Texts In Mass Communication 2024/2025 PDF

‫ﺍﺳﺮﺍﺀ ﺻﺒﺮﻱ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻫﻮﺍﺭﻯ ﺯﻳﺪﺍﻥ ﺧﻀﺮ‬ Tanta University Faculty of Arts Mass communication section 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025...

‫ﺍﺳﺮﺍﺀ ﺻﺒﺮﻱ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻫﻮﺍﺭﻯ ﺯﻳﺪﺍﻥ ﺧﻀﺮ‬ Tanta University Faculty of Arts Mass communication section 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 Texts In Mass Communication Dr/ Mervat Soliman Dawood 1 ‫ﺍﺳﺮﺍﺀ ﺻﺒﺮﻱ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻫﻮﺍﺭﻯ ﺯﻳﺪﺍﻥ ﺧﻀﺮ‬ Introduction Mass communication and Media is the most important subject in this era, because of their influence on people in everything in their life, from the beginning of the morning to the moment they sleep. It influence their lives, relations, thinking, decisions,…..etc. So we will discuss some topics concern media , communications, communication theories, mass communications, news, television, radio, public relations, advertising, marketing, and public opinion. We want student to be aware of everything 2024/2025 2024/2025 concern media; 2024/2025 the most dominant factor in our life in present time, so we introduce flashers some topics which are important to the communicator in studding and practice. God help us to reach to our destination, and can achieve sort of understanding and accepting of the information presented in this book to our students. Dr. Mervat Soliman 2 ‫ﺍﺳﺮﺍﺀ ﺻﺒﺮﻱ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻫﻮﺍﺭﻯ ﺯﻳﺪﺍﻥ ﺧﻀﺮ‬ ¥¥¥ Artificial Intelligence Defention Artificial intelligence (AI), the ability of a digital computer or computer-controlled robot to perform tasks commonly associated with intelligent beings. The term is frequently applied to the project of developing systems endowed with the intellectual processes characteristic of humans, such as the ability to reason, discover meaning, generalize, or learn from past experience. Since the development of the digital computer in the 1940s, it has been demonstrated that computers can be 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 programmed to carry out very complex tasks—such as discovering proofs for mathematical theorems or playing chess—with great proficiency. Still, despite continuing advances in computer processing speed and memory capacity, there are as yet no programs that can match full human flexibility over wider domains or in tasks requiring much everyday knowledge. On the other hand, some programs have attained the performance levels of human experts and professionals in performing certain specific tasks, so that artificial intelligence in this limited sense is found in applications as diverse as medical diagnosis, computer search engines, voice or handwriting recognition, and chatbots. 3 ‫ﺍﺳﺮﺍﺀ ﺻﺒﺮﻱ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻫﻮﺍﺭﻯ ﺯﻳﺪﺍﻥ ﺧﻀﺮ‬ What is intelligence? All but the simplest human behaviour is ascribed to intelligence, while even the most complicated insect behaviour is usually not taken as an indication of intelligence. What is the difference? Consider the behaviour of the digger wasp, Sphex ichneumoneus. When the female wasp returns to her burrow with food, she first deposits it on the threshold, checks for intruders inside her burrow, and only then, if the coast is clear, carries her food inside. The real nature of the wasp’s instinctual behaviour is revealed if the food is moved a few 2024/2025 inches away from the entrance 2024/2025 to her burrow while 2024/2025 she is inside: on emerging, she will repeat the whole procedure as often as the food is displaced. Intelligence—conspicuously absent in the case of Sphex—must include the ability to adapt to new circumstances. Computers and Technology Quiz: Psychologists generally characterize human intelligence not by just one trait but by the combination of many diverse abilities. Research in AI has focused chiefly on the following components of intelligence: learning, reasoning, problem solving, perception, and using language. 4 ‫ﺍﺳﺮﺍﺀ ﺻﺒﺮﻱ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻫﻮﺍﺭﻯ ﺯﻳﺪﺍﻥ ﺧﻀﺮ‬ 1- Learning There are a number of different forms of learning as applied to artificial intelligence. The simplest is learning by trial and error. For example, a simple computer program for solving mate-in- one chess problems might try moves at random until mate is found. The program might then store the solution with the position so that the next time the computer encountered the same position it would recall the solution. This simple memorizing of individual items and procedures—known as rote learning—is relatively easy to implement on a 2024/2025 computer. More challenging is 2024/2025 the problem 2024/2025 of implementing what is called generalization. Generalization involves applying past experience to analogous new situations. For example, a program that learns the past tense of regular English verbs by rote will not be able to produce the past tense of a word such as jump unless it previously had been presented with jumped, whereas a program that is able to generalize can learn the “add ed” rule and so form the past tense of jump based on experience with similar verbs. 2- Reasoning To reason is to draw inferences appropriate to the situation. Inferences are classified as either deductive or inductive. An example of the 5 ‫ﺍﺳﺮﺍﺀ ﺻﺒﺮﻱ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻫﻮﺍﺭﻯ ﺯﻳﺪﺍﻥ ﺧﻀﺮ‬ former is, “Fred must be in either the museum or the café. He is not in the café; therefore he is in the museum,” and of the latter, “Previous accidents of this sort were caused by instrument failure; therefore this accident was caused by instrument failure.” The most significant difference between these forms of reasoning is that in the deductive case the truth of the premises guarantees the truth of the conclusion, whereas in the inductive case the truth of the premise lends support to the conclusion without giving absolute assurance. Inductive reasoning is common in science, where data are collected and tentative models are developed to describe and 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 predict future behaviour—until the appearance of anomalous data forces the model to be revised. Deductive reasoning is common in mathematics and logic, where elaborate structures of irrefutable theorems are built up from a small set of basic axioms and rules. There has been considerable success in programming computers to draw inferences. However, true reasoning involves more than just drawing inferences: it involves drawing inferences relevant to the solution of the particular task or situation. This is one of the hardest problems confronting AI. 6 ‫ﺍﺳﺮﺍﺀ ﺻﺒﺮﻱ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻫﻮﺍﺭﻯ ﺯﻳﺪﺍﻥ ﺧﻀﺮ‬ 3- Problem solving Problem solving, particularly in artificial intelligence, may be characterized as a systematic search through a range of possible actions in order to reach some predefined goal or solution. Problem-solving methods divide into special purpose and general purpose. A special-purpose method is tailor-made for a particular problem and often exploits very specific features of the situation in which the problem is embedded. In contrast, a general-purpose method is applicable to a wide variety of problems. One general-purpose technique used in AI is means-end analysis—a step- 2024/2025 2024/2025 by-step, or incremental, reduction of the difference 2024/2025 between the current state and the final goal. The program selects actions from a list of means—in the case of a simple robot this might consist of PICKUP, PUTDOWN, MOVEFORWARD, MOVEBACK, MOVELEFT, and MOVERIGHT—until the goal is reached. Many diverse problems have been solved by artificial intelligence programs. Some examples are finding the winning move (or sequence of moves) in a board game, devising mathematical proofs, and manipulating “virtual objects” in a computer- generated world. 7 ‫ﺍﺳﺮﺍﺀ ﺻﺒﺮﻱ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻫﻮﺍﺭﻯ ﺯﻳﺪﺍﻥ ﺧﻀﺮ‬ 4- Perception In perception the environment is scanned by means of various sensory organs, real or artificial, and the scene is decomposed into separate objects in various spatial relationships. Analysis is complicated by the fact that an object may appear different depending on the angle from which it is viewed, the direction and intensity of illumination in the scene, and how much the object contrasts with the surrounding field. One of the earliest systems to integrate perception and action was FREDDY, a stationary robot with a moving television eye and a pincer 2024/2025 hand, constructed 2024/2025 2024/2025 at the University of Edinburgh, Scotland, during the period 1966–73 under the direction of Donald Michie. FREDDY was able to recognize a variety of objects and could be instructed to assemble simple artifacts, such as a toy car, from a random heap of components. At present, artificial perception is sufficiently advanced to enable optical sensors to identify individuals and autonomous vehicles to drive at moderate speeds on the open road. 5- Language A language is a system of signs having meaning by convention. In this sense, language need not be confined to the spoken word. Traffic signs, for example, form a mini-language, it being a matter of 8 ‫ﺍﺳﺮﺍﺀ ﺻﺒﺮﻱ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻫﻮﺍﺭﻯ ﺯﻳﺪﺍﻥ ﺧﻀﺮ‬ convention that means “hazard ahead” in some countries. It is distinctive of languages that linguistic units possess meaning by convention, and linguistic meaning is very different from what is called natural meaning, exemplified in statements such as “Those clouds mean rain” and “The fall in pressure means the valve is malfunctioning.” An important characteristic of full-fledged human languages—in contrast to birdcalls and traffic signs— is their productivity. A productive language can formulate an unlimited variety of sentences. Large language models like ChatGPT 2024/2025 2024/2025 can respond 2024/2025 fluently in a human language to questions and statements. Although such models do not actually understand language as humans do but merely select words that are more probable than others, they have reached the point where their command of a language is indistinguishable from that of a normal human. What, then, is involved in genuine understanding, if even a computer that uses language like a native human speaker is not acknowledged to understand? There is no universally agreed upon answer to this difficult question. 9 ‫ﺍﺳﺮﺍﺀ ﺻﺒﺮﻱ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻫﻮﺍﺭﻯ ﺯﻳﺪﺍﻥ ﺧﻀﺮ‬ Methods and goals in AI Symbolic vs. connectionist approaches AI research follows two distinct, and to some extent competing, methods, the symbolic (or “top-down”) approach, and the connectionist (or “bottom-up”) approach. The top-down approach seeks to replicate intelligence by analyzing cognition independent of the biological structure of the brain, in terms of the processing of symbols—whence the symbolic label. The bottom-up approach, on the other hand, involves creating artificial neural networks in imitation of the brain’s structure—whence the connectionist 2024/2025 2024/2025 label. 2024/2025 To illustrate the difference between these approaches, consider the task of building a system, equipped with an optical scanner, that recognizes the letters of the alphabet. A bottom-up approach typically involves training an artificial neural network by presenting letters to it one by one, gradually improving performance by “tuning” the network. (Tuning adjusts the responsiveness of different neural pathways to different stimuli.) In contrast, a top- down approach typically involves writing a computer program that compares each letter with geometric descriptions. Simply put, neural activities are the basis of the bottom-up approach, while symbolic descriptions are the basis of the top-down approach. 11 ‫ﺍﺳﺮﺍﺀ ﺻﺒﺮﻱ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻫﻮﺍﺭﻯ ﺯﻳﺪﺍﻥ ﺧﻀﺮ‬ In The Fundamentals of Learning (1932), Edward Thorndike, a psychologist at Columbia University, New York City, first suggested that human learning consists of some unknown property of connections between neurons in the brain. In The Organization of Behavior (1949), Donald Hebb, a psychologist at McGill University, Montreal, Canada, suggested that learning specifically involves strengthening certain patterns of neural activity by increasing the probability (weight) of induced neuron firing between the associated connections. The notion of weighted connections is described in a later section, Connectionism. 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 In 1957 two vigorous advocates of symbolic AI— Allen Newell, a researcher at the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, California, and Herbert Simon, a psychologist and computer scientist at Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania—summed up the top-down approach in what they called the physical symbol system hypothesis. This hypothesis states that processing structures of symbols is sufficient, in principle, to produce artificial intelligence in a digital computer and that, moreover, human intelligence is the result of the same type of symbolic manipulations. 11 ‫ﺍﺳﺮﺍﺀ ﺻﺒﺮﻱ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻫﻮﺍﺭﻯ ﺯﻳﺪﺍﻥ ﺧﻀﺮ‬ Computers and Technology Quiz: During the 1950s and ’60s the top-down and bottom- up approaches were pursued simultaneously, and both achieved noteworthy, if limited, results. During the 1970s, however, bottom-up AI was neglected, and it was not until the 1980s that this approach again became prominent. Nowadays both approaches are followed, and both are acknowledged as facing difficulties. Symbolic techniques work in simplified realms but typically break down when confronted with the real world; meanwhile, bottom-up researchers have been unable to replicate the nervous 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 systems of even the simplest living things. Caenorhabditis elegans, a much-studied worm, has approximately 300 neurons whose pattern of interconnections is perfectly known. Yet connectionist models have failed to mimic even this worm. Evidently, the neurons of connectionist theory are gross oversimplifications of the real thing. Artificial general intelligence (AGI), applied AI, and cognitive simulation Employing the methods outlined above, AI research attempts to reach one of three goals: artificial general intelligence (AGI), applied AI, or cognitive simulation. AGI (also called strong AI) aims to build machines that think. The ultimate ambition of AGI is to produce a machine whose 12 ‫ﺍﺳﺮﺍﺀ ﺻﺒﺮﻱ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻫﻮﺍﺭﻯ ﺯﻳﺪﺍﻥ ﺧﻀﺮ‬ overall intellectual ability is indistinguishable from that of a human being. As is described in the section Early milestones in AI, this goal generated great interest in the 1950s and ’60s, but such optimism has given way to an appreciation of the extreme difficulties involved. To date, progress has been meagre. Some critics doubt whether research will produce even a system with the overall intellectual ability of an ant in the foreseeable future. Indeed, some researchers working in AI’s other two branches view AGI as not worth pursuing. Applied AI, also known as advanced information 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 processing, aims to produce commercially viable “smart” systems—for example, “expert” medical diagnosis systems and stock-trading systems. Applied AI has enjoyed considerable success, as described in the section Expert systems. In cognitive simulation, computers are used to test theories about how the human mind works—for example, theories about how people recognize faces or recall memories. Cognitive simulation is already a powerful tool in both neuroscience and cognitive psychology. 13 ‫ﺍﺳﺮﺍﺀ ﺻﺒﺮﻱ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻫﻮﺍﺭﻯ ﺯﻳﺪﺍﻥ ﺧﻀﺮ‬ Alan Turing and the beginning of AI Theoretical work Alan Turing The earliest substantial work in the field of artificial intelligence was done in the mid-20th century by the British logician and computer pioneer Alan Mathison Turing. In 1935 Turing described an abstract computing machine consisting of a limitless memory and a scanner that moves back and forth through the memory, symbol by symbol, reading what it finds and writing further symbols. The actions of the scanner are dictated by a program 2024/2025 of instructions that 2024/2025 2024/2025 also is stored in the memory in the form of symbols. This is Turing’s stored-program concept, and implicit in it is the possibility of the machine operating on, and so modifying or improving, its own program. Turing’s conception is now known simply as the universal Turing machine. All modern computers are in essence universal Turing machines. During World War II, Turing was a leading cryptanalyst at the Government Code and Cypher School in Bletchley Park, Buckinghamshire, England. Turing could not turn to the project of building a stored-program electronic computing machine until the cessation of hostilities in Europe in 1945. Nevertheless, during the war he gave considerable thought to the issue of machine intelligence. One of Turing’s colleagues at Bletchley Park, Donald Michie 14 ‫ﺍﺳﺮﺍﺀ ﺻﺒﺮﻱ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻫﻮﺍﺭﻯ ﺯﻳﺪﺍﻥ ﺧﻀﺮ‬ (who later founded the Department of Machine Intelligence and Perception at the University of Edinburgh), later recalled that Turing often discussed how computers could learn from experience as well as solve new problems through the use of guiding principles—a process now known as heuristic problem solving. Turing gave quite possibly the earliest public lecture (London, 1947) to mention computer intelligence, saying, “What we want is a machine that can learn from experience,” and that the “possibility of letting the machine alter its own instructions provides the mechanism for this.” In 1948 he 2024/2025 introduced many of 2024/2025 2024/2025 the central concepts of AI in a report entitled “Intelligent Machinery.” However, Turing did not publish this paper, and many of his ideas were later reinvented by others. For instance, one of Turing’s original ideas was to train a network of artificial neurons to perform specific tasks, an approach described in the section Connectionism. Chess At Bletchley Park, Turing illustrated his ideas on machine intelligence by reference to chess—a useful source of challenging and clearly defined problems against which proposed methods for problem solving could be tested. In principle, a chess-playing computer could play by searching exhaustively 15 ‫ﺍﺳﺮﺍﺀ ﺻﺒﺮﻱ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻫﻮﺍﺭﻯ ﺯﻳﺪﺍﻥ ﺧﻀﺮ‬ through all the available moves, but in practice this is impossible because it would involve examining an astronomically large number of moves. Heuristics are necessary to guide a narrower, more discriminative search. Although Turing experimented with designing chess programs, he had to content himself with theory in the absence of a computer to run his chess program. The first true AI programs had to await the arrival of stored-program electronic digital computers. 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 16 ‫ﺍﺳﺮﺍﺀ ﺻﺒﺮﻱ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻫﻮﺍﺭﻯ ﺯﻳﺪﺍﻥ ﺧﻀﺮ‬ ¥¥¥ Artificial Intelligence and Mass Media Abstract Self learning, self controlling, and self communicating standalone intelligent a system has enabled entirely different paradigms in recent year. Virtual reality and gaming uses programming abilities to create totally new environments or replicate existing environment. Glancing back at the days while "talking" was described 2024/2025 by painting on 2024/2025 2024/2025 caverns and sending news and data by means of pigeons to the current when Facebook-ing, snapchatting or tweeting our contemplations and thoughts to the world has become the standard, we've voyaged a since a long time ago muddled way.. In today’s world which is ruled and impacted by digitalization, technology is the powerful magic tool giving wings to our pigeons which are now multiple mass media platform that include TV, newspapers or new media. Giving an entirely different shape and personality to these stages is Artificial Intelligence an 17 ‫ﺍﺳﺮﺍﺀ ﺻﺒﺮﻱ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻫﻮﺍﺭﻯ ﺯﻳﺪﺍﻥ ﺧﻀﺮ‬ innovation which is portrayed by the impersonation of human insight for its use in machines and for programming them to think as far as people and to copy their activities. Computerized reasoning (AI) elevates to change the media and diversion business – affecting everything from content creation to the purchaser experience. The use of AI is constant and ever-evolving in every sector of life – AI in controlling Bias, AI in Social media, AI in 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 Automated Journalism and many more. The objective of this manuscript is offering a brief overview of the application of AI in media as well as the impact of AI in the field of media. This assessment will rely entirely on secondary data sources and the major finding of this manuscript is the impact of the AI in the field of media. 18 ‫ﺍﺳﺮﺍﺀ ﺻﺒﺮﻱ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻫﻮﺍﺭﻯ ﺯﻳﺪﺍﻥ ﺧﻀﺮ‬ ¥¥¥ “forget Artificial Intelligence – in the brave New world of big data, it’s artificial Idiocy we should be looking out for” Introduction. It seems that the topic of Artificial Intelligence (AI) is on everyone’ slips these2024/2025 2024/2025 days. And with good 2024/2025 reasons. According to the Future of workforce Development Report 62% of hiring managers expect AI to substantially change the nature of work. But this change depending on who you’re talking to is changed with mixed emotions from anxiety to excitement. "It will help human innovativeness and human interest by taking a ton of the leg work out of discovering significant substance exploring enormous measure of substance and re-designing and re- purposing content". AI will influence all parts of the media value chain, helping content creators to be 19 ‫ﺍﺳﺮﺍﺀ ﺻﺒﺮﻱ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻫﻮﺍﺭﻯ ﺯﻳﺪﺍﻥ ﺧﻀﺮ‬ more creative, helping content editor to be more productive and helping content consumers to find the content that matches their interest and current situation. New Media. New media is any media – from paper articles and sites to music and web recordings – that are conveyed carefully. From a website or email to mobile phones and streaming apps, any internet – 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 related form of communication can be considered new media. The main thing to think about new media is that it is continually evolving. As new innovation is created and generally received, what is viewed as new keeps on transforming. Sometime in the distant past, DVDs and CDs were the furthest down the line approach to watch motion pictures and tune in to music. Presently, real time features, for example, Netflix and Spotify are more mainstream. Through this makes it a difficult field since experts must know about the consistent changes in trends and 21 ‫ﺍﺳﺮﺍﺀ ﺻﺒﺮﻱ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻫﻮﺍﺭﻯ ﺯﻳﺪﺍﻥ ﺧﻀﺮ‬ technologies. It additionally makes it an energizing and dynamic field to enter. New media includes – websites, Blogs, Email, Social media network, Music & television streaming services, virtual & augmented reality etc. Evolution of New Media. The growth of new media has been the generic development riding the wave of technology progress over the human species evolution. The migration 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 human species out of Africa around 80,000 year ago, started representing data through cave arts at different geographical location. With the evolution of languages and visual art, the cognitive ability of the human species, more tools and crafts like terracotta, dyes, inks, cotton etc. emerged. The break through in paper processing led to evolution more books keeping and recording, which eventually to rapid communication with invention of printing press. The 16th century phenomena led to mass media communication evolution. The technological 21 ‫ﺍﺳﺮﺍﺀ ﺻﺒﺮﻱ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻫﻮﺍﺭﻯ ﺯﻳﺪﺍﻥ ﺧﻀﺮ‬ breakthrough in late 18th century and 19th century led evolution of transmission of sound and followed by transmission of video. The combination of audio and video revolutionized modern broadcasting. The invention of transistor in 1947 and the ultimate integration of first Pentium processor in 1970 transformed data communication. The data representation and growth in communication have eventually led to new media by early 2000. 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Mass Media. Media companies can leverage AI through out their content supply chain to automate operation drive decision making and personalize the consumer experience. Through techniques such as image recognition and speech to text transcription, metadata tagging is the most widen data automatically created by the AI algorithm can be used to drive content monetization strategies. As we rapidly shift towards a world characterized by digitalization, the power of 22 ‫ﺍﺳﺮﺍﺀ ﺻﺒﺮﻱ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻫﻮﺍﺭﻯ ﺯﻳﺪﺍﻥ ﺧﻀﺮ‬ AI expands and stretches till not even the media industry has been able to escape it’s ditches. The industry has also been undergoing a high degree of transformation with the digital media paving it’s way towards becoming the main focus of interest across all its sub-sectors that includes TV, Print and Radio.  AI in Controlling Bias. Overcoming the rising predisposition is one unbearable disgrace which2024/2025 2024/2025 the media has 2024/2025 been looking in the present current world. The information being catered to the audience may often be layered with degrees of bias leading to misleading content instead of factual, balanced now.  AI in Social Media. As the use of Social Media expands and booms at an increasing rate over the years, so does the hold Artificial Intelligence enjoy over it:- 23 ‫ﺍﺳﺮﺍﺀ ﺻﺒﺮﻱ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻫﻮﺍﺭﻯ ﺯﻳﺪﺍﻥ ﺧﻀﺮ‬  Facebook. The entire backbone of Facebook is based on understanding and gaining knowledge of the behavior of its users, yet with its massive user base it makes use of several techniques to do the same. Like – Deep learning, Deep text, face Recognition etc.  Twitter. Twitter make use of AI algorithm to flag and 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 removes the accounts that are promoting extremist groups or hateful tweets and also recommending tweets on the user’s timeline and ensuring that the pertinent tweets are obliged them first. It makes use of Natural language Processing (NLP) to analyze thousands of tweets per second and provide insight on the inclination of the users.  Instagram. Search suggestions – with million of photos being shared on the platform every day, Instagram leverages AI to create it’s search function with its 24 ‫ﺍﺳﺮﺍﺀ ﺻﺒﺮﻱ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻫﻮﺍﺭﻯ ﺯﻳﺪﺍﻥ ﺧﻀﺮ‬ massive database to help users find images related to their own favorite activities and experiences.  Linkedin. Job/Connection Recommendations makes use of AI for offering job recommendations, suggesting people for the user’s to connect with and for delivering specific post on the user’s feed.  AI in Automated Journalism. 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 Mechanized Journalism, which additionally passes by the name of "Robot Journalism" utilizes characteristic language age calculation that are fueled by AI to naturally change over information into various news stories, images, videos and data visualization and then distribute it via automated journalism platforms. It’s power has brought it under the scrutiny of many moral debates as various experts believe it’s use could lead to loss of jobs and the circulation of fake content –AI’s role in writing and reporting articles, AI’s role in recommending and creating multimedia, 25 ‫ﺍﺳﺮﺍﺀ ﺻﺒﺮﻱ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻫﻮﺍﺭﻯ ﺯﻳﺪﺍﻥ ﺧﻀﺮ‬ AI’s role in creating and distributing interactive data visualization.  Societal Challenges. These disruptive technologies indeed raise new ethical and regulation challenges. Similarly the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) aims primarily to give control to citizens and residents over their personal data and to simplify the regulation. 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025  Automation. AI is often seen as an efficient way to ‘automatize’ increasingly complex tasks however, seeing AI as an opaque autonomous system introduces huge biases. Firstly, it hides who decides, Secondly, some aspects of the sovereign power tends to be appointed to those who have the power on the data and algorithm regarding the media, this can have a dramatic impact on freedom of expression. 26 ‫ﺍﺳﺮﺍﺀ ﺻﺒﺮﻱ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻫﻮﺍﺭﻯ ﺯﻳﺪﺍﻥ ﺧﻀﺮ‬  Ownership. The fact is Google, Facebook, Amazon and Microsoft GAFAMs are to a certain extend, leading the development in AI, including by sharing open software widely used in research such as Tensorflow or Malmo. On the one hand, consider GAFAMs want or need to enhance some how their image with regard to geopolitical issue. On the other hand, clearly state the frontier between what they can propose, and what 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 is definitely the sovereign domain.  Accessibility. As described in section-2, AI tools could prove very efficient in making media accessible to all for example, automatic machine translation of text and speech or automatic subtitling and sign language generation. Another accessibility challenge where AI can have an important impact is with regard to migration. Migration should be placed under perspective to promote multiple knowledge about cultural differences and the economical sides. 27 ‫ﺍﺳﺮﺍﺀ ﺻﺒﺮﻱ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻫﻮﺍﺭﻯ ﺯﻳﺪﺍﻥ ﺧﻀﺮ‬  Science of belief. While “weak” AI is a reality, and corresponds to the fact that machines can realize tasks which would have been considered as intelligent if realized by a human with the intrinsic limit of being always specific to a narrow cognitive task. What is called “strong” or “Global” AI is neither true nor wrong, but related to a belief. 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025  Economic Side. The major impact of AI has been and will continue to be on the demand side of media-not the production of content but the process by which this content is matched to consumers future improvement in AI have the potential to profoundly alter this process for both good and for I’ll. The basic economics of media means demand-side matching plays a uniquely important role. News stories, social media posts, songs and movies are all prototypical “experience good” whose quality and fit with a consumer’s taste 28 ‫ﺍﺳﺮﺍﺀ ﺻﺒﺮﻱ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻫﻮﺍﺭﻯ ﺯﻳﺪﺍﻥ ﺧﻀﺮ‬ can only be judged once they have been consumed. Peripheral expenses are low, and the idea of interest fluctuates significantly across buyers and time. Together, these factors means that the market produces Oceans of content of widely varying quality and appeal that must be sorted and filtered in order to produce social value. It 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 is a key factor determining the level of trust in media and the extent to which media can be manipulated by governments, advertiser’s or other third parties seeking to persuade. AI has potential to dramatically improve the efficiency with which the market matches content to consumers. Future of the AI in Mass Media AI is transforming how brands use social media and it is the reason why this segment is expected to 29 ‫ﺍﺳﺮﺍﺀ ﺻﺒﺮﻱ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻫﻮﺍﺭﻯ ﺯﻳﺪﺍﻥ ﺧﻀﺮ‬ reach $2.1 billion by 2023. The use of AI in social media has major advantages:-  Cost-reduction. Simulated intelligence capacities utilizing an unpredictable organization of PCs that are equipped for working autonomously.. Once the algorithms and actions points are defined, AI can function with minimum human monitoring. This helps to reduce marketing2024/2025 2024/2025 expenditure as 2024/2025 brand can work with a smaller team without compromising their performance.  Incremental Revenue. It also assists brands to boost revenue by making process automatic and efficient. AI provides valuable insight that aids in creating content to improve engagement and make the brand visible to a wide audience.  Communicating with the Audience. Artificial intelligence advances assist brands with consequently answering to these 31 ‫ﺍﺳﺮﺍﺀ ﺻﺒﺮﻱ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻫﻮﺍﺭﻯ ﺯﻳﺪﺍﻥ ﺧﻀﺮ‬ messages by creating client intuitive AI chat bots that incorporate with their online media profiles. Brands can also use chatbots for businesses to provide personalized support to shopper.  Makes Influencer Marketing more effective. Man-made intelligence helps in making this cycle quick via consequently performing quantitative and subjective examination 2024/2025 2024/2025 of 2024/2025 influencers. Simulated intelligence can assess the substance, commitment rates and different boundaries of various influencers to handpick the individuals who will be effective in helping the brand's mission contact a wider audience.  Create, Schedule and Analyze Social Media Posts. Man-made intelligence can assist with making stage explicit substance by leading broad point research and giving data on search expectation.. Man-made intelligence likewise 31 ‫ﺍﺳﺮﺍﺀ ﺻﺒﺮﻱ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻫﻮﺍﺭﻯ ﺯﻳﺪﺍﻥ ﺧﻀﺮ‬ permits brands to naturally plan posts for every stage. This improves the organic reach of social media posts and get valuable insight about emerging trends new audiences brand visibility and competitor performance. Conclusions. There is no question that AI will have profound impact on media market. "Simulated intelligence can possibly improve billions of lives, 2024/2025 and the greatest 2024/2025 2024/2025 danger might be neglecting to do as such. By ensuring it is developed responsibly in a way that benefits everyone, we can inspire future generation to believe in the power of technology as much as I do”. As AI can make it easier for consumers to navigate the bewildering mass of online content through search and personalized recommendations. In human species evolution of New Media is one aspect of current progress of technology. Technology progress can not be stopped and this will have an direct impact of how humans consume, share and communicate 32 ‫ﺍﺳﺮﺍﺀ ﺻﺒﺮﻱ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻫﻮﺍﺭﻯ ﺯﻳﺪﺍﻥ ﺧﻀﺮ‬ data. The current progress in computational platform will have deeper impact than what happened with Radio, television and internet. The wireless world will be more interesting with virtual reality, communicating machines and more importantly emotional and intelligent machines. As an off-shoot of this cognitive technology development of new media will give way to intelligent media 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 33 ‫ﺍﺳﺮﺍﺀ ﺻﺒﺮﻱ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻫﻮﺍﺭﻯ ﺯﻳﺪﺍﻥ ﺧﻀﺮ‬ ¥¥¥ Role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Media Industry Looking back at the days when “conversing” was characterized by painting on caves and sending news and information via pigeons to the present when Facebook-ing, Snapchatting, or tweeting our thoughts and ideas to the world has become the norm, we’ve traveled a long complicated way. In today’s world which is ruled2024/2025 2024/2025 and impacted by 2024/2025 digitalization, technology is the powerful magic tool giving wings to our pigeons, the pigeons which are now multiple mass media platforms that include TV, newspapers, or news media. Giving a whole new shape and identity to these platforms is Artificial Intelligence, a technology that is characterized by the imitation of human intelligence for its usage in machines and for programming them to think in terms of humans and to mimic their actions. 34 ‫ﺍﺳﺮﺍﺀ ﺻﺒﺮﻱ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻫﻮﺍﺭﻯ ﺯﻳﺪﺍﻥ ﺧﻀﺮ‬ Applications of AI in media To say the applications of AI are many, would be an understatement. The use of Artificial Intelligence is constant and ever-evolving in every sector of life. Here I will be offering a brief overview of the application of AI in media. “The AI is there. You’re just not seeing it in the ways you would have expected.” - Jason Harrison, CEO of North America for WPP’s Essence 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 As we rapidly shift towards a world characterized by digitalization, the power of AI expands and stretches till not even the media industry has been able to escape its clutches. The industry has also been undergoing a high degree of transformation with digital media paving its way towards becoming the main focus of interest across all its sub-sectors that include TV, Print, and Radio. 35 ‫ﺍﺳﺮﺍﺀ ﺻﺒﺮﻱ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻫﻮﺍﺭﻯ ﺯﻳﺪﺍﻥ ﺧﻀﺮ‬ AI in Media Below are a few central areas, residing under the umbrella of Media, that AI has impacted and transformed, for the better or worse. 1. AI in Controlling Bias Defeating the rising bias is one excruciating stigma which the media has been facing in today’s modern world. The information being catered to the audience may often be layered with degrees of bias leading to misleading content instead of factual, 2024/2025 2024/2025 balanced news. 2024/2025 While Artificial Intelligence certainly holds the threat of being an apprentice in the indulgence of these very biased tastes at the same time it could also be a part of its resolution. In various cases, AI assists in reducing the subjective interpretation of the data of the human as its machine learning algorithms are trained to only consider the variables which improve their predictive accuracy, based on the data used for training. AI decisions unlike decisions made by humans can be explored, overseen, and interrogated. 36 ‫ﺍﺳﺮﺍﺀ ﺻﺒﺮﻱ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻫﻮﺍﺭﻯ ﺯﻳﺪﺍﻥ ﺧﻀﺮ‬ As quoted by Andrew McAfee of MIT, “If you want the bias out, get the algorithms in.” Let’s take the example of Knowhere, a startup news company that is widely known for its impartiality. The company uses a combination of machine learning technologies as well as human journalists for creating its news stories. The site uses its AI to select a story, 2024/2025 2024/2025 taking into 2024/2025 account the latest trends. Once a topic is selected, it explores thousands of news sources for gathering content, irrespective of the opinions the sources propagate, while also looking into the reliability of the source. Then on the basis of its research, the AI writes its own non - biased version of the story. Yet at the same time, the company also has a pair of human editors reviewing each of its stories and then feeding the edits back to the AI, which could end up being a major defect for the tech seeing how AI’s tend to adopt the biases of their creators. 37 ‫ﺍﺳﺮﺍﺀ ﺻﺒﺮﻱ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻫﻮﺍﺭﻯ ﺯﻳﺪﺍﻥ ﺧﻀﺮ‬ 2. AI in Social Media As the use of Social Media expands and booms at an increasing rate over the years, so does the hold Artificial Intelligence enjoys over it. Facebook: The entire backbone of Facebook is based on understanding and gaining knowledge of the behavior of its users, yet with its massive user base, it makes use of several techniques to do the same. 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025  Deep Learning - This technique doesn’t need any definite data from an image and has the ability to comprehend the context of an image as well as to analyze its contents using meta and text. For instance, if there is an abundance of tiger images and videos being shared across Facebook this technique can produce insights to understand the frequency of appearance of products with these images and videos in order to place ads for the people who might like to watch tiger videos. 38 ‫ﺍﺳﺮﺍﺀ ﺻﺒﺮﻱ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻫﻮﺍﺭﻯ ﺯﻳﺪﺍﻥ ﺧﻀﺮ‬  DeepText - This technique uses neural networking to analyze the words in user posts in order to understand their context and comprehend their meaning, with its own algorithm.  Face Recognition - This technology is used to recognize human faces in two or more different images. The technology’s accuracy has also made it the target of much controversy. 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 Twitter:  Tweet Recommendations - Twitter makes use of AI for recommending tweets on the user’s timeline and ensuring that the relevant tweets are catered to them first. It makes use of Natural Language Processing (NLP) to analyze thousands of tweets per second and provide insights into the inclinations of the users.  Removing Hateful Accounts - Twitter makes use of AI algorithms to flag and removes the accounts that are promoting extremist groups or hateful tweets. 39 ‫ﺍﺳﺮﺍﺀ ﺻﺒﺮﻱ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻫﻮﺍﺭﻯ ﺯﻳﺪﺍﻥ ﺧﻀﺮ‬  Image Cropping Tools - Twitter enhances user experience through the use of neural networking and displays only the most intriguing part of an image for its thumbnail. Instagram:  Search Suggestions - With millions of photos being shared on the platform every day, Instagram leverages AI to create its search function with its massive database to help users find 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 images related to their own favourite activities and experiences. LinkedIn:  Job/ Connection Recommendations - LinkedIn makes use of AI for offering job recommendations, suggesting people for the users to connect with, and delivering specific posts on the user’s feed. 3. AI in Automated Journalism Automated journalism, which also goes by the name of “robot journalism”, makes use of natural 41 ‫ﺍﺳﺮﺍﺀ ﺻﺒﺮﻱ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻫﻮﺍﺭﻯ ﺯﻳﺪﺍﻥ ﺧﻀﺮ‬ language generation algorithms that are powered by AI in order to automatically convert data into various news stories, images, videos, and data visualizations and then distribute it via automated journalism platforms. Its power has brought it under the scrutiny of many moral debates as various experts believe its use could lead to loss of jobs and the circulation of fake content. 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025  AI’s role in writing and reporting articles - AI is being leveraged by publications to deal with the laborious and tedious tasks and remove them from the journalist’s workload. For instance, Patch a publishing network has integrated AI within its content management system for creating and distributing its repetitive articles such as weather and financial reports, on the basis of its existing framework.  AI’s Role in recommending and creating multimedia - The images in publications are 41 ‫ﺍﺳﺮﺍﺀ ﺻﺒﺮﻱ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻫﻮﺍﺭﻯ ﺯﻳﺪﺍﻥ ﺧﻀﺮ‬ recommended through machine algorithms, based on the relevance of their context and past engagement criteria. For instance Getty Images, the visual communication giant launched “Panels”, a new AI tool for media publishing that recommends the best visual content to accompany a news article. Panels infer from Getty Images’s database and provide the media editors with a customizable research assistant for summarising articles and offering a selection of images for varied elements of the 2024/2025 story. 2024/2025 2024/2025  AI’s role in generating subtitles - It is integral for media companies to ensure that their content remains appropriate for consumption from audiences of varying regions. For doing so, it is required that they offer precise multilingual subtitles in case of their video content. Drafting subtitles in a conventional manner can prove to be highly time-consuming and draining for the human translators, not to mention the struggle involved in identifying the proper 42 ‫ﺍﺳﺮﺍﺀ ﺻﺒﺮﻱ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻫﻮﺍﺭﻯ ﺯﻳﺪﺍﻥ ﺧﻀﺮ‬ human resources for translating the content in specific languages. With human translation also being largely susceptible to errors, media platforms adopt AI- based technologies such as NLP and natural language generation. For instance, YouTube’s AI permits its publishers to automatically generate closed video captions, added on the application, ensuring that their 2024/2025 content is easily 2024/2025 2024/2025 reachable.  Content personalization - Popular video streaming platforms such as Spotify and Netflix are accomplished as they supply content to people from all demographics, who have varying preferences and tastes. Such platforms adopt AI and machine learning algorithms for studying individual user behavior and demographics to suggest what the users can have interest in viewing or listening to after their present video and ensuring that they 43 ‫ﺍﺳﺮﺍﺀ ﺻﺒﺮﻱ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻫﻮﺍﺭﻯ ﺯﻳﺪﺍﻥ ﺧﻀﺮ‬ are constantly kept engaged. Therefore, these AI-based platforms offer users content catering to their particular preferences, facilitating them with a profoundly customized experience.  AI’s role in creating and distributing interactive data visualizations - AI has also played a dynamic role in enabling publishers to create interactive data visualizations in a short time period. For instance, Opinary, a Berlin-based 2024/2025 startup is an AI- 2024/2025 2024/2025 powered product that goes through articles to comprehend their subject and then creates interactive data visualizations, placing them directly into the articles that allow users to share their opinion on the topic of the article, while also including the responses from other readers in real-time. 44 ‫ﺍﺳﺮﺍﺀ ﺻﺒﺮﻱ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻫﻮﺍﺭﻯ ﺯﻳﺪﺍﻥ ﺧﻀﺮ‬ Conclusion “AI has the potential to improve billions of lives, and the biggest risk may be failing to do so. By ensuring it is developed responsibly in a way that benefits everyone, we can inspire future generations to believe in the power of technology as much as I do,” - Sundar Pichai, CEO, Google & Alphabet I would conclude by saying that while Artificial 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 Intelligence holds a massive degree of power and capacity and the promise of evolution and booming of the media and all its varied sectors, its very power could also prove to be its biggest deadly weapon. Thus AI has to be effectively channeled and accurately used for it to be a positive advancement. 45 ‫ﺍﺳﺮﺍﺀ ﺻﺒﺮﻱ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻫﻮﺍﺭﻯ ﺯﻳﺪﺍﻥ ﺧﻀﺮ‬ ¥¥¥ Artificial Intelligence in the New Media Industry The initial purpose of the media was to inform, educate, or entertain the public via a handful of media outlets. It was a different way to communicate and impact society in general. However, such focus has shifted today, with artificial intelligence laying the groundwork for the new media era. A little while ago, we discussed2024/2025 2024/2025 how AI has redefined 2024/2025 the modern approach to content moderation. More specifically, the issue we’ve covered was how to use AI for responsible social media management, since it significantly affects the life of a modern user. But what if we take a look at the media sector as a whole and examine the impact artificial intelligence has on it today? The media sources find us everywhere, from personal devices to streets and public places. This means that the media has a much more tangible and inevitable influence on modern-day society than we used to think. Hence, AI should be trained to become a 46 ‫ﺍﺳﺮﺍﺀ ﺻﺒﺮﻱ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻫﻮﺍﺭﻯ ﺯﻳﺪﺍﻥ ﺧﻀﺮ‬ valuable asset that takes control over this influence and keeps the media safe and useful for us. You’ve probably heard of the case when AI wrote its first article for The Guardian, all by itself, using a GPT-3 model. Here, AI declares itself loudly through the title of this article, so should we be worried? Should we question AI-generated media? We’ll answer these questions throughout 2024/2025 2024/2025 this article, 2024/2025 so stay tuned! Label Your Data puts AI under the microscope of the media world! AI Applications in the Media & Entertainment Sector What’s the role of AI in the media? The main idea behind implementing artificial intelligence in the media and entertainment sector is to increase the interactivity and appeal of visual material. Hence, the visual media is more engaging and dynamic when combined with smart tech solutions. Also, AI enables automated and data-rich 47 ‫ﺍﺳﺮﺍﺀ ﺻﺒﺮﻱ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻫﻮﺍﺭﻯ ﺯﻳﺪﺍﻥ ﺧﻀﺮ‬ media content that, in turn, delivers a more personalized and entertaining viewer experience. For example, automated article classification is gaining traction among media providers due to the tough competition in the industry. However, modern media creators and enterprises struggle to create material in large quantities while maintaining quality, which is why they turn to AI to accomplish this goal. AI businesses 2024/2025 2024/2025 are continuously 2024/2025 attempting to improve the efficiency of the entertainment industry by integrating this technology into a variety of sub-fields. AI applications in media and entertainment are expanding quickly, particularly when it comes to sharing and displaying visual content. What are these AI applications in the major media industries? Let’s find out! Music DL generative models are used to handle advanced audio features (e.g., timbre). AI is also applied for 48 ‫ﺍﺳﺮﺍﺀ ﺻﺒﺮﻱ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻫﻮﺍﺭﻯ ﺯﻳﺪﺍﻥ ﺧﻀﺮ‬ style transfer, audio demixing, and personalized music production. Not without personalized recommendations in the music scene, customized content, and enhanced playback to allow users to control the sound. The main challenges for AI in this area include models that use raw audio signal information, learning long-term temporal dependencies, switching between timbres, as well as denoising 2024/2025 2024/2025 and demixing. 2024/2025 Visual Arts Applications for AI-generated art images, pastiches, and images from captions are among the key AI applications in visual arts. Additionally, AI can be used for reproducing scene-dependent image transformations, style-based image transformations, image inpainting, image retrieval based on text or visual features, and image quality improvement. AI solutions in this sector imply automatic metadata creation based on the analysis of the image or text, as well as object detection and face recognition algorithms. 49 ‫ﺍﺳﺮﺍﺀ ﺻﺒﺮﻱ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻫﻮﺍﺭﻯ ﺯﻳﺪﺍﻥ ﺧﻀﺮ‬ The challenges that AI encounters while working with the images include cross-media search, learning to understand image content, image generation from the description, and automated reconstruction of the missing elements. Digital Storytelling AI-powered cinematography, transmedia storytelling, authoring tools for non-experts, sensor-based storytelling for immersive experiences, and searching archives to discover content that best fits the narrative 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 are all part of innovative digital storytelling with the help of AI. Audio segmentation and multimodal interactive and virtual experiences are enabled due to AI within the content production stage. However, there are some throwbacks to consider, such as automated narration in an interactive environment and transdisciplinary storytelling that merges writing, tech, and gaming. Also, authors must retain control over the AI-generated content. 51 ‫ﺍﺳﺮﺍﺀ ﺻﺒﺮﻱ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻫﻮﺍﺭﻯ ﺯﻳﺪﺍﻥ ﺧﻀﺮ‬ Games, Movies, Engineering, and Design In these particular industries, AI enables automated content synthesis, by-example synthesis, and generative game design. As a result, users benefit from personalized games that are adjusted to gamer profiles and AI’s ability to model the player’s behavior, skills, and affective state. Here, the current difficulties include the synthesis of large environments, ethics by design to avoid 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 addiction, and credible assessment of the user’s emotional state. Book Publishing AI greatly relieves the publication process by automating all the work for the publishing houses. Additionally, publication tagging, personalized book recommendations, and copyright management are much enhanced due to AI. It also helps improve the accessibility for people with print impairments (e.g., automated text generation to describe a specific image). Yet, the IPR issues must be thoroughly addressed, considering AI input and output. 51 ‫ﺍﺳﺮﺍﺀ ﺻﺒﺮﻱ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻫﻮﺍﺭﻯ ﺯﻳﺪﺍﻥ ﺧﻀﺮ‬ Media Access Services AI solutions for this sector encompass sign language production (SLP), audio description of the content, and automatic subtitling (multilingual, contextualized, and in accordance with legislation). However, the most prevalent challenges, in this case, are automated multilingual translation and optimization of the audio-visual content circulation through translation. 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 News AI became a powerful tool for the news media over recent years, given that it facilitates fact-checking as well as analysis and cross-examination of information sources (in different languages). The technology also powers content verification (e.g., deep fakes detection), social network analysis (disinformation detection), and automated generation of personalized news digests. All this is feasible thanks to user profiling and ML-based recommender systems, smart solutions for evaluating the credibility of the information in the news, and tools for better quality 52 ‫ﺍﺳﺮﺍﺀ ﺻﺒﺮﻱ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻫﻮﺍﺭﻯ ﺯﻳﺪﺍﻥ ﺧﻀﺮ‬ participative journalism. Automated news aggregation an