Disaster Risk Reduction and Management PDF

DRRR – BASILIO, GABRIEL M. | 12 – STEM 02 Coping Capacity Physical – Infrastructure repair or infrastructure DISASTER AND DISASTER RISK renovations....

DRRR – BASILIO, GABRIEL M. | 12 – STEM 02 Coping Capacity Physical – Infrastructure repair or infrastructure DISASTER AND DISASTER RISK renovations. Social – risk assessment, training, organization, DISASTER network - The widespread destruction or damage to a Economic – employment and livelihood program community caused either by a natural phenomenon Environmental – rehabilitation of biodiversity or by man. - A disaster occurs if there is a serious disruption of EFFECTS OF DISASTER the functioning of a community because of a widespread destruction. 1. Physical Effect of Disaster - It can also be defined in terms of loss. If the loss - destruction of property and infrastructure suffered by a community is greater than the ability - destruction of farmlands or death of farm animals, of the resources to handle the situation, a disaster - personal injury/ illness to human occurs. - death. - LOSS > COMMUNITY RESOURCES = DISASTER - Disasters caused by natural and human-caused 2. Psychological / Mental Effect of Disaster hazards affect thousands of people each year. - severe post-traumatic stress disorders - Disaster is the effect of hazard. - anxiety - withdraw into states of depression DISASTER RISK - state of shock - is the probability of harmful consequences, or - psychological distress expected loss of lives, people injured, livelihoods, disruption of economic activities and damages to the 3. Economic Effect of Disaster environment as a result of interactions between - scarcity of food supplies natural or human induced hazards and vulnerable / - disruption in economic activities in short term capable conditions. - loss of labor - A disaster that hasn’t happened yet. - loss of capital/ physical assets 𝐻𝑎𝑧𝑎𝑟𝑑×𝑣𝑢𝑙𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦×𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 - decrease in expected production output - 𝑅𝑖𝑠𝑘 = 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 4. Social Effect of Disaster Four factors that may increase or decrease disaster - disruption of services and delivery such as risk telecommunication and government services 1. HAZARD - disaster affects livelihood - It refers to any phenomenon that has the potential to - disaster survivors had begun to take up unskilled cause disruption or damage to humans and their work, negative coping strategies, increased environment. household debt - An event or occurrence that has the potential for - lack of information about potential sources of causing injury to life, property, and environment. assistance and the reconstruction effort - The cause of disaster. 5. Environmental Effect of Disaster 2. EXPOSURE - defoliate forests (wildfire, tornadoes, floods) - refers to people, property, systems or other elements - cause other types of structural changes to present in the hazard zones. ecosystems - If there is no exposure to hazard there is no - wildlife can be killed by the force of the disaster disaster risk Prevention and mitigation are actions taken to make 3. VULNERABILITY sure that the impact of a hazard is lessened. - comprises conditions determined by physical, social, economic, and environmental factors or Prevention measures seek to eliminate the impact of processes, which increase the susceptibility of a hazards and/or reduce susceptibility to them. community, school, or certain area in a locality to the impact of hazards Mitigation measures accept that the event will occur and. seek to reduce the inevitable impact. 4. COPING CAPACITIES - those positive resources and abilities which are VULNERABILITY helpful to individuals, families and community in mitigating, preparing for, responding to and VULNERABILITY recovering from the hazard impact. - “The conditions determined by physical, social, economic and environmental factors or processes, which increase the susceptibility of a community to the impact of hazards” - refers to factors of the community that allow a hazard HAZARD to cause a disaster. - refers to any phenomenon that has the - the result of a number of factors that increase the potential to cause disruption or damage to humans chances of a community being unable to cope with an and their environment. emergency. EXPOSURE Characteristics of Vulnerability - refers to elements at risk like people, animals, Multi-dimensional properties or assets that can be affected by a Dynamic hazard. Scale-dependent Site-specific VULNERABILITY - refers to conditions, factors or characteristics of a Types of Vulnerability community, system, or asset that make it Physical susceptible to the damaging effects of hazard; the - also depends on its geographic proximity to the likelihood that assets will be source and origin of the disasters damaged/destroyed/affected when exposed to a Economic hazard. - can be assessed by determining how varied its 𝐻𝑎𝑧𝑎𝑟𝑑×𝑣𝑢𝑙𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦×𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 sources of income are, the economic assets and ❖ 𝑅𝑖𝑠𝑘 = processes of the area, the ease of access and control 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 over means of production COPING CAPACITIES Social - those positive resources and abilities which are - A socially vulnerable community has weak family helpful to individuals, families and community in structures, lack of leadership for decision making and mitigating, preparing for, responding to and conflict resolution, unequal participation in decision recovering from the hazard impact. making, weak or no community organizations, and the one in which people are discriminated on racial, DISASTER RESILIENCE ethnic, linguistic or religious basis. - The ability of a system, community or society Attitudinal Vulnerability exposed to disaster to resist, absorb, - negative attitude towards change and lacks initiative accommodate and recover from the effects of in life disaster in a timely and efficient manner, including Environmental through the preservation and restoration of its - also refers to conditions or factors that contribute to essential basic structures and functions. potential impacts of events on the environment like steepness of the area or denudation of the mountain. DISASTER RISK REDUCTION - This is the policy objective of disaster risk Vulnerable Groups management. It contributes to strengthening - include the economically disadvantaged, racial resilience and therefore to the achievement of and ethnic minorities, the uninsured, low-income sustainable development. children, the elderly, the homeless, those with - requires a people-centered and multisector human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and those approach, building resilience to multiple hazards and with other chronic health conditions, including creating a culture of prevention and safety. severe mental illness. - It may also include rural residents, who often DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT encounter barriers to accessing healthcare services. - the implementation of DRR and includes building - The vulnerability of these individuals is enhanced by the capacity of a community, organization or race, ethnicity, age, sex, and factors such as income, society to anticipate, cope with, resist and insurance coverage (or lack thereof), and absence of recover from disasters through activities related to: a usual source of care. EXPOSURE, VULNERABILITY, AND HAZARD DISASTER RISK - is the probability of harmful consequences, or expected loss of lives, people injured, livelihoods, disruption of economic activities and damages to the environment as a result of interactions between natural or human induced hazards and vulnerable / capable conditions. PREVENTION Biological Hazard/Biohazard - The outright avoidance of adverse impacts of - is a biological substance/organism that poses a hazards and related disasters (often less costly than threat to the health of living organisms, primarily disaster relief and response). humans. - Taking measures in order to avoid an event turning - This could include a sample of a microorganism, into a disaster, which includes planting trees in order virus or toxin that can adversely affect human to prevent erosion, landslides and drought. health could also be a substance harmful to other animals. MITIGATION - These include anthrax, common colds, HIV/AIDS, - The lessening or minimizing of the adverse Hepatitis A, B, C, rabies, malaria, and the famous impacts of a hazardous event. COVID-19. - Measures that reduce vulnerability to certain hazards which includes for instance improved Human-caused Hazards building practices and standard designs to ensure - are events that are caused by humans and occur in that school buildings are constructed in risk free or close to human settlements. school sites, houses and hospitals can withstand earthquake or a typhoon. Technological Hazards - These dangers originate from industrial accidents, PREPAREDNESS dangerous procedures, infrastructure failures or - The knowledge and capacities of governments, certain human activities, which may cause the loss professional response and recovery of life or injury, property damage, social and economic organizations, communities and individuals to disruption, or environmental degradation. effectively anticipate, respond to, and recover from - This include structure collapse, fire, vehicular the impacts of likely, imminent or current disasters. related accident TYPES OF HAZARDS Environmental Hazards - are events that pose a threat from the surrounding HAZARD environment encompassing the broad spectrum - It refers to any phenomenon that has the potential to of acute and chronic effects of industrial, cause disruption or damage to humans and their agricultural, and naturally occurring microorganisms, environment. chemicals and radiation in our soil, water, air, food, - Hazards are categorized into two – Natural hazard and wastes. and Human-induced hazard. - This include Red Tide, Pollution NATURAL HAZARDS Socio-Economic, Political, Security Hazards - Natural hazards are naturally occurring phenomena - These hazards are caused by criminal and human which are potential dangers to life and property. violence which pose threat to the security of a great - They cannot be prevented from happening, but number of people and may be motivated by political their occurrence can be “anticipated” or the or economic reasons. severity of possible impacts can be predicted. - This include Bomb Threat, Kidnapping threat, War - Natural hazards are subdivided into three – hydro- meteorological hazard, geological and biological EARTHQUAKE AND EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS hazards. EARTHQUAKE Hydro-meteorological Hazards - is a shaking of the ground caused by sudden - hazards that are atmospheric, hydro- slippage of rock masses below or at the surface meteorological or oceanographic in nature that of the earth. It is a wave-like movement of the may cause the loss of life or injury, property earth’s surface. damage, social and economic disruption and/or - An earthquake may be classified as either tectonic environmental degradation. or volcanic. - These include cyclone, typhoon, tornado, - There are two types of earthquakes: tectonic and thunderstorm, blizzards, heavy snowfall, flood, volcanic earthquakes. storm surge, global warming, drought, heat - Tectonic earthquakes are produced by sudden waves, El Nino and La Nina. movement along faults and plate boundaries. - Earthquakes induced by rising lava or magma Geological Hazards beneath active volcanoes is called volcanic - are adverse geologic condition capable of earthquakes. causing widespread damage or loss of property and - An earthquake is a sudden and violent shaking of the life. Earth's surface caused by the movement of tectonic - These include earthquake, tsunami, volcanic plates beneath the Earth's crust. eruption and astronomical hazards like comets - It is a natural phenomenon resulting from the release and asteroids. of accumulated stress along fault lines. - Earthquakes can occur along plate boundaries, 2. Ground Shaking where tectonic plates interact, or within the interior of tectonic plates. DEEP EARTHQUAKE - These are earthquakes that are mild and may be felt only as tremors. SHALLOW EARTHQUAKE - A very severe earthquake, like shallow one is usually associated with shocks called foreshocks 3. Liquefication and aftershocks. Magnitude - a number that categorizes the amount of energy released during an earthquake. - It is written in Hindu Arabic numbers. Intensity - refers to the severity of an earthquake in terms of its effects on the earth's surface and on humans 4. Earthquake-Induced Lanslide and their structures. - It is written in Roman Numeral Numbers. Seismograph - a very sensitive instrument that can detect, measure and record ground vibrations and their intensities during an earthquake. Seismogram - record from seismograph; indicates the plot of time 5. Tsunami vs. intensity of motion. Amplitude - the size of the wiggles on an earthquake recording. - A quake magnitude is determined by measuring the amplitude of the largest wave recorded on the seismogram. EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS - Include any phenomenon associated with an EARTHQUAKE HAZARD MAP earthquake that may produce adverse effects on human activities. 1. Ground Rupture  2. Far-field or distant tsunamis - can travel from 1 to 24 hours before reaching the coast of the nearby countries. - This type of tsunami that can affect the Philippines mainly come from the places bordering Pacific Ocean. TSUNAMI VS TIDAL WAVE VS STORM SURGE Tsunamis are generated by earthquakes and are generated because of the movement of faults under the sea. Tidal waves are waves caused by the gravitational pull between the earth and moon. Tidal waves are not tsunamis. The increase in wave heights associated with or during typhoons are called “storm surges.” Storm surges are not tsunamis. ACTIVE FAULT - An active fault is one that has moved once or more IMPENDING SIGNS OF A TSUNAMI times in the past 10,000 years and therefore likely to move sometime in the future. The three natural signs of an approaching local tsunami are: TSUNAMI HAZARD (1) SHAKE - a strong felt earthquake above Magnitude 7; TSUNAMI - is a Japanese word that means “harbor waves” (2) DROP - Unusual Sea level change such as sudden - is a series of waves generated by various sea water retreat geological processes (disturbances associated (exposed sea beds – coral flats, fishes, etc..) or sudden with shallow earthquakes occurring below or near sea water rise; the ocean floor, underwater volcanic eruptions, landslides, and meteorite impact). (3) ROAR - Unusual rumbling sound of approaching waves (such as a sound like that of a train, plane, etc.) TSUNAMI HAZARDS Liquefication Flashflood/Flood Erosion Wave Impact Lanslide What to do during an Tsunami CAUTION: Move away from the beach immediately, if there is noticeable recession in water away from the shoreline. Move inland to predetermined higher ground immediately and stay there. Stay away from the beach. Never go down to the beach to watch a tsunami coming. - Tsunamis can travel across vast distances across High, multi-story, reinforced concrete buildings are the ocean and cause devastating damage and located in some low-lying coastal areas. The upper loss of life when they reach coastal areas. floors of these buildings can provide a safe place to find refuge should there be a tsunami warning and TWO TYPES OF TSUNAMI you cannot move quickly inland to higher ground. 1. Local tsunamis Small buildings located in low-lying coastal areas are - are confined to coasts within a hundred not designed to withstand tsunami impacts. Do not kilometers of the source which is usually an stay in these structures should there be a tsunami earthquake, a landslide, or a pyroclastic flow. warning - It can reach the shoreline within 2 to 5 minutes up Offshore reefs and shallow areas may help break the to 60 minutes. force of tsunami waves, but large and dangerous  waves can still be a threat to coastal residents in VOLCANIC HAZARD these areas. Staying away from all low-lying areas is the safest advice when there is a tsunami warning VOLCANOES AND VOLCANIC HAZARDS VOLCANO - a hill, mountain, or fissure from which molten or hot rocks with gaseous materials are ejected. VOLCANIC ERUPTION - A volcanic eruption is a natural phenomenon in which molten rock, gas, and other materials are ejected from a volcano's vent or fissure onto the Earth's surface or into the atmosphere. - Volcanic eruptions are a result of the buildup of pressure within the Earth's crust, often associated with the movement of tectonic plates. VOLCANIC HAZARD MAP - These maps are highly useful to local communities and government units for the following specific purposes: 1. identification of permanent danger zones (PDZ) 2. selection of safe relocation and/or evacuation sites 3. evacuation planning and response procedures during a volcanic crisis such as an impending eruption 4. safe land use planning, management, and development 5. risk mitigation measure  4. Geophysical anomalies - In some volcanoes, geophysical parameters such as gravimetric potential, magneto-telluric and self-potential have been proven to show precursory changes before and during an eruption, due to the changes in the density and electromagnetic fields of the erupting magma. 5. Hydrology - The water in wells and springs are also monitored for pH, chemistry, and temperature for changes that may be caused by the influx of new magma. 6. Volcanic plumes - The plumes of active volcanoes are regularly monitored for volume, intensity, and color which may change due to varying amounts of steam, gas, or ash. What to do during Volcanic Eruption Stay alert and awake. Follow the instructions that go with the warning. If there is a directive to evacuate, do so immediately. Advise the family members to protect their heads and get away from the area right away if caught in a small rock fall. Give priority for evacuation outside the area of ash shower to family member with breathing problems. They should be advised to cover their nose, preferably with a wet piece of cloth. Scrape off ashes to prevent heavy loading of the house building roofs. When doing so, the following precautionary measures should be observed: Wear long-sleeved shirts and long pants; Wear goggles and eyeglasses instead of contact lenses; Avoid running car or truck engines. Driving a vehicle can stir-up volcanic ash that can clog engines, damage moving parts, and stall vehicles; and Avoid driving in heavy ash falls unless absolutely required. If unavoidable, the vehicle should be driven at a speed of 60 kph or slower. SIGNS OF AN IMPENDING VOLCANIC ERUPTION 1.Seismicity - Volcanic earthquakes are monitored by a network of seismographs around the volcano. The frequency, location, magnitude, and type of earthquakes recorded can show ongoing magmatic processes beneath the volcano especially those that can lead to an eruption. 2. Ground deformation - Magma movement, magmatic pressurization, and groundwater pressurization also cause small to moderate ground deformation of the volcano’s surface and its immediate vicinity. 3. Sulfur dioxide (𝑺𝑶𝟐 ) flux and other gas emissions - The output of 𝑆𝑂2 , a principal magmatic gas, as well as of other gas species, is measured as an indication of the volume and state of the magma near or approaching the surface of a volcano.