manuscripts. There are two kinds of errors in documents: unintentional or intentional. ○ Unintentional errors are mistakes that are caused by typists or scribes usually in spelling, omitted words or phrases. Meanings of Words Used – the meaning of words used usually changes from generation to generation, therefore the historian must interpret the words used based on the time when the document was made. Internal Criticism Refers to understanding of both literal and real meaning of words. A historian therefore must be able to analyze and interpret the contents of documents in their real meaning. Document contains the idea of the person who wrote or made the evidence; therefore they should be understood within that context. Note! Historians should refrain from making their own conclusions so as not to convey their own interpretation rather than the true meaning of the content.  CHAPTER 2: Issues and Problems in writings are dedicated to great men, powerful and Philippines Historiography dominant male leaders. Philippine Historiography has undergone several changes since the precolonial period until present. Kasaysayan as a Filipino Concept Alongside with these changes, sprung the different The Pantayong Pananaw definition of kasaysayan issues and problems in which it has affected our is “salaysay na nagsalaysay ng mga bagay na may appreciation of Philippine history itself: saysay para sa sinasalysayang grupo o salinlahi”.. The definition gives emphasis to the root of A. Correcting the Errors of Published kasaysayan which is “saysay” which means Historical Work significant. Since most of the primary sources were written in Kasaysayan, unlike history, is not only bound by foreign languages, errors in translation have written documents but as well as oral traditions like happened and have affected much of the writing of communal songs, legends, epics and the like as history. There was therefore the need to correct mentioned earlier were the prevalent modes on how errors in publication. the ancient Filipinos and most of the indigenous people who still exist up this day use as a mode of B. Filling the gaps in Philippine History narrating their past and story. There were very few anthropologists and Oral traditions in the Philippine context are archaeologist in the Philippines hence there are important since they also capture the emerging still gaps in some accounts or parts of Philippine values, principles and ideology of a certain group of history. people at a particular time. C. Reinterpretation of Historical Facts & Bipartite View vis-à-vis Tripartite View of Events Philippine History Historical Revisionism is a practice in writing Bipartite View of Philippine History history in which historians reinterpret views of For many years and sadly some still believe it until causes and effects, decisions, explanations, and now, the Spaniards made us believe that there was evidence. no civilization in the Philippines. They made us think that early Filipino people were barbaric and D. Rewriting History in the Philippine Point uneducated. They have assimilated upon the of View Filipinos that it was them who brought civilization The biggest problem that was raised is the fact that and progress to us. This is known as the Bipartite writers were foreigners therefore Philippine View of Philippine History. history was mostly written from a foreigner’s point Philippine History can be only viewed into two of view and not from the point of view of the epochs: Filipinos. The first is the “Pre-Hispanic period” characterized as the time prior to the coming of the History as a Western Concept and Spaniards where the condition of the Philippines is Kasaysayan as a Filipino Concept seen as an uncivilized society and barbaric people. History and kasaysayan are always equated the The second epoch is the “Hispanic period” same. It is founded on the idea that both are studies characterized as the time of the coming of the of the past. However, for radical Filipino historians, Spaniards seen as the advent of civilizing influences the two concepts are not synonymous. from them. In Bipartite View, the Katipuneros illustrated this History as a Western Concept as “dilim-liwanag”. Dilim means darkness and History is a western concept introduced by our liwanag means light. Such metaphor connotes that colonizers, particularly by the Spaniards. “History the first epoch is seen as the dark age of Philippine was derived from the Greek word historia which history and the second epoch as the age which means “knowledge acquired through inquiry or brought light to Philippine history. investigation”. If the strict definition and philosophy of “history” Tripartite View of Philippine History as to recorded documents is to be followed, then the The educated Filipinos during the Spanish era, way our ancestors narrate their past and the story known as the ilustrados, cannot accept the bipartite will not be accounted for. view of Philippine history presented by the Another point posed by Filipino historians as to Spaniards. They come up with research on the exclusivity of the methodology of “history” is Philippine national history to confront with that “History accounts only recorded the past. That colonialist ideologies. means it is only for those who can write, those who The Katipuneros adopted this historical are educated.” framework and used “liwanag-dilim-liwanag” as a Lastly, from the very word “history”, Filipino metaphor. The pre-colonial being “liwanag” since it historians noticed it being gender-biased was a great of civilization and identity for the towards male; how the term is heavily influenced by Filipinos. The colonial period being “dilim” since it patriarchy. “HIStory”... how about “HERstory”. was an epoch of abuse of power and loss of Filipino This lends to the fact why much of historical identity. Lastly, the postcolonial period being “liwanag” again since the end of colonial regime is a mark of the restoration of Filipino liberty. Historical Background of the Document Spices were in-demand commodities among the Zeus Salazar’s Pantayong Pananaw and Europeans because of their numerous benefits such other Pananaw Pangkasaysayan as food preservation, flavor enhancement, and In recent times, truly Filipino historians have medicine. occurred and tried to write Philippine History in the Portugal and Spain were involved in an intense Filipino point of View. One of these writers was rivalry to see who could find and claim new territory Professor Zeus A. Salazar of the University of the to source the spices coveted by European Philippines who saw the relevance of the Filipino aristocrats. point of view in historical interpretation. In order to The Treaty of Tordesillas was effective at that introduce indigenization, he introduced the concept time. It is an agreement between Spain and of “Pantayong Pananaw” (from us, for us). This Portugal to settle conflicts over lands newly means that Philippine History is better written in discovered or explored by Christopher Columbus. the point of view of the Filipinos. In 1505, Magellan, in service to Portugal, joined the fight, traveling to India, Malaysia, and Pantayong Pananaw Indonesia. However, he was accused of illegal Only a few of our historical documents are written trading and fell out with Manuel I, who turned in Filipino or native language. Most of them are down his proposal to locate a new spice route. written in English and Spanish. This is due to the Magellan abandoned his Portuguese loyalty, fact that the elite Filipinos who studied abroad transferred his allegiance to Spain through King during the Spanish and American era took the Charles V, and eventually gained his trust. responsibility to write our history in English or In search of spices, the Spaniards approved other foreign language. Magellan’s plan to go to the East via a westward Through the guiding philosophy of Pantayong direction after Portugal turned down his plan. Pananaw, Philippine historiography will be seen Magellan led an expedition of five ships with 237 from the point of view of Filipinos and addressed men, namely; San Antonio, Santiago, Concepcion, directly to the Filipinos. Victoria, and Trinidad. However, only one remained and returned to Spain after the expedition, Victoria. Pangkaming Pananaw Pigafetta wrote the Chronicle onboard in one of Historical perspective in which Philippine history the five ships that were first to circumnavigate the is written by Filipinos in foreign language and world during an expedition. intended to be read by foreigners to understand our history from our point of view. Content and Contextual Analysis of the Important Historical Information Found in Pangkayong Pananaw the Document Historical perspective in which Philippine history On March 16, 1521, Magellan and his crew arrived is written by foreigners in a foreign language as well in the Philippines island, or what they called as but it is meant to be addressed or directed to islands of Ladroni. They first reached the island of Filipinos as an audience. Zamal (Samar). On March 18, 1521, there came some natives Pansilang Pananaw giving signs of joy for the presence of the crew of Historical perspective in which Philippine history Magellan. The native Filipinos did welcome the is written by foreigners in a foreign language as well foreigners warmly. As described by Pigafetta, “they and is intended to be read and understood by their exhibited great signs of pleasure at seeing us.” fellow foreigners. Seeing that the natives are reasonable men, Magellan gave them red caps, mirrors, comb, and CHAPTER 3: CONTENT & CONTEXTUAL other things. In return, the natives offered fish, ANALYSIS OF “First Voyage around the World by wine, coconuts, and other resources. Magellan” by Antonio Pigafetta Magellan named the place (Islands of Humunu) as Background of the Author the “Archipelago of San Lazarus” due to the several Pigafetta's exact year of birth is not known, with islands located in that district. “Archipelago of San estimates ranging between 1480 and 1491. Lazarus” was the primitive name of the Philippines. Antonio Pigafetta was an Italian scholar and Magellan succeeds in his plan to influence the explorer. faith of the people on the island he has conquered. He joined the expedition to the Spice Islands led The first Mass in our country happened on March by explorer Ferdinand Magellan under King Charles 31 and Easter day. The first cross was then set up in I of Spain. Mazaua (Limasawa) as wished by Magellan for the He kept a detailed and comprehensive journal of benefits of the natives. his journey with Ferdinand Magellan. The native Filipinos have their idols before and a He was one of the 18 of Magellan's original crew God, which they called “Abba,” but they threw this who, having completed the world's first belief away as they embraced Christianity which circumnavigation, returned to Spain onboard Magellan introduced. another vessel, the Victoria.  Magellan and his crew went to Zubu (Cebu) on popularized the Magellan-Elcano expedition's April 7, upon hearing good reports about the island achievements. from the King of Mazaua. It provided a description, location, and distances They are not immediately warmly welcomed, for of the places visited, thereby enhancing cartography they were asked to pay tribute, but Magellan refused knowledge at that time. to do so. He proved to other explorers and the people today There was a negotiation through a notary. The that circumnavigating the world was possible. King of Zubu asked for a drop of their blood as a They proved that the Earth is not flat but an oblate sign of their friendship, and both agreed. sphere. On Zubu, the captain’s power to influence the faith They confirmed that the Portuguese route is not of people worked. the only way to the Spice Islands. They discovered a large body of water on the side Analysis of the Content and Context of the American continent, which they named the The primary source itself is not an essay but a Pacific Ocean. narrative depiction of the events that occurred. They found a strait that connected the Atlantic and The journal was written from the author’s Pacific oceans and called it the Strait of Magellan. experience or memory during Ferdinand Magellan’s Magellan = God, Gold, Glory voyage worldwide, most specifically in the Philippine Islands. Singil noon=12 cents/month It was very detailed and supplied a lot of information. It contains vivid descriptions of the pre-colonized Filipinos’ lives and cultures, such as their food, rich natural resources, appearance, livelihood, and religion. It only proves that there were already civilizations and political systems, even before they came to the archipelago. Magellan and his crew were the people who converted some of the natives to Christianity. Consequently, they were also the ones responsible for the first Mass in the Philippine Islands. Ferdinand Magellan, indeed, died in the Philippines. Contribution and Relevance of the Document Contribution and Relevance to Philippine History The account is proof of the richness, governance and independence in our country in the pre-colonial era. Christianity, as the largest religion in the world, was propagated in the Philippines by Ferdinand Magellan. The faith of the natives before is just about raising hands and clapping, building different images of their idols, until Magellan introduced Christianity to them. It was accepted and practiced by Filipinos and has been a considerable part of our culture and beliefs. The account of Pigafetta enriched Philippine historiography because it contains essential details about the conditions of the Visayan Islands in the 16th century. Local textbook writers use his book as their historical information source about the beginning of Christianity in the Philippines. Contribution and Relevance to World History The Pigafetta document gave a detailed chronicle of the significant events of the exploration of Ferdinand Magellan. Pigafetta's chronicle contributed immensely to European historiography as it preserved and  CONTENT AND CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS of forever; if it happens they should be slaves, “Customs of the Tagalogs” by Juan de Plasencia it is through marriage. Background of the Author - If maharlikas (men) had children among - Juan de Plasencia was a Spanish friar of their slaves, the children and their mothers the Franciscan Order. He was among the become free. first group of Franciscan missionaries who - If a slave-woman is pregnant, she is arrived in the islands on July 2, 1578. compelled to give her master half of the - He spent most of his missionary life in the gold tael because of her risk of death, and Philippines, where he founded numerous for her inability to work during pregnancy. towns in the provinces of Bulacan, Laguna, - If two persons married, of whom one was and Rizal. maharlika and the other a slave, whether - He authorized several religious and namamahay or sagigilid, the children were linguistic books, most notably the Doctrina divided: first, whether male or female Cristiana (Christian Doctrine), the first belonged to the father, as did the third and book ever printed in the Philippines. fifth (odd numbers), and the second, - Juan de Plasencia passed away in Liliw, fourth, and the sixth fell to the mother Laguna, in the year 1590. (even numbers). - Maharlikas could not, after marriage, Historical Background of the Document move from one village to another, without - Relacion de las Costumbres de Los paying a certain fine of gold, as arranged Tagalogs (Customs of the Tagalogs, 1589) among them. - Described the political, social, economic, - This fine is larger or smaller according to and cultural practices of the Filipinos the inclination of the different villages, before they were Christianized. running from one to three taels and - Spain sent the Spanish missionaries to the banquet to the entire barangay. Philippines. - Failure to pay the fine might result in a war - Fr. Francisco Alcina was assigned in the between the barangay where the person Visayas, and Fr. Juan de Plasencia was set left and one which he entered. in Tagalog Region. - This applied equally to men and women - Through a letter, the King of Spain tasked except that when one married a woman of him to document the customs and another village, the children were divided traditions of the colonized (natives) based equally to two barangays. on his observation and judgment. Dowries and Divorce - The Customs of the Tagalog was - Dowries are given by men to women’s intentionally made to provide an eroticized parents. description of the Tagalog natives, clearly - If the women’s parents are living, they will fed by politics and propaganda. enjoy the use of it. At their death, provided the dowry has not been consumed, it is The Barangay divided like the rest of the estate, equally - Started out as a single clan composed of among the children. parents, children, their extended family - If the wife, at the time of her marriage, has members, and their slaves. neither father, mother, nor grandparents, - Each barangay was independent, although she enjoys her dowry. some entered into alliances. - In case of a divorce before the birth of - Alliances are formed through blood children, if the wife left the husband to compact or sandugo. marry another, all her dowry and an equal Dato (Datu) additional amount goes to the husband; - Governs the barangay and captain of wars. but if she left him, and did not marry - Obeyed and revered by the members of the another, the dowry is returned. barangay. - When the husband left his wife, he lost half - Create and execute laws. of the dowry, and the other half is returned Social Classes to him. Alipin or Aliping Sagigilid - If the husband possessed children at the - Could not own anything. Usually captives time of this divorce, the whole dowry and of war or sentenced criminals. fine will be given to the children, and held - Could be bought or sold at will. for them by their grandparents or other - Couldn’t enter into a contract or marriage. responsible relatives. - Used in sacrificial ceremonies and could be Dowries and Contract buried alive upon the death of their - There is a fine stipulated in the contract, masters, to continue serving them in the that he who violates it shall pay a certain afterlife. sum which varies according to the practice Marriage and Children of the village and the affluence of the - Those who are maharlikas on both father’s individual. and mother’s side continue to be so  - If upon the death of the parents, the son or Idianale daughter should be unwilling to marry - The goddess of labor and good deeds. because if it was arranged by his or her Tagalog deities are fluid genders, she was parents, the dowry which the parents also known as the female deity of animal received is returned nothing more. husbandry, and a male deity of agriculture. Laws and Punishments Deity of craftsmanship. - Investigations made and sentences passed by the Datu must take place in the Ancient Tagalog Counterpart of Hell presence of those in his barangay. Sitan - If any of the litigants (being sued) felt - The guardian of Kasamaan and the keeper himself aggrieved, an arbiter (jugde) is of all souls therein. unanimously selected from another village. - In a 1589 record, Sitan and Bathala are - A man of low birth who insulted the said to have once waged a war with each daughter or wife of the Datu will be other to determine who should rule the condemned to death. realms intended for ancestral souls. - Witches were killed, and their children and Catolonan accomplices became slaves of the Datu. - One of the priestess of the devil. - All other offenses were punished by fines Manisilat or Mansisilat in gold, which if not paid in promptness, - She was tasked to destroy and break every expose the culprit to serve until the happy and united family that she could payment should be made. find. Worship of the Tagalogs Mangagauay Pandot - celebration of festival or worship - Witches who pretends to heal the sick. which is held at the large house of the Datu. Silangan Sibi - temporary shed to shelter the people - If they saw anyone clothed in white, it will during worship. tear out his liver and eat it, thus causing Sorohile - small lamps to illuminate the death. Sibi during worship. Macocolan Naagnitos - act of worshipping that unites - The only male agent of Sitan, he was to the whole barangay and families. emit fire at night and when there was bad - At the center of the house, worshipers weather, hence he is referred to as a fire place one large lamp adorned with leaves god. Fires caused during bad weather are of white palm wrought into many designs. associated with him or Kidlat. - They also brought together many drums, Magtatangal large and small, which they beat - Shows himself at night to many persons successively during the feast, which usually without his head or entrails. lasted for four days. Osuang - A flying creature that murders men and eat Tagalog Gods and Deities their flesh. Bathala Mangagayom - “All powerful”; maker of all things - They made charms out of herbs, stones, Tala and wood, which infuse the heart with - Worshipped the moon (Mayari), especially love. when it was new, which they had great Sonat rejoicing, adorning it and bidding its - Helps someone die. welcome. Panatahojan - The Sun was also worshipped and is being - Predicts the future; a seer. accounted for its beauty, and it is Bayoguin universally respected and honored. - A cotquean (masculine woman), a man - Stars are also adored by some, specifically whose nature inclined toward that of a Tala – the morning star. woman. Mapolon - The god of seasons, medicine, and health. Death Dian Masalanta Maca - The goddess of love, conception and - Place of another life of rest. The “paradise” childbirth and the protector of lovers. or “village of rest”. Those who go to this Lacapati place are the just, the valiant, and those - Identified as the most important fertility who lived without doing harm, or who deity. The goddess of cultivated land. possessed moral virtues. Baltic Casanaan - The greater bear. - Place of punishment, grief, and affliction. Lic-ha Which is also called “place of anguish”. - Images with different shapes, sometimes - No one would go to heaven, where there worshipped with little importance. only dwelt Bathala. Vibit For those who want to lead a life of bodily - Ghost comfort and ease, he should not proceed Tigbalaang for the task of a Katipunero is a weighty - Phantoms life protecting those who are oppressed Patianac and the relentless fight for evil. - The lament, which can be heard at night, of Payment of due is required upon entry (12 a woman died during childbirth. She and ½ cents each month) her child suffered punishment. Triangle Method - mode of recruiting members CONTENT AND CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS of “Kartilya ng Katipunan” by Emilio Jacinto Background of the Author - Emilio Jacinto was born December 15, 1875. - He went to a private school for his primary education and Colegio de San Juan de Letran for his secondary education and his college school, and The University of Santo Three Grade Members of the Katipunan Tomas for his law studies. - He dropped out of college at the age of 20. - He joined the Katipunan, a secret revolutionary society. - Emilio became the secretary of the one who reports directly to the leader of the Katipunan. He was also referred to as the “Utak ng Katipunan”. - He wrote the society’s newspaper called The Relevance/Contribution of the the Kalayaan. “Dimas-ilaw” was his pen Document in Philippine History name. - The relevance/contribution of the - Emilio Jacinto was in charge in creating document in Philippine history are the the guidebook for new members which was morals and intellectual foundation of our called “Kartilya ng Katipunan” people, the Filipinos. That they had a goal - He died April 16, 1899 at the age of 24. and set of rules, clearly a work of an Historical Background of the Document intellect, thus showed that our heroes have - The original version of the document has the intellectual capacity to rival those who 14 paragraphs that contains the values that have better education. The document also Katipuneros should possess. showed that Filipinos have dignity and - In 1986, Andres Bonifacio, the father of the treat people equally. Philippine Revolution and once the - They fought with awe for our President of the Supreme Council of the independence. Katipunan, penned the duties of the sons - It also shows several arguments such as: of the people, a list of duties and To have a set of rules for a better responsibilities to be followed strictly by understand for the new members every member of the organization. The To avoid conflict and change of heart for rules constituted a Decalogue, and those who joined embodied Bonifacio’s passionate beliefs. To make sure that they are ready for what Content Analysis: Understanding the they are joining upon Historical Information - KKK stands for the “Kataas-taasang Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan”. - A revolutionary society that aims for the independence and freedom of the Philippines from the oppressors. - It is arguably the most important organization formed in Philippine history. Those who want to join the Katipunan, they have rules for those who wish to join the KKK: True love of the native land and genuine compassion for one another The applicant should be renouncing all acts of evil; hence, he shall submit to the authority of the sacred commands of the Katipunan.  CONTENT AND CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS of - It describes how Magellan pursued the “Declaration of Philippines Independence” by island, and take over the country by his Ambrosio Rianzares-Bautista own countrymen which somehow led to Background of the Author some bad part of Filipinos as they were - Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista, author of the abused. It states that all men have an equal Declaration of Philippine Independence of right: the right to live, right to be free, and June 12, 1898 was born on December 7, be independent. It also shows where the 1830 Biiian, Laguna to Gregorio Enriquez design and colors of the flag was inspired Bautista and Silvestra Altamira. for. - Studied law at the University of Sto. Tomas - It describes the cruelty, abuses, and and got a degree in 1865. injustices made by the Spaniards and those - Member of La Liga Filipina, Cuerpo de Filipino people in the government who Compromisarios, and La Propaganda. don’t have any sense of justice. It - He died of a fatal fall from a horse-drawn demonstrates the justification behind the carriage on December 4, 1903, at the age of revolution against Spanish. 73. Some of the provinces in the Philippines were stated - He served as a solicitor general of the as it is the place where revolution happened and revolutionary government. those people in the said place, fight with them: - He was arrested and jailed at the outbreak - Also, for a nation to be called independent of the Revolution, was the one who or free, it should have its own distinct flag. authored the “Act of Declaration of Therefore, through a long process of Philippine Independence”. designing and creating the flag, they’ve - He was also the one who read the come up with the flag that we have declaration during the June 12, 1898 nowadays. The white triangle signifies the Independence proclamation by General famous society of the “Katipunan” which Aguinaldo in Kawit, Cavite. by means of blood compact inspired the masses to rise in revolution. Background of the Document - The three stars signifies the three principal - This document was written to recognize, islands of the Archipelago–Luzon, approve, and ratify all things about Mindanao, and Panay. The sun represents dictatorship and independence of the the gigantic steps made by the sons of the country. It is to recognize the hardships country along the path of Progress and and tribulation of the Filipino men who Civilization. The eight rays symbolize the fought for the country’s liberty and eight provinces–Manila, Cavite, Bulacan, freedom, and to approve taking charges Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, Bataan, Laguna, and punishment to those who abuse their and Batangas– which declared themselves power for their own glory and wants. in a state of war as soon as the first - It serves as a proof of proclamation of the revolution started and the colors of blue, sovereignty and independence of the red, and white, commemorating the flag of country from the abuses and injustices of the United States of North America, as a the Spanish colonial rule. manifestation of the country’s profound - The document was written or proclaimed gratitude towards this Great Nation for its by Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista. disinterested protection which it lent us - The country was still under Spanish and continues lending us. colonization. This was to provoke the people to fight more against the Spaniards, Contribution and Relevance of the and that the other foreign country would Document recognize the proclamation. It was written - Through this proclamation, the Philippines intended for the Filipinos, including the 98 achieved independence and established a people who signed as the witness, and provincial government which many people among them is an American. in today’s time enjoy. Through this, people were able to know how the country Content Analysis of the Document established its independence and the Because of what the Filipino are experiencing to the human right– right to live and right to be hands of those Spaniards, revolution started to free– at the same time. Also, it shows the happen: origin or the making of the country’s flag - Since many Filipino people started to be which shows and proves the distinction part of the revolution, believing that the and freedom of the country. It helps every proclamation of the country’s young Filipino to know more about independence would inspire and provoke Independence Day, and as to why it is people to fight more against the Spaniards important, as well as, what things and other foreign country who wanted to symbolize the elements found in the flag take charge of our country. and how it correlates with each other.