Sustainable Tourism Module 10 PDF

SUSTAINABLE TOURISM 10 “Visitor Management” MS. JANINE S. HUMANG-IT THE IMPORTANCE OF MANAGING VISTORS  NO. 10 Alternative concepts to TCC, such as Management-By-Objectives (MBO) approaches, such as Visitor Impact Management, Limits of Acceptable Change, and Vis...

SUSTAINABLE TOURISM 10 “Visitor Management” MS. JANINE S. HUMANG-IT THE IMPORTANCE OF MANAGING VISTORS  NO. 10 Alternative concepts to TCC, such as Management-By-Objectives (MBO) approaches, such as Visitor Impact Management, Limits of Acceptable Change, and Visitor Experience Resource Protection frameworks, have been suggested.  NO. 10 INSTITUTIONAL TOOLS TO IMPLEMENT TOURISM CARRYING CAPACITY (TCC)  NO. 10 ∙ For Nature Protection Natural 2000 covers 18% of the European Union's land area. Natural 2000 is a network of nature preserves. The network encompasses lands that have threatened landscapes and endangered species. Natural 2000 protects mixed forests in Romania, heathlands in Germany, bogs in Sweden, and desert-like vegetation in Spain, among other landscapes and marine areas.  NO. 10 ∙ Fifteen percent of Germany is included in the Natural 2000 network. ∙ According to the EU commission, the network has grown from 47.5 million acres in the mid-1990s to seven times that size in 2015 equivalent to the combined size of France, Germany, and Italy. Within this network, any actions that endanger protected species or negatively affect vegetation types are prohibited, Prior to approval of any building or infrastructure project, or extension of farming operations, the authorities require proof that protected species and habitats will be preserved, and any damage be reversed through restoration. NO. 10  NO. 10 ∙ Habitat Directive is a European Union directive adopted in 1992 in response to the 1982 Berne Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats, or Berne Convention. Habitat Directive protects over 1,000 animals and plant species and over 200 habitat types (e.g, special types of forests, meadows, wetlands, etc.). ∙ The Habitat Directive is complemented by the Birds Directive, which bans deliberate killing or capture of birds, destroying their nests, taking of their eggs, and trading in live or dead birds, with a few exceptions  NO. 10 The International Council of Museum (ICOM) Red List classifies endangered categories of archaeological objects and works of art in the most vulnerable countries to prevent the sale or illegal export of such objects. The ICOM database covers African Archaeological Objects (2000); Latin American Cultural Objects at Risk (2003); Emergency Red List of Iraqi Antiquities at Risk (2003);  NO. 10 The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species, established in 1964, is an inventory Of thousands of threatened and endangered species and subspecies. The IUCN classifies species into nine groups, based on the rate o decline, population size, area of geographic distribution, and degree of population and distribution fragmentation. NO. 10  NO. 10 MANAGEMENT TOOLS FOR IMPLEMENTING TCC ▪ Zoning is applied mainly in protected areas. ▪ There could be four zone categories  NO. 10 MANAGEMENT TOOLS FOR IMPLEMENTING TCC There could be four zone categories: 1. Zone A refers to the most valuable and vulnerable zone; entry is limited to authorized scientific teams. 2. Zone B is for highly sensitive zone; escorted visits in small groups are permitted 3. Zone C is zones of considerable natural interest; Some traditional tourism activities could be permitted, but car access is limited 4. Zone D is for areas with mild development and buffer; they are compatible with tourism and visitor facilities, car access, parking, and compatible activities are allowed (EC 2009). NO. 10  NO. 10 MANAGEMENT TOOLS FOR IMPLEMENTING TCC For zoning, Recreation Opportunity Spectrum (ROS) (Clark and Stankey 1979) can be used as a framework for analysis. ROS is simply the range of recreational activities that can be done in a recreation setting. Recreation opportunity setting is defined as "the combination of physical, biological, social, and managerial conditions that give value to a place."  NO. 10 Other strategies that can be used to control tourism impacts in city centers are: 1. traffic control through pedestrianization; 2. parking pricing strategy that discourages parking in the city center; 3. collecting entrance fees at attractions; 4. conserving old buildings by imposing strict design control on commercial development; 5. charging environmental fees, such as the practice in Boracay;  NO. 10 Other strategies that can be used to control tourism impacts in city centers are: 1. traffic control through pedestrianization; 2. parking pricing strategy that discourages parking in the city center; 3. collecting entrance fees at attractions; 4. conserving old buildings by imposing strict design control on commercial development; 5. charging environmental fees, such as the practice in Boracay; 6. reservation and booking systems to control the volume of visitors to an attraction; this is practiced in Puerto Princesa to avoid overcrowding of the underground river; 7. information dissemination on websites regarding congestion, peaks, and traffic, etc. will help tourists avoid visiting overcrowded places;  NO. 10 SITE MANAGEMENT TECHNIOUES Specific management tactics can be used to control tourists' impacts on sites. They are as follows (NOAA n.d.): Facility design;  NO. 10 SITE MANAGEMENT TECHNIOUES Specific management tactics can be used to control tourists' impacts on sites. They are as follows (NOAA n.d.): Use of vegetation barriers;  NO. 10 SITE MANAGEMENT TECHNIOUES Specific management tactics can be used to control tourists' impacts on sites. They are as follows (NOAA n.d.): Site hardening  NO. 10 SITE MANAGEMENT TECHNIOUES Specific management tactics can be used to control tourists' impacts on sites. They are as follows (NOAA n.d.): Closure of facilities;  NO. 10 SITE MANAGEMENT TECHNIOUES Specific management tactics can be used to control tourists' impacts on sites. They are as follows (NOAA n.d.): rationing and allocation, such as through reservations, queuing, lotteries, eligibility requirements, and pricing  NO. 10 MANAGEMENT OPTIONS TO MINIMIZING VISITOR IMPACTS There are several measures that can be used to reduce visitor impacts, such as: seasonal or temporal limits on use: limiting visiting times and restricting car parking, accommodation facilities, or public transport;  NO. 10 MANAGEMENT OPTIONS TO MINIMIZING VISITOR IMPACTS 1. Seasonal or temporal limits on use: limiting visiting times and restricting car parking, accommodation facilities, or public transport; 2. regulating group size and providing guided tours that allow for more 3. Restricting visitor behavior: specifying routes to prevent Visitors from trampling vegetation or disturbing animals and minimizing noise and use of light at night when visiting turtle nesting beaches; 4. Zoning: closing certain areas to visitors or reducing visits to ecologically important areas; 5. increasing entrance fees at peak periods or to popular areas;  NO. 10 MONITORING IMPACTS Managing an attraction requires monitoring of visitor numbers, set indicators, visitor behavior, etc. The purpose of monitoring is to determine whether a problem is developing or whether desired standards are being complied with. Monitoring provides the basis for management intervention  NO. 10 CRITERIA EOR DECISION-MAKING Tourism planners and managers should evaluate which tactic to use by asking the following (NOAA n.d.): 1. Does the strategy adequately address the root cause of the impact? 2. How effective is it in resolving the impact? 3. Will it not create new problems? 4. Is it subtle or obtrusive in terms of visitors being aware that they are being managed? 5. Is it direct or indirect in how it impacts or influences visitor behavior? 6. Does it preserve the visitors' freedom of choice? 7. How many visitors will be affected by it? 8. Are visitors likely to resist it? 9. How much will it cost?  NO. 10 LIMITS OF ACCEPTABLE CHANGE ∙ The limits of acceptable change is an alternative to tourism carrying capacity. LAC is basically stakeholder-defined. The LAC process involves the following steps (NOAA n.d.): ∙ Identify the concerns and issues for the area by discussing the site's unique values, attractions, opportunities, threats and problems with the stakeholders. This process helps in creating ownership and commitment by the stakeholders. ∙ Define and describe tourism opportunities by taking note of compatible or conflicting activities with residential use and locating those activities to specific sites or zones. For example, jet skiing should be situated away from the fishing areas of local residents.  NO. 10 ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES TO MONITORING TOURISM IMPACTS There are two other approaches to monitoring tourism impacts, the Measure- of Success Method and the Threat Reduction Assessment. Measures of Success applies the concept of adaptive management and integrates monitoring into the project cycle. The steps involved in this method 1. Determine the audiences for monitoring information. 2. Determine the information needed based on project objectives. 3. Design a monitoring strategy for each information need. 4. Develop one or more indicators for each information needed. 5. Apply and modify the indicators as needed.