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# Protein Synthesis - **Protein synthesis:** the formation of a peptide bond between the carboxyl group at the end of a growing polypeptide chain and a free amino group on an incoming amino acid. ## Steps in Protein Synthesis 1. **DNA → RNA:** Transcription * Happens in the Nucleus 2. **RNA...

# Protein Synthesis - **Protein synthesis:** the formation of a peptide bond between the carboxyl group at the end of a growing polypeptide chain and a free amino group on an incoming amino acid. ## Steps in Protein Synthesis 1. **DNA → RNA:** Transcription * Happens in the Nucleus 2. **RNA → RNA:** 3. **RNA → Amino Acid Sequence:** Translation * Happens at the Ribosomes ## Mutations **Definition:** A change in the usual DNA sequence. **Types:** * **Point mutation:** A genetic alteration caused by the substitution of one nucleotide for another. * **Examples:**... * **Frameshift mutation:** A genetic mutation caused by the deletion or insertion of a nucleotide(s) in a DNA sequence, thereby shifting the way the sequence is read. * **Examples:**... * **Types:** Deletion, Insertion * **Silent mutation**: Base substitution that results in no change to the amino acid or amino acid functionality when the altered mRNA is translated.